Sustainable processing of lignocellulosic biomass

Biomass gasification is one of the effective methods of obtaining electrical and thermal energy. Thermal gasification is a simple and effective method for most lignocellulosic waste. The generation of combustible gases under such conditions has significant prospects both in the national economy and in a number of chemical-technological processes. The high-ash carbon residue remaining after thermolysis has shown its effectiveness as one of the important components of organo-mineral fertilizers. The results of field research in 2018-2019 with Moskito corn hybrid (Zea mays L.) and Mulan winter wheat F2 hybrid (Triticum aestivum L.) on dark-gray podzolic soil confirmed the high agrochemical efficiency of our proposed fertilizers. The introduction of Moskito corn hybrid organo-mineral fertilizer into the nutrition system improved the structural indicators of the harvest: in the experiment, the 1000 grains weight increased by 14.7%, the mass of grain from one cob – by 20% compared to the control. Balanced nutrition of experimental plants Mulan winter wheat F2 hybrid in the variant with the use of BG-II when sowing at a dose of 1t/ha and favourable weather conditions led to an increase in grain quality (protein content) to the 2nd class – 13.0% against the 3rd grade in control (12.2%).


Introduction
The constant increase in the price of energy resources and the annual decrease in their reserves prompts the scientific community to search for and develop alternative energy sources [1][2][3].Today, technology using biomass as a renewable source is gaining significant development.The generation of combustible gases from organic waste has significant prospects both in the national economy and in some chemical-technological processes [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12].Thus, the existing situation in Ukraine for the development and implementation of the concept of sustainable development implies not only the inextricable connection of its economic, ecological and social components but also their balance.
Agricultural waste, which in most cases is not used, creates a number of environmental problems or simply rots.It is clear that only the implementation of radical steps could significantly change the situation.One of these steps should be deep processing of accumulated waste, aimed not only at reducing its volume but also at maximizing the energy and resource potential of such waste.Gasification of biomass is one of the effective methods of obtaining electrical and thermal energy [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12].The attractiveness of using vegetable raw materials is the absence of sulfur-containing compounds, and as a result of high-temperature thermal decomposition, it is possible to obtain combustible gas, which does not produce dangerous oxides in the environment when burned.Thermal gasification is a simple and effective method for most cellulose-and lignin-containing biomass waste.Reviews of research, demonstration and 1254 (2023) 012088 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1254/1/012088 2 commercial biomass gasification plants that exist in the world are given in works [13][14][15][16][17].A byproduct of gasification is an ash residue [18][19][20].The processing of waste generated by society is one of the indicators of its sustainability [21,22].Therefore, in most of the developed countries utilisation and wastes disposal have become a priority in the economic sectors.In today's high-tech economy, innovative products that are made from waste from industrial processing of lignocellulosic biomass are becoming more and more important [20][21][22].Such innovations should become the basis of ensuring advanced positions in the production of organic-mineral fertilizers field, and fodder, which are aimed at technological and organizational modernization and competitiveness.At the current level of development of science and technology, it is optimal to use secondary raw materials.In addition, 800-900 thousand tons of limestone and granulated organic-mineral fertilizers and other products can be produced annually from unused processing waste [20,23].
Nowadays, as a result of high prices for fertilizers, agrochemical science specialists face the problem of determining the most economically and agrochemically effective system of improvement (types of fertilizers, methods and rates of application).It should be noted that the large grounds in the country have a low supply of available phosphorus.At the same time, the main problem in agriculture remains the increase in the production of high-quality food and fodder grain [24,25].In corn and wheat, due to a lack of phosphorus, there is a free delay in development, the ripening period comes later, and there is a risk of under-ripening, given the rather short growing season [26].Phosphorus is absorbed by corn approximately evenly for a long time until the harvest is reached.It is phosphorus fertilizers that stimulate the development of the root system, laying reproductive organs, contribute to the rapid formation of cobs and contribute to the achievement of the harvest.The lack of available phosphorus in plant nutrition inhibits the growth and development of flowers and grains in corn cobs.Corn has an increased need for potassium, as do other carbohydrate-rich crops [27].It is necessary for the formation of cobs and the accumulation of starch and sugar.In addition, corn is quite sensitive to the organic fertilizers application and requires a high rate of mineral components in the fertilization system.
Taking into account modern trends, the growth of phosphorus needs in agricultural production and the lack of an opportunity to satisfy them at the expense of mineral raw materials of domestic phosphate reserves, the method of utilization of ash from the sediments of the aeration station into a valuable organic-mineral fertilizer is quite justified.XRF analysis of ash obtained during the gasification of municipal sludge showed a sufficiently high P 2 O 5 content at the level of 16.4%, for comparison, superphosphate contains 19-21% P 2 O 5 [28].Ash, which is formed in this way, has the following main components: silicon dioxide, phosphates of iron, calcium, magnesium, silicates of aluminium, potassium, iron, and others.In addition, ash contains biogenic meso-and microelements (sulfur, boron, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, and others), as well as compounds in the form of main phosphates and silicates [28].The existing reagent methods, which ensure the transformation of heavy metals into a stationary state, mostly have a temporary effect or are quite expensive.The use of products of humic nature is an effective means for their detoxification.
Thus, the aim of our work was the production of high-energy gas by gasification of lignocellulosic waste and the creation of organo-mineral fertilizers based on the ash of processed plant waste and sediments of the aeration station, the humic component and the study of their influence on the yield and quality of winter wheat and corn grains.The development of the formulation of such composite ecologically safe fertilizers of prolonged action, and their use in agricultural production will allow increasing not only the supply of phosphorus and potassium to wheat plants, but also the drought, frost, and winter resistance of the culture.All this will contribute to the improvement of the economic and ecological indicators of crop productiona reduction in the cost of wheat grain due to an increase in the yield and quality of the grain, a reduction in the costs of phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers at a negligible cost and the cost norms of new organo-mineral fertilizers of prolonged action.

Gasification of lignocellulose biomass
Lignocellulosic biomass gasification was carried out at the installation [29] in two modes: under conditions of incomplete oxidation of raw materials with the formation of combustible gases, air containing 21% oxygen and 78% nitrogen is used as an oxidizer, and in an inert atmosphere (argon).

Characterisation of raw materials and obtaining products
All chemical analysis was carried out twice allowing to calculate the mean values and standard deviations, which do not exceed 5%.The inorganic components were determined using Expert 3L XRF (INAM, Ukraine).The sample was analysed three times.The calorific value of the samples was investigated on an IKA C200 (Germany) calorimeter according to a standardized method, by burning the sample in an oxygen atmosphere in a calorimeter bomb.The results were determined in automatic mode on the installed software.The qualitative and quantitative composition of the formed gases and liquid products was determined by the gas chromatography method.Gas chromatographic analysis of inorganic gases (hydrogen, carbon mono-and dioxide) and methane was carried out on a chromatograph Chrom-5 (Czech Republic) with a detector for measuring the thermal conductivity of gases.For the analysis of light gases, stainless steel 1.5 m long and 3 mm internal diameter, filled with a sorbent: activated charcoal of the SKT brand with a fraction of 0.25-0.50mm, impregnated with a 10% N iSO 4 solution.The carrier gas is argon, the flow rate of which was 20 ml/min.The temperature of the columns thermostat and the detector is 100 °C, the evaporator temperature -120 °C, and the detector current -40 mA.Hydrogen analysis was carried out on a glass chromatographic column with a length of 1.5 m and an internal diameter of 3 mm, filled with pre-fired CaA zeolite with a fraction of 0.25-0.50mm.The carrier gas is argon, the flow rate of which was 30 ml/min.Analysis temperature -60 °C, evaporator temperature -120 °C, detector current -80 mA.The gas sample was introduced into the chromatographic column through a calibrated loop using a dosing tap.The sample volume was 0.37 ml.Analysis of organic reaction products was carried out on a chromatograph "Agilent Technologies 7890A" (Agilent, USA) which was equipped with a flame ionization detector and using a DB-624 UI quartz capillary column with a length of 60 m and an internal diameter of 0.32 mm in a combined temperature regime (isothermal -10 minutes at 40 °C, then programming the temperature from 40 to 250 °C at a speed of 5 degrees/min.Samples were introduced into the column with a microsyringe with a capacity of 1.0 mcl.Processing of the analysis results was carried out according to the areas of chromatographic peaks by the method of internal normalization using calibration coefficients.

Field experiments of organo-mineral fertilizers
To carry out scientific research work on determining the efficiency of using organo-mineral fertilizers based on the ash of plant waste and sediments of the aeration station in feeding Moskito corn hybrid (Zea mays L.) and Mulan winter wheat F2 hybrid (T riticum aestivum L) the following were used: • ash from the Bortnychi wastewater treatment plant sludge with contents: 56 %, less than 1% -oxides Cu, Fe, Zn, Ti, S, Mn and Ni; • rice husk ash with amorphous SiO 2 content -97.8 % and close to 1 % K 2 O and CaO; • sunflower husk ash with K 2 O content -58%; • urea; • humic component -potassium lignohumate grade A, TU 2431-007-31054001-99 -a mixture of potassium salts of humic and fulvic acids, macro-and microelements (S, Ca, Si and others) has the properties of an adaptogen, immunomodulator, adhesive.
Field experiments was carried out in the experimental field in the Horodyzhe village t of Boryspil district of Kyiv region on dark gray podzolic light loam soil with average content of mobile compounds of basic macronutrients.
The first experiments with Moskito corn hybrid (Zea mays L.) were performed on four repetitions.The area of the sown area was 1300 m 2 , the accounting area was 1200 m 2 .Placement of options -systematic.Seed sowing rate -80 thousand similar corn's seeds per ha.The predecessor in the experiment was corn.Agrotechnics is typical for the Forest-Steppe zone of the Left Bank and adapted to farm conditions.The scheme of the experiment with Moskito corn hybrid (Zea mays L.) provides the following doses of mineral fertilizers: before sowing was applied OMF-I at a dose of 0.5 t per ha on the background of nitroammophos fertilizer 32:32:32 (200 kg/ha) before sowing, liquid complex fertilizers (ammonium polyphosphate (APP)) (N 16 P 55 ) at a dose of 150 kg/ha, urea ammonium nitrate (UAN-32) N 96 (300 kg/ha) and timely nitrogen fertilization with ammonium sulfate (100 kg/ha) N 21 , in certain phases of the growing season.Control -background (N 165 P 87 K 32 ), without the introduction of organicmineral fertilizer.The main agrotechnical measure for the intensification of plant growth and development, strengthening the absorptive function of the root system, was the application of organo-mineral fertilizer at a dose of 0.5 t/ha according to the experiment scheme: 1. Background (control) -N 165 P 87 K 32 ; 2. Background + OMF-I -0.5 t/ha.Direct sowing of corn seeds was carried out with a Super Walter W1770 seeder.According to climatic conditions, the growing season of 2018 year was marked by variability and contrast of the first and second half of the corn growing season.The first half was characterized by waterlogging, and the second -high temperatures and heat (temperature 25-30 o C and above).Due to the sufficient moisture content in the soil, the corn plants grew well and developed to a state of milk-wax ripeness, in which the harvest was recorded and plant samples were taken according to the standard method -GOST-27262.
The second experiment was performed on four repetitions.The area of the sown area was 2.0 ha, the accounting area was 1.6 ha.Placement of options -systematic.The predecessor in the experiment was sunflower.According to the experiment scheme, the fertilizer application was carried out on September 25, and the sowing -was on September 28.The rate of sowing is 250 kg/ha, and the rate of new BG-II organic-mineral fertilizers application is 0.6 and 1.0 t/ha.Agrotechnics is typical for the Forest-Steppe zone of the Left Bank and adapted to farm conditions.1. Background (control) -N 165 P 87 K 32 .2. Background + BG-II -0.6 t/ha.3. Background + BG-II -1.0 t/ha.
The fertilization system of Mulan winter wheat F2 hybrid (T riticum aestivum L) provided for the introduction of 200 kg of 13:13:29 fertilizer mixes under the main tillage and 200 kg of urea-ammonia mixture after the restoration of spring vegetation in the control.
Harvesting and accounting were performed manually from each plot by the weight method according to the Dospekhov's method [30] in the phase of full grain maturity.Corn and winter wheat grain moisture and their structural analysis was carried out in cob samples (50 pcs.) and sheaves (50 pcs.), which were taken during harvesting separately at each accounting plot.Crop grain yield was calculated at a moisture content of 14%.
Plant sample selection and preparation were performed according to standard methods [31].The content of nitrogen and phosphorus after wet ashing in dry Moskito corn hybrid (Zea mays L.) and Mulan winter wheat F2 hybrid (T riticum aestivum L) samples were determined by the method of Ginsburg with the following determination: nitrogen -photometric method using Nessler's reagent, phosphorus -photometrically by the method of Denizhe in modification of Levitsky.The inorganic components of plant sample ash were determined using Expert 3L XRF (INAM, Ukraine).
Determining the structure of the corn and winter wheat harvest was carried out by the Maysuryan method The corn and winter wheat harvest structure was carried out by the Maisuryan method, and the dry matter content of the grain was determined by the thermogravimetric method (GOST 13586.5-93),1000 grains weight (GOST 10842-89), determination of hectolitre weight (GOST 10840-64).Determination of grain quality was performed by infrared spectroscopy Infratec 1241 (DSTU 4525:2006 and DSTU 4117-2007).

Results and discussion
The raw material that enters the high-temperature zone under the action of the oxidant -air decomposes and turns into gas and ash components, which in turn are carried out of the heat treatment zone into the cooling and separation zone in the separator.Ash was separated from the gas in the separator, which after passing through the cleaning line, was burned on a burner.After a certain period of time, gas was sampled for analysis.The results are shown in table 2.
From the obtained results it can be seen (table 2) that the main combustible component after gasification in the air environment is carbon monoxide, of which at least 20% is generated, the amount of hydrogen does not exceed 10%, methane 5%, C 2 -C 6 hydrocarbons 2%.In turn, such gas contains a non-combustible part, which consists of nitrogen -at least 50%, which is due to the nature of the oxidizer and carbon dioxide, which is about 10% in the gas.The energy characteristic of such gas is in the range of 5400-6500 kJ/m 3 .At the same time, the gas produced during the process in an argon environment has a calorific value of 10,000 kJ/m 3 , which does not contradict and corresponds to literature data [32].Such gases can be used as a substitute for natural gas, with a much lower calorific value, or in electricity generating plants.
The carbon residue left after the process is a valuable raw material.Such a product from switchgrass and pine sawdust is a low-ash substance (table 3), which is important for metallurgy, where coke is used as a reducing agent.In turn, it is undesirable to obtain coke from rice husk for direct use as fuel due to the high ash content (table 3).But such material is a direct raw material for synthesising such materials as silicon carbide due to the high content of amorphous silicon dioxide -95-96% [33], and using the previously described ecologically safe waste-free technology and highly pure biogenic silicon dioxide [34].In addition, such a high-ash carbon residue showed its effectiveness when using it in the production of organo-mineral fertilizers.In order to solve the optimization of phosphorus nutrition of corn on dark grey podzolized soil, OMF-II was applied to the fertilization system in a post-sowing application at a dose of 0.5 t/ha.Our structural analysis shows that all the structure elements participate in crop formation and change depending on the level of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, microelements and weather conditions during the growing season of the corn plants.Cob and grain sizes are important elements of crop structure that directly affect the corn plants' productivity.As evidenced by the structural analysis data (table 4), the absence of OMF in the fertilization system affected the reduction of such important indicators as the grain yield of one plant and the 1000 grains weight, which have a significant impact on the yield.
Cob diameter under the influence of fertilizer variants in the experiment increased by 12%.The largest cobs of the plant were formed with the application of 0.5 t/ha OMF-II -20.1 cm.Quantitative analysis of such cob indicators as the number of rows and grains per row shows a significant increase in these indicators relative to control.The content of grains per row increased One of the important indicators of crop structure, which is the most prerequisite for increasing yields is grains weight, which is formed on the cob.The largest weight of grain in the cob was established -when applying OMF at a dose of 0.5 t/ha -643g (+20%) compared to control.The 1000 grains weight, as an indicator of the grain size formed on the cobs, was the highest -319 g in the variant where OMF was applied at a dose of 0.5 t/ha and exceeded the control indicator by 14.7%.
Corn feeding conditions for grain, soil and climatic conditions during the growing season and the method of soil cultivation largely determine the amount of its harvest.Establishing the difference between the corns yield under mineral and organo-mineral fertilization systems with the application of our fertilizers was aimed of our research.This is evidenced by the results of the study of the effect of OMF and mineral fertilizers on productivity in our experiment with corn (table 5).In our investigation, humic acids, biophilic silicon, and sulfur in the composition of OMF contribute to the mobilization of poorly soluble phosphates of fertilizers and soil and the improvement of phosphorus nutrition of corn plants.With the use of such fertilizers (OMF-II), plants formed a more powerful root system with improved morphological indicators and an increased absorption surface.The experimental plant's roots weight exceeded the control samples by 28%.Such changes in the indicators of the root system led to a significant increase in the roots volume and the rhizosphere cell of the soil, where numerous chemical and biological transformations, sorption, desorption, and absorption take place.In addition, this indicates the absence of toxic effects of macro-and microelements, which contain the studied OMF-II.Namely, the imbalance of elements in the nutrition system leads to extremely negative consequences -a decrease in the productivity of crops and a deterioration of quality indicators.The data from determining the grain productivity of one plant were positively correlated with the obtained grain yield on the corresponding experimental plots.The yield increase (2.4 t/ha) compared to the control by 22.6% with the additional application of nutrients to the soil in the form of OMF-II according to the economic background N165P87K32 (table 5).This indicator significantly exceeds the average statistical yield of this crop in Ukraine (6.4-7.0 t/ha) due to the increase in the gross content of the main nutrients and their availability in the soil of the experimental site.It is known that the corns yield is formed due to precipitation, solar radiation and air temperature.Therefore, in our opinion, very favourable climatic conditions in July-August had a significant impact on the increase in yield in the reporting year.During this period, more than 155 mm of precipitation fell compared to the same months in 2017, which contributed to the optimization of mineral nutrition, growth and development of corn plants in a critical period regarding moisture.The high yield of the Moskito hybrid with the application of our OMF is probably due to the intensive supply of photoassimilants to the grains.The conducted analysis of the grain of the corn of Moskito confirms that it was suitable for food, fodder, technical needs and export.The increase in productivity with the OMF use strengthens the "effect of growth dilution".The 1000 grains mass, and therefore the grains size, increased significantly, while the rate of accumulation of proteins and fats did not change significantly.The introduction of OMF 0.5 t/ha into the corn fertilization system contributed to the formation of grain with better protein content -7.8% compared to the control -7.0%,where only mineral fertilizers were applied.The fertilization system did not affect the starch content in the grain (table 5).This indicator remained at the level of 73%.
Among grain crops, corn has the highest uptake and assimilation coefficient of macro-and microelements from the soil.For the formation of one grain ton and the corresponding number of vegetative organs, it takes from the 1 ha soil, kg/ha: N -20-30, P 2 O 5 -8-10, K 2 O -15-17, as well as a lot of calcium, magnesium (Mg) -6-10, sulfur (S) -4-5, manganese (Mn) -0.15, zinc (Zn) -0.05-0.1,boron (B) -0.01-0.02,molybdenum (Mo) -0.01, iron (Fe) -0.2 and other trace elements.Traditionally, this culture is considered an "indicator" of the content of trace elements in the soil.Corn is sensitive to their use, especially zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and boron (B), the lack of which slows down plant growth and development and reduces crop productivity [35,36].As evidenced by the data of the elemental analysis of the ash of the plant samples of the Moskito hybrid corn (table 6), the grain did not contain such dangerous elements as cadmium, lead, or copper.
Taking into account the importance of wheat as a leading crop in Ukraine's agriculture and negative forecasts regarding global climate changes, the development of environmentally safe and effective prolonged action organo-mineral fertilizer, which would ensure the improvement of mineral nutrition of plants and increase their drought and frost resistance, is important and relevant.The winter wheat yield is directly dependent on the quantitative expression of each structural element.Its value is an integral indicator of productivity by phases of plant growth and development.Our structural analysis shows that all structure elements participate in the crop formation and change depending on the level of phosphorus supply to the plants and weather conditions.The size of the ear and its filling with grain are important elements of the crop structure that directly affect plant productivity.As shown by the data (table 7), with the additional application of nutrients in the form of BG-II fertilizers, there was a significant increase in the indicator -the grains number per ear by 85% in the version where 0.6 t/ha was applied in the background and by 74% -in variant with the application rate of 1.0 t/ha.The results of our research indicate a significant increase (up to 72%) in the Mulan winter wheat plants' productive tilling compared to the control with the application of BG fertilizers at a dose of 1.0 t/ha and by 56% at -0.6 t/ha.It was characteristic of the Mulan variety that the mass of grains both from the main ear and the side shoots did not depend on the fertilization options.Therefore, the following indicators influenced the overall productivity of plants: synchronous  8) show that the harvest yield of the experimental wheat plants depended on the fertilization options, the weather conditions occurred during the phase of the emergence of the plants into the tube, milk ripeness and as well as on the grain size of the ear, the number of productive stems on the plant.Our BG-II introduction into the fertilization system and favourable weather conditions ensured the improvement of experimental plants' nitrogenphosphorus nutrition.It allowed obtaining an additional harvest of winter wheat grain of 2.5 t/ha using BG-II fertilizer at a dose of 0.6 t/ha and -1.5 t/ha for the use of 1 t/ha BG-II (table 8).
The main task of rational fertilization system is to achieve a positive balance of nutrients.Recently, in connection with the decrease in the use of organic and mineral fertilizers in many farms of Ukraine, the balance of the main nutrients has become negative, which caused a decrease in soil fertility.Therefore, knowledge of the ways of nutrients loss and their supply is very important for the optimal fertilizer application systems development.Obtaining an increase in As a result of the conducted research, a high positive correlation (r=0.9) was established between the grain productivity of one plant, grain size of the ear, productive tilling and grain yield.The quality of winter wheat grain largely depends on varietal and genetic characteristics, soil and climatic conditions, as well as on the basic nutrients supply.However, the fertilizers application is one of the most effective means that causes changes in the chemical composition of plants and increases the grain quality.There are conflicting data on the effect of an increased phosphorus nutrition's level on protein content and grain technological quality.Some authors point to the positive effect of phosphorus nutrition on grain quality, which is that excess nitrogen delays protein synthesis and encourages the accumulation of ammonia and nitrate nitrogen, which is harmful to plants, and phosphorus prevents this unwanted process.As shown in table 8, under favorable weather conditions, balanced nutrition with the introduction of our fertilizers (BG-II), the protein content increased by 6.6%.In the control, the experimental grain contained 12.2% protein (3rd grade, filler), then with the introduction of BG-II at a dose of 1t/ha, this indicator improved to 13.0% (2nd grade).The elemental analysis (table 9) of the Mulan winter wheat F2 hybrid (T riticum aestivum L.) plant samples ash allows us to state that when BG-II was added to its fertilization system, the grain did not contain such dangerous elements as cadmium, lead, copper, and others.
The presence of calcium in the composition of our organo-mineral fertilizers is a source of replenishment of the soil, affects the fixation of organic substances in it, which provides favorable conditions for the formation of soil optimal physical properties.The organic carbon contained in such fertilizers ensures a positive balance of humus in the soil.Such fertilizers can Table 9. Mulan winter wheat F2 hybrid (T riticum aestivum L.) ash composition (%mass) of using BG-II in the field experiment, 2019 (XRF).

Treatment
CaO be used as an effective ameliorant, especially for acidic (podzolic) soils because they have a slightly alkaline reaction.In addition, it should be added that the introduction of such organomineral fertilizers in increased doses can significantly change the nitrogen balance in the soil from non-hydrolyzed forms to mineral and easily accessible to plants, improve phosphorus-potassium nutrition (increase the content of mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium in the soil), increase the content of clay-mineral particles in the upper genetic layer, which will probably lead to soil cultivation due to the high content of sulfates and calcium carbonates in the composition of organo-mineral fertilizers.

Conclusion
High-temperature thermolysis of lignocellulosic waste was carried out with the production of combustible gases at a laboratory facility.It was established that under the conditions of thermolysis, a gas with a calorific value of 5400-6500 J/m 3 is formed in the air, and under inert conditions -10,000-12,000 J/m 3 , and a carbon residue with a calorific value of 18,000-20,000 J/m 3 .It's shown that high-ash carbon after the process can be a precursor in the production of silicon oxides and carbides, as well as be one of the important components of organo-mineral fertilizers.With the help of the proposed disposal of wastewater treatment plant sludge ash and plant waste into agrochemically effective fertilizer, we can solve such problems as reducing the volume of accumulated sediment at aeration stations, while involving a valuable source of calcium, phosphorus and some biogenic trace elements in the composition of such necessary products for modern agricultural production.The growing shortage of food, which is associated with the increase in the population and the depletion of agricultural land, the predicted ecological crisis, the expected global warming, as well as the high requirements (standards) that are currently being set for agricultural products, make it urgent to solve the issue of introducing new, environmentally safe, natural organo-mineral fertilizers.

Table 2 .
Analysis of the generated gas.

Table 3 .
Characteristics of carbon material from biomass.

Table 4 .
Elements of the yield structure and productivity of Moskito corn hybrid, 2018.

Table 5 .
Yield and quality of Moskito corn hybrid, 2018

Table 6 .
Moskito corn hybrid ash composition (%mass) of using OMF-II in the field experiment, 2018 (XRF).Cl K 2 O P 2 O 5 M nO SiO 2 T iO 2 ZnO SrO

Table 7 .
The influence of fertilization options on the structural indicators of Mulan winter wheat F2 hybrid (T riticum aestivum L.) grain yield, 2019.
F e 2 O 3 Cl K 2 O P 2 O 5 M nO SiO 2 SO 2