Town-planning tasks and principles of restoration of urbanized territories of the Luhansk region, destroyed as a result of hostilities

The war in Ukraine has led to large-scale destruction. The scale and nature of changes in the urban planning parameters of the Luhansk region under the influence of hostilities and the restoration of urbanized territories are studied. The purpose of the study is to determine the models and principles for the restoration of urban areas affected by hostilities. Theoretical and empirical methods of system and statistical analysis, analytical comparisons, urban planning analysis were used for the study. The paper considers the quantitative and qualitative nature of the impact of destruction and the socio-demographic and economic consequences caused by them on the change in the urban planning parameters of the Luhansk region. The information base consists of literary and archival sources, cartographic materials. The analysis of urban planning tasks for the restoration of urbanized territories destroyed as a result of hostilities is carried out. It is established that the war changed certain functions of the region. The task arises to determine how the change in functions affects the transformation of the territorial typology of the use of territories. The region is at the beginning of the phase transformation of the urban form. A methodology for assessing and making urban planning decisions is proposed. The urban planning tasks and directions for the restoration of the urbanized territories of the Lugansk region, destroyed as a result of hostilities, are analyzed. From the intermediate conclusions, it is advisable to single out that the region has significantly changed its functions. The military and special nature of the use of the territories will be a priority. So, the planning frame of the territory should undergo changes. It is necessary to revise and update general layouts, regional development schemes aimed at the advanced development of programs and projects that primarily ensure the structural growth of territories. The region will experience a labor shortage. So, recovery programs will face a shortage of builders. It is advisable to create and strengthen the departments of the chief architect of the city, expand the staff, to develop current and future tasks for the development of cities.


Problem statement
The hybrid intervention of Russia in early 2014 led to an armed conflict known as the ATO/JFO [1,2].On February 24, 2022, an open war began.In combat operations, all types of weapons and combat arms are used.Appropriate are the scale and consequences of the destruction.The use of heavy weapons, aircraft, missile strikes in highly urbanized areas for many months leads to large-scale destruction of populated areas to the state of 'scorched earth'.The war is not over yet.
'Wars begin when you will, but they do not end when you please' -Niccolo Machiavelli We also do not set ourselves the task of guessing the date of the end of the war.The fundamental point is the fact that after the end of the war, restoration begins, aimed at eliminating the consequences of hostilities, restoring populated areas, territories abd urban planning systems.Unfortunately, there is every reason to assert that the scale and nature of the destruction of individual urbanized territories is so significant that questions arise as to what and how will have to be restored?The destruction of an individual house is not a problem of its restoration.The destruction of 70% of the housing stock, engineering systems for the city, road and transport infrastructure, raises the question -in what sequence, in what volumes is it necessary to restore the city?There arise the tasks of assessing and determining the scope of work, the order of renewal, the forecasted terms of restoration, sources of financing, the availability of labor resources and the urban development base.And all this in a region that was in decline even before the hostilities.In fact, the question arises of developing a regional program for the development of the territory (region), in parallel with the development of general layouts for the development of settlements for the post-war period.For a detailed analysis of the situation, the development of rational urban planning solutions, it is necessary to solve a number of scientific problems: • to give a quantitative and qualitative description of the extent of destruction; • develop a methodology for assessing the impact of the nature of destruction on the state of objects and the possibility of their restoration; • develop a classification of urban objects and systems according to certain typological features; propose principles and models for the restoration of disturbed urban areas aimed at their sustainable development.
A comprehensive analysis will make it possible to develop options for the long-term and advanced development of the Sievierodonetsk-Lysychansk agglomeration, the functional and planning structure of the settlement.

Purpose, idea and research methodology 2.1. The goal of the research
Study of the impact of the scale and nature of destruction as a result of hostilities in the Lugansk region on the possibility of restoring urbanized territories.Determination of models and principles for the restoration of urbanized territories destroyed as a result of hostilities.

The idea
The armed conflict in eastern Ukraine continued in the worst possible way.Various possible scenarios were predicted, but a full-scale military invasion was considered the most frightening, and therefore hypothetically less likely [3][4][5].The totality of internal and external factors, the unpredictability of the modus operandi of the Russian leadership led to the fact that a largescale war is taking place on the territory of Ukraine, in the east of Europe, with a scale of destruction that the continent has not known since WW2.The use of heavy weapons leads not only to the destruction of individual objects, but also to the destruction of territories.Individual settlements were wiped off the face of the earth.This turns the consequences of the war into a systemic problem that will take years to resolve.The hostilities resulted in the evacuation of the population, the cessation of economic activity, and the paralysis of the housing and utilities sector.It becomes obvious that in the event of the end of the war, complex methodological tasks will arise, covering the priority of restoration, the list of objects subject to and not subject to restoration, approximate time for the implementation of programs and plans for restoration, the definition of the town-planning base for the development of territories, and many other issues.The tasks of updating the general layouts of settlements will become relevant.Regional development programs will have to be radically revised.The new functions of the regional typology are becoming a reality and require taking into account the tasks of improving the territorial planning organization of the Luhansk region and urban development.

Methodology
Theoretical and empirical methods of systemic and statistical analysis, analytical comparisons, urban planning analysis were used for the study.The paper considers the quantitative and qualitative nature of the impact of destruction and the socio-demographic and economic consequences caused by them, the change in the urban planning parameters of the Luhansk region.The information base consists of literary and archival sources, cartographic materials.

Results
An analysis of the scale of destruction indicates a potential change in individual functions and forms of the region.The evolutionary gradual nature of urban transformations has been replaced by an abrupt transition to a new quality.The transformations are in the nature of phase shifts.Post-war restoration will lead to changes in the planning framework of the territory.Recovery tasks are defined, which should take into account changes in the nature of the region's functions.The basic principle is to update and revise general layouts for populated areas and regional development schemes.Anticipatory reconstruction is the priority model of reconstructive restoration.It is advisable to create vertically integrated departments of architecture and urban planning of cities and the regional administration.A classification of construction and infrastructure facilities according to typological features is proposed in order to form post-war reconstruction programs.It is expedient to give priority in restoration to urbanized cells with the maximum development potential.
It is still impossible to make a comprehensive assessment of the consequences of the war.The war is not over yet, the scale of losses and destruction cannot be correctly calculated.Secondly, there is hardly a methodology that allows modeling the volume of losses in a single indicator.Officials give a variety of information, which ultimately allows us to draw conclusions -the scale of destruction is colossal.
"Since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, the invaders have completely destroyed six cities.This was announced by Deputy Head of the Office of the President of Ukraine Kyrylo Tymoshenko in a video message to the participants of the forum 'Revival of Ukraine --Revival of Communities' The Donetsk and Lugansk regions suffered the most.There, some cities were destroyed very badly.These include Mariupol, Volnovakha, Rubizhne, Popasna, Liman and Sievierodonetsk.'According to our preliminary estimates, more than 350,000 objects and millions of square meters of residential, educational, medical, and sports infrastructure have been destroyed in the country, thousands of kilometers of roads and railways, airports, ports, and much more have been damaged.Some of these facilities can be restored, some have been destroyed to the ground' -Tymoshenko said.The number of damaged and destroyed housing in Ukraine is close to 35 million square meters.Even with a relatively calm economic and social situation, it may take a long time to restore it."[6] "In Sievierodonetsk, Luhansk region, 90% of residential buildings were damaged as a result of hostilities.This was announced by the head of the regional military administration Sergei Gaidai '… 70% of the houses destroyed by the Russians are not being restored.In addition, the critical infrastructure of the city is completely destroyed …' In addition, the so-called 'LPR' stated that they were not going to restore Popasna: the city was completely destroyed."[7] It is appropriate to point out that a city is not an arithmetical aggregate of residential buildings.Definitions and criteria of cities in the scientific community differ.What is common is a certain number of the population, mainly engaged in non-agricultural activities, the compactness of the settlement, anthropogenic transformation of the territory.The main functional zones of the city include rural, industrial, landscape and recreational.The defining characteristic of a city is the list of functions and services it provides.Functions of the city are the main types of activities performed by its residents.The main groups of functions are distinguished -city-forming (specialized, exogenous), which determine the economic base of the city.These production functions are industrial production, construction, transport, higher education institutions, tourism and sanatoriums.City services (endogenous) are functions of the city, performed exclusively in relation to its population [8].
Figures 1 and 2 show a panorama and a bird's-eye view of the Popasna district.Traditionally, war losses are calculated in monetary terms.But it is possible to argue that any estimates are not final, money has its value, which is determined by the discount rate, and the value of money (as a category) changes over time.Inflationary processes, an integral part of the economy, also contribute their share and are not subject to correction.That is, we can only talk about forecast indicators and program targeting -therefore, any sums of losses are indicative and fix concrete facts for a certain period of time.
Methodologically, these circumstances are taken into account in various methods of real estate valuation, when, depending on the conditions, the object, and the impact factors, the cost method, income method, and comparative method are used [12].
The basis for the financial assessment is the cadastre (registry) of objects that have been destroyed and need to be restored.And in this case, the problem has no methodological support.An attempt to apply an inductive approach (methods of induction and deduction) forces us to develop certain classifications according to certain criteria (features).For example: completely destroyed; partially destroyed; (not) suitable for restoration.But this method gives errors in assessing systems, territorial entities.It is also problematic to determine the degree of destruction of an object and assign it to a certain category.The method of expert assessment seems to be the most adequate, when a qualitative (determining) conclusion is made on the basis of an integral assessment of the amount of identified defects.The list of defects is determined by the methodology, the presence and significance -by experts, the degree of influence of defects on the general condition -by a qualimetric assessment.
It is important to evaluate the final resource of the restoration object and its residual value, since these parameters influence the decision on the feasibility of restoration or replacement.This is also a difficult methodological task, given the fact that there is no real experience of restoring objects destroyed as a result of hostilities in Ukraine.The residual value should also reflect the usefulness of the object -the ability to provide a certain function of urban planning activities.
The primary classification of objects holding destruction as a result of hostilities according to typological features may include: • Individual residential houses; • Multistorey residential buildings; • Educational institutions and youth education -kindergartens, schools, colleges, universities; • Cultural institutions -palaces of culture, theater buildings; • Administrative buildings of cities and towns; The above classification makes it possible to group objects according to the characteristics of the size of the territories and according to the principle of the priority of fixing the land plot (priority of the territory).
An individual residential building can be relatively easily assessed in terms of the nature of defects or the degree of destruction, the possibility of repair, and the cost of repair.But if this building is located on a plot of manor development, in which engineering communications are destroyed?The cost and laboriousness of laying or repairing engineering networks of electricity, gas supply, water supply can be several times higher than the cost of restoring a house.That is, the problem of a separate house should be considered within the framework of the task of restoring a certain area of the manor development.The second part of the problem is legal in nature -what to do if the owner or legal representative of the owner of the house is absent?How to resolve issues with the house and land?What parameters or factors are more decisive -the attractiveness of the territory or the degree of preservation of houses?Similar questions arise for apartment buildings, despite the fact that there will be even more uncertain positions for objects of this class.
The classical theory of town planning development is based on the evolutionary, gradual nature of transformations with the aim of improving the town planning situation [13,14].In our case, unfortunately, we have changes that are sudden, external in nature, partially catastrophic, partially leading to changes in the urban or regional situation radically [5].Figures 4 and 5 show only a small part of the destroyed city of Popasna (the history of Popasna as a settlement begins in the middle of the 19th century).The city's economy was mainly focused on railway transport and the coal industry.A railway-car repair works, a locomotive bay and wagon depot, and an elevator operated in the city.The population of the city was up to 20,000 people.Lisichansk is known to be the birthplace of coal-mining Donbass.Will it be economically feasible to keep the coal mines of Lisichansk?
If we draw an analogy with the Chernobyl disaster, there has also been a catastrophic change in the regional situation.For obvious reasons, part of the territory was withdrawn from usage, the residence and attendance of people in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone was limited.However, this zone is under control, a number of programs have been developed aimed at stabilizing the general situation, special activities, construction, various types of research and control are being carried out.But this exclusion zone is unprofitable, it generates losses.There is a balance between minimizing the harmful effects and the cost of maintaining the zone.After the liberation of the occupied territories, they must be returned to normal economic activity, profitable and generally useful.In this case, the problem arises of determining the balance between the costs of restoring territories destroyed as a result of hostilities and their further efficiency of use.
The situation in the temporarily occupied territories remains difficult, so far it is impossible to talk about fixing the general state of damage losses.Natural and climatic factors are a significant factor in changes and the winter period will make its own adjustments.In the context of the liberation of the territories, spring will give a rough idea of the scale and inevitability of the destruction of the housing stock.Damaged roofs of buildings and lack of heating will lead to soaking of the walls.Freeze and frost retreat cycles can reduce the bearing capacity of structures.Two seasons in a row will make the buildings uninhabitable.
Spring will give an idea of the influence of such factors as the level of urbanization, the scale of destruction (in percent), the availability of labor resources and the active share of the population on the preservation and development of the territory of the so-called Rubizhne-Sievierodonetsk-Lysichansk triangle.
A separate scientific task is to assess the impact of migration processes on the directions of the functional development of the territory [16].Migration had a multi-vector character.Most of the citizens moved to Ukraine.Some of them turned out to be refugees in European countries.Some part went to Russia.Part of the population remained.Among them -most of the economically inactive population -pensioners.The percentage of the active part of the population has decreased -but now it is difficult to estimate its number, despite the fact that migration processes continue.Employable people are looking for an opportunity to leave for regions with higher salaries.This trend has been fixed in the Donbass for a long time [4,[17][18][19].The war gave the character of a catastrophe.Since there are no socio-economic prerequisites for mass incentives for the return of able-bodied people, this trend is becoming irreversible.It can be argued that the period of intensive colonial development of Donbass has expired.The region cannot offer attractive working conditions and becomes a donor of labor resources.As already noted in previous studies [20], the region stagnates, the nature and directions of development of the territory are determined by the functional processes taking place on it.Apparently, it should be noted that the trends have not been finally determined, but the general direction is currently negative.
The cities of Luhansk region can be classified as industrial cities without a notable historical heritage.These cities have different planning structures and their own unique compositional construction.The consequences of destruction lead to the fact that the basic urban planning principles require adjustment.Changing the functions and form of territories is the task of restoration.At the initial stage, it is difficult to determine the dominant part.[21] Comprehensive reconstruction of destroyed cities is based on the principles of protection and safety; accessibility; autonomy; adaptability; attractiveness; environmental friendliness and restoration of the environment.
• Principle of protection and safety.The urban form should protect residents from various types of danger.For border regions, there is an existential threat of a resumption of war, and this factor must be taken into account.• Principle of accessibility.For border regions, accessibility should be a basic direction towards the so-called center.The traditional concept includes both limitations and a combination with the principle of safety, including the ability to move quickly.• Principle of autonomy.Creating resilient management systems.A sufficient level of infrastructure and resource provision is necessary for functioning and sustainable development.
• Principle of adaptability.The spatial and architectural-planning organization of the city should have a complex structure but be adaptable, flexible, and able to quickly respond to possible changes, corrections, and new trends.• Principle of flexibility.The urban development management system should be more flexible.
Feedback on problems and response time should be accelerated.• Principle of attractiveness.The set of factors and conditions that will contribute to the return and attraction of people, enterprises, and capital.• Principle of ecological sustainability.The restoration of the environment should be an active process.
The process of restoring liberated cities will have its atypical differences.Obviously, the beginning of everything will be the restoration of the management system in conditions of a state of emergency.Not all norms of civilian legislation will work.The primary actions will concern individual objects critical for the functioning of the liberated cities.The restoration process will be divided into three stages (directions) -object reconstruction, functional reconstruction, and urban (territorial) reconstruction.It will be difficult to determine the predominant direction at the initial stage.Different methods and types of work are developed for each stage.Work can be performed simultaneously or sequentially depending on the condition and characteristics of each group of buildings that form the restoration area, as well as the goals and financing of the reconstruction.
Based on a comparative study of buildings and structures within a residential block and determining new requirements for them, the tasks of reconstruction and measures of reconstructive intervention are identified [21].The measures of reconstructive intervention depend on the level of suitability of individual buildings for normal operation; the degree of preservation of planning and volumetric spatial qualities of the site (scale of destruction); architectural-planning and structural qualities of individual buildings; the ability of buildings to meet urgent social needs, that is, whether they need to be given a new function.
10 Object reconstruction of buildings aims to restore their functional properties and primary housing qualities.The principles of object reconstruction include: • Preservation of the primary architectural and planning solution of the building in the existing development (reconstruction involves partial restorative repair, capital repair, or modern conversion); • Dominance of the overall reconstruction concept of the quarter in selecting project solutions for restoring the building.
Functional reconstruction of buildings and structures within a block aims to find the optimal modern functional use, taking into account the real condition of the block.Determining the optimal functional solution for a civil building is based on comparing the primary function of the building, its current state, and the possibility of transforming it to meet modern needs.The project solution may involve restoring the primary function, developing the primary function, or forming a new function for the object.Restoring the primary function is achieved through repairing and reconstructing the building using various methods.Alternatively, complete reconstruction of a ruined building is possible.Developing the primary function is achieved through reconstruction of the building using full reconstruction or partial modernization methods.Forming a new function (adaptation) is recommended during reconstruction of the building using partial or full modernization methods, primarily as part of a detailed planning project for a group of buildings.When choosing new functions for a historical building, it is essential to adhere to principles such as maximum similarity between the new and existing functions, and preserving the correspondence or proximity of the selected function to the previous purpose of the object.
The main principle of functional reconstruction of blocks with a complete or partial list of service objects may be the preservation and orientation towards multifunctionality.Choosing the correct functions for the block and its individual buildings, in combination with optimal means of reconstruction, may be the only way to ensure survival and development of the entire planning element as a whole.
Urban/territorial reconstruction includes the reconstruction of the spatial territorial structure as the basis for preserving and developing the main functions of the city.The reconstruction of the spatial structure aims to organize and adapt it to post-war realities.The principles of urban reconstruction include: • maximum preservation of the existing spatial structure, which requires minimum investment in territorial transformation; • addition and expansion of the spatial structure with new elements, taking into account the current state and post-war realities.
At this stage, the hierarchy of compositional structural elements of the level-agglomerationurban planning unit is determined.Prospective territorial hubs are formed that provide for the development of the main functions of the city, and areas for deferred reproduction are reserved.
The proactive reconstruction model has a high level of stimulation for future activity, is designed for implementation over a period of 5-7 years, and results in a reconstruction concept or target program.The supportive reconstruction model has a medium level of stimulation for future activity, is designed for implementation within 5 years, and provides for the development of a reconstruction project (program).The restorative reconstruction model has a low level of stimulation activity, operates within a timeframe of 0.5-1 year, and involves the development and implementation of a reconstruction project for an object [22].At the initial stage, situational response will be implemented for emergency restoration of urban objects and functions.This will be followed by a period of implementation of programs and projects for supportive and proactive reconstruction.Within 2-3 years, an adequate target program for the reconstructive development of urbanized territories should be developed.Object-oriented response and current development should be subordinate to the programmatic goals of the proactive reconstruction model.The figure 6 contains a scheme of methodical interaction of models of reconstructive activity.Situational response, which leads to systemic error, promotes the accumulation of problems and contradictions, ultimately resulting in the degradation of territories and regional crisis state, is a negative alternative.
There is a task to correctly assess and determine trends, which will allow determining the direction of changes.The situational analysis will allow to determine the tasks transformed in order to ensure the sustainable development of the region in the new conditions created by the post-war situation.After the occupation, it is necessary to develop a program of regional restoration/renewal covering the territory of the regions, town-planning formations (cities and settlements), infrastructure objects, objects and infrastructure systems of urban and group settlements.[25][26][27][28] It is not possible to develop a separate city with leading indicators on the destroyed territory.The concentration of finances in a separate city (populated area) will not have a great effect in terms of improving the quality of life in the region.Likewise, spreading a thin layer of funding over the territory will not ensure its sustainable development.It is necessary to determine growth points, directions of advanced development and support a function that can provide a high level of benefit.
Orientation tasks and prerequisites that must be analyzed and solved at the first stage are quite numerous.
Administrative and territorial reform of the region (for example, what city will be the regional center or fulfill most of its functions) [29].
Will individual cities retain their status?For example, Hirske, Popasna, individual villagescompletely destroyed, Rubizhne-Sievierodonetsk-Lysychansk agglomeration -perhaps more expedient as a single administrative entity?On the formation of military-civilian administrations of districts -former cities forming an agglomeration?Problems of the functioning of city councils and city executive committees of cities. Problems important for the normal functioning of cities have not been resolved for years: the political situation on the ground is far from normal, which means that important decisions should not be made at the level of local government.
Define zones that will have special border region conditions.As noted, the region from the internal, transboundary has become a border region [5,20].The state, the Ministry of Defense, the Armed Forces of Ukraine are likely to have priorities in the use of parts of the territory.
It is also necessary to determine the configuration -the supporting frame of communication routes, taking into account new realities.If there is a special regime zone, are the roads needed (P07 Chertkovo, T1 302 Tanyushevka, P22 Chervona Talivka, M04 Izvarine, E20 Dolzhansky)?Subject to the strict requirements of the visa regime, foreign citizens will have to travel on other routes.Certainly, undergo changes in the category of roads that have the direction of the road along the border, and unite the major cities of the regions.
This will determine (possibly) additional engineering structures, tasks for the restoration and reconstruction of existing bridges, flyovers, airfields, etc.
As an example, the Siverskyi Donets River on the border with Russia flows along the border line for a considerable distance -from the settlement of Novokievka/Makarov yar to the settlement Popovka.The river should be provided with means of control, protective structures.
It is possible that it will be necessary to regulate the flow of the Siverskyi Donets and create additional water management complexes.
There is a need for a cadastre of enterprises and institutions that will operate in the region and be subordinate to the central executive authorities (correctional colonies, detention centers, military camps, training grounds).
Perhaps there will be zones and territories with limited use, which will need to be determined, for example -mined.
Determine the objects that should be financed by the state and include them in programs and general layouts for urban development.
It is necessary to determine the objects in which there is a need to ensure the sustainable development of cities and the region -schools, kindergartens, sports facilities, hospitals, clinics, homes for the elderly, administrative buildings.For example, in the city of Lysychansk, almost all administrative buildings were destroyed.And if the functions are listed, then the basic list contains the buildings of the city hall, the national police, the prosecutor's office, the court, the security service, the ambulance station, and the fire station.
Depending on the results of the administrative-territorial reform, it is expedient to determine the placement of universities, colleges, and student residence buildings.In the territories occupied since 2014, a large number of educational institutions remain, the property of which consists of buildings, structures, and land plots.Part of the displaced institutions of higher education were reorganized by merger.The Ministry of Education of Ukraine acts as the manager of the property.The owner is the State Property Fund of Ukraine.Leaving the region without education means leaving the region of the future.Thus, the location of the leading educational institutions in the region should be determined.
It is necessary to determine objects of a commercial nature, their legal status, conditions for further functioning.In the region, there are several large enterprises that require balanced legal decisions -coal mines, private and state, Lysychansk oil refinery plant, 'Zarya' chemical plant, Rubizhne cardboard mill, Sievierodonetsk chemical plant 'Azot' and others.One should hardly care about the development of the network of gas stations.Large networks of this segment will solve this problem at the level of commercial attractiveness.It is quite obvious that the network management wants to know the plans for the development of the road network in order to coordinate their projects.

Conclusions
The cities of Luhansk region are predominantly known for their industrial character and lack a significant historical heritage.The destruction caused by past conflicts has necessitated adjustments to the fundamental urban planning principles.The process of restoring these cities involves determining the dominant aspects and implementing comprehensive reconstruction based on the principles of protection, safety, accessibility, autonomy, adaptability, attractiveness, and environmental friendliness.
Given the military and special nature of certain territories, prioritizing their planning framework is essential.Cross-border cooperation has shifted towards establishing clear borders and protective exclusion zones.The delimitation and demarcation of borders have been gradual, and stricter border control measures are now in place.
The restoration of liberated territories requires a thorough review and update of general layouts and regional development schemes to focus on advanced programs and projects that facilitate the structural growth of the regions.The model of anticipatory reconstructive activity takes precedence in this regard.
To support the development of cities, it is crucial to establish and strengthen departments responsible for urban development tasks, such as the Chief Architect's office, with an expanded staff of specialists.
We propose the establishment of a Regional Civil-Military Administration department dedicated to urban and territorial development, staffed with qualified experts.Urbanized areas with normal population density tend to be more successful and competitive in their development.
Investing in education and job creation should be prioritized over general improvements to the territory.This focus will play a crucial role in the region's growth.
Considering the anticipated population migration, the region is likely to experience a shortage of labor during recovery programs, particularly in the construction industry.
It is essential to allocate a portion of the territory for environmental purposes and landscape reproduction, such as preserving forests and riverine areas.
The preservation of ecologically significant areas should be a priority to maintain the region's environmental balance.
In summary, the restoration of the cities in the Luhansk region demands a careful reevaluation of urban planning principles, cross-border cooperation, and investments in education and job opportunities.Prioritizing environmental preservation and sustainable development will contribute to the region's long-term success and growth.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Photo of the destruction of a residential building in the city of Popasna, Luhansk region [10].

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Satellite image of the damaged locomotive bay and wagon depot in the city of Popasna, Luhansk region [15].

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Satellite image of a part of the destroyed district of the city of Popasna, Luhansk region [15].

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Scheme of methodical interaction of models of reconstructive activity.