Improving the system for ensuring the safety of workers in the mining industry on the basis of risk management

The unfavorable situation that has developed in the economy due to the war in Ukraine, the difficult working conditions of workers in the mining industry, the lack of efficiency of labor protection measures taken lead to an increase in the level of occupational morbidity among employees of enterprises. The need for safety requires the setting of tasks, within which it is necessary to conduct a detailed analysis of a specific production activity, identify its inherent dangers and develop effective measures to protect the personnel. The purpose of the work is to develop a system of events for improving the level of safety in the mining industry on the basis of risk management, which will reduce the dynamics of occupational diseases at work. The importance of the work is in the implementation of a systematic analysis of the harmful production factors impact, taking into account working conditions, the intensity and duration of these factors impact on miners throughout their work experience in order to prevent, timely diagnose, and treat patients with occupational diseases. The introduction of methods and techniques to improve the level of safety at mining enterprises will ensure a decrease in the level of occupational morbidity among workers.


Introduction
Along with difficult mining and geological conditions, the level of accidents, injuries and occupational diseases is significantly affected by the crisis in the coal industry of Ukraine in terms of technical, economic, financial and social indicators.As of the beginning of the year, there are 148 mines in Ukraine, 102 of which are state-owned.Most of the mines are located in the territory not controlled by Ukraine (67), 2 more mines are not operating, 33 are operating (but only 4 are considered profitable).That is, about 30 mines are modern enterprises, and more than half of the mines operate without reconstruction, have complex ventilation networks and multi-stage underground transport.In the total fleet of operating downhole equipment, the share of mechanized mining complexes and road headers of a new technical level is only 2%.In general, the industrial and production assets of coal mining enterprises are worn out by an average of 65% [1].
The main reason for the crisis state of the industry is insufficient funding, when the volume of capital investments, which has decreased by more than 3 times, and the prices of materials and 1254 (2023) 012061 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1254/1/012061 2 equipment have increased 2, 3 and more times.Low salary levels and delays in their payment have become the main reason for the outflow of qualified personnel [2].In this connection, in the indicated crisis conditions, the role and tasks of the labor protection management system operating in the coal industry increases (the main goal of which is to create safe and healthy working conditions in accordance with the requirements of labor safety rules) [3].
High rates of occupational morbidity in the mining industry and insufficient efficiency of the measures taken for labor protection satisfy neither the owners, nor employees, nor the state.The dynamics of occupational morbidity indicators is evidence of the absence of trends in its decline, and the share of workers in the mining industry accounts for about 76% of diseases [4].Solving the problem, a significant reduction in the level of occupational morbidity of workers at coal enterprises, is an urgent and priority task.The most vulnerable link in the current approaches to the prevention of occupational diseases was the lack of 1) a regulatory and methodological framework for calculating risks, building work regimes, 2) methods of stimulating economic interest in carrying out activities through the system of compulsory social insurance, 3) conducting in-depth medical examinations of miners and social rehabilitation measures [5].In this regard, it is necessary to develop new conceptual approaches to the prevention of occupational diseases of workers of coal enterprises, based on the development of methodological principles for managing the risk of occupational diseases in coal mines, which make it possible to increase the effectiveness of preventive measures.
The aim of the work is to develop methodological principles for managing the risk of occupational diseases at mining enterprises, which make it possible to increase the efficiency of the occupational health and safety management system and measures to prevent occupational diseases of workers.The main idea of the work is to identify harmful production factors, based on the analysis of working conditions for the entire length of service of an employee of the coal industry.And also the formation of methods for the prevention of occupational diseases, based on the principles of taking into account risk factors for the development of occupational diseases, and establishing the dependence of their manifestation in order to predict (predict) a possible occupational disease.Development and implementation of measures to reduce the level of occupational morbidity of workers who work at mining enterprises.
The object of the research is the occupational health and safety management system and the prevention of occupational diseases of workers who work at mining enterprises.
Research objectives: analysis of the state of occupational morbidity in the coal industry and the regulatory legal framework for the investigation and registration of cases of occupational diseases; identification of indicators of the significance of harmful production factors; to establish the etiology and causation of occupational diseases at typical workplaces of workers in an underground group of coal mines; establishment of patterns of development of occupational diseases depending on specific working conditions (tension, severity) and development of risk management methods; development of a set of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of the functioning of the labor protection management system to reduce the risk of occupational diseases and the classification of working conditions and occupational diseases development of an algorithm for managing the risk of occupational diseases for workers who work at mining enterprises; development of methodological principles for managing the risk of occupational diseases, development of an algorithm and mechanism for transforming the existing system for the prevention of occupational diseases at mining enterprises.
The coal industry is considered one of the most dangerous sectors of the economy.Working conditions in coal mines are characterized by a number of factors that have a harmful effect on the human body.Harmful factors include rock dust, noise, vibration, sudden temperature changes, high air humidity, the need to work in a forced position, and harmful gases.The impact of these factors causes occupational diseases of workers and the number of occupational diseases in the coal industry is increasing.
In the structure of occupational morbidity of workers in the mining industry, the largest specific weight is made up of diseases of dust etiology, musculoskeletal system and vibration diseases.In industry, most of the industrial production personnel work at elevated levels of dust content -58.4%, noise -55.7%, vibration -28.5%, chemical factors -14.5%, humidity -14.9% and temperatures that do not meet sanitary standards -15.0%[6]. Figure 1 shows the structure by production factors that caused occupational diseases. .High levels of indicators of the severity of the labor process (classes 3.1 -3.3) are observed in working specialties and mid-level specialists.In the first group, high rates are due, first of all, to the lifting and movement of excess cargo masses by hand, forced tilts of the body at an angle of more than 30 and movements in space.In the second group, the need to use in the process of work a large number of portable control measuring instruments, which are used directly by the employee, and movements in space due to the technological process.High indicators of the severity of the labor process are a prerequisite for the development of diseases of the musculoskeletal system.High indicators of the intensity of the labor process are directly related to the specific conditions of underground work, which requires knowledge of a series of instructions both on labor protection and industrial safety, and on mining, and, in addition, with high emotional stress.
To assess the risks of occupational diseases, it is necessary to use effective methods of their identification, based on taking into account all hazardous and harmful production factors with the use of express methods for assessing the intensity and severity of the labor process, the Map of the working conditions of workers, as well as establishing the causal relationships of certain forms of diseases from exposure complex of harmful and dangerous production factors [7].

Results and discussion
As a result of research and application of mathematical methods of analysis, the regularities of the risk of occurrence of certain types of occupational diseases in workers were identified and presented, depending on the profession and work experience [8].In the study, the risk of getting an occupational disease for workers in a certain profession is understood as the probability of an employee getting sick in relation to the total number of workers in reduced working conditions.Risk is calculated using the following formula (1): where N d -number of workers with occupational diseases in a particular profession; N -total number of workers.
The processing of data on occupational diseases made it possible to obtain data on the risks of diseases for the main underground professions, depending on the length of service in hazardous working conditions (table 1).The results obtained make it possible to predict the occurrence of an occupational disease in workers, depending on the length of service at the enterprise.For this purpose, data on identified occupational diseases at more than 10 coal enterprises from 2015 to 2021 were used, taking into account the total number of workers employed in production.The resulting cumulative dependencies between these parameters are shown in figure 2. Estimated data are described with the greatest accuracy by a dependence of the form (2): where y -an indicator of the risk of getting an occupational disease; The analysis of cases of occupational diseases in more than 10 enterprises made it possible to establish the critical period of work experience in the profession, in which the largest number of cases is observed.
For all professions, when assessing absolute values, it was 20-24 years.The decrease in the number of cases of occupational diseases after 20-24 years of professional activity of an employee is statistically due to the fact that the number of employees with a total length of service (in the total number of employees) is removed in connection with the release of a preferential pension and with an established occupational disease in earlier years of employment [9].
The obtained results of the study make it possible to develop diagnostic maps for assessing the risk of an occupational disease depending on the length of service, degree and type of exposure to harmful and dangerous working conditions on an employee in the main professions -longwall miner, drifter, operator of mining excavation machines (in the longwall), underground miner, mining foreman, underground electrician, miner (table 3).Thus, the revealed patterns of the risk of certain types of occupational diseases among workers, depending on the profession and work experience, are a sufficient and necessary basis for developing methodological principles for managing the risk of occupational diseases [10].
The paper developed methodological principles for managing the risk of occupational diseases at mining enterprises, proposed a coefficient of working conditions, according to which the classification of enterprises was carried out depending on the likelihood of exposure to harmful and dangerous production factors on workers.An algorithm for managing the risk of occupational diseases and approaches to improve the functioning of the labor protection management system in the field of reducing the risk of occupational diseases have also been developed.
The minimum risk of occupational diseases is understood as the value of the risk probability in the first class of the probationary exposure of the diagnostic card for assessing the risk of an occupational disease in which the disease is recorded.
The unacceptable risk of an occupational disease is understood as the maximum value of the risk probability according to the diagnostic chart for assessing the risk of an occupational disease [11].
The acceptable risk of an occupational disease is understood as the value of the probability of the risk of an occupational disease, which is between the minimum and maximum risk of a diagnostic chart for assessing the risk of an occupational disease.
The results obtained made it possible to identify the patterns of occurrence of occupational diseases among workers, depending on the length of service, profession, degree and type of exposure to harmful and dangerous working conditions, and also to develop an algorithm for managing the risk of occupational diseases [12].
Thus, taking into account risk factors (profession, length of service in hazardous conditions, type of exposure to harmful and dangerous production factors) of the occurrence of an occupational disease and establishing a dose-related dependence of the occurrence of a certain type of occupational disease in a particular profession, allows you to predict a possible occupational disease and redistribute the quality and level of control over working conditions and health of the staff [13].
The regional system of labor protection should have in its arsenal a set of effective management methods, the control over the work of which, as an object of management, includes mining enterprises that differ in natural, technical, technological and organizational conditions [14].
At present, classifications are widely used according to one attribute (and usually the most important), which determines the general level of danger of the mine and the technological principles of coal mining (methane content, gas emission) [15].
At the present level of development of the science of labor protection, it is possible to develop multidimensional classifications according to the factors that determine the level of danger to the health of workers [16].This makes it possible to single out indicators of enterprise groups that are increasingly stable in terms of variability, which is a way to more accurately determine the rationality of applying certain methods of managing these objects [17].
Currently, most researchers prove that the probability of the implementation of occupational diseases should be considered as a set of random variables [18].This circumstance, as well as the selective nature of the information used, determines the feasibility of a probabilistic-statistical approach to the classification of mining enterprises.
The main stages of the proposed methodology for classifying by the level of risk of occupational diseases are: • the choice of parameters by which the object is delimited; • formation of a training sample; • choice of object delimitation method; • establishing the homogeneity of the selected object.
One of the main tasks in the classification of objects is the choice of parameters by which the existing sample is distinguished into homogeneous groups.Studies have shown that working conditions are assessed by a fairly wide range of indicators [19].
The working conditions at the mine with a sufficient degree of objectivity can be characterized by the following indicators: tension, severity, harmful substances, microclimate, illumination, infrasound, vibration, noise.
Also in the work, a mechanism for improving the labor protection management system in coal mines, the results of testing the developed methods and proposed principles, as well as an assessment of the effectiveness of the proposed measures to improve the labor protection system are given.The study of the regularity of the occurrence of occupational diseases in coal mines made it possible to establish that they vary within a fairly wide range and their nomenclature is also different [20].
Theoretical and practical interest is to identify the relationship between working conditions in mines and occupational diseases [21].
To do this, it is advisable to introduce the concept of specific occupational morbidity M s (the risk of getting an occupational disease), the value of which is calculated by the formula (3).
where M gen -is the general morbidity at the mine; N -is the number of employees at the mine.The sample of occupational diseases was formed according to the data of 10 mines.The resulting relationship between M s and C work (working conditions coefficient) shown in figure 3. The resulting dependence is most accurately described by the following formula of the form (4).
The correlation ratio is 0.67, and the coefficient of determination is 0.45.This means that 55% of the occurrence of an occupational disease is explained by other factors.
One of these factors is the effectiveness of the functioning of the labor protection management system at mines.Thus, in order to characterize the level of efficiency of the functioning of the labor protection management system of an enterprise in terms of managing the risks of occupational diseases, it is proposed to use the efficiency coefficient of the labor protection management system (5).
According to the value of this coefficient, 3 groups of coal mines can be distinguished: • mines with an effective labor protection management system (C e >300); • mines with an inefficient labor protection management system (C e <10); • mines with an inefficient labor protection management system (10<C e <300).
The conducted studies allowed to formulate methodological principles for managing the risk of occupational diseases in coal mines.
To manage the risk of occupational diseases based on taking into account long-term dependencies, predict possible occupational diseases and redistribute the quality and level of control over working conditions and health of personnel, it is necessary to adhere to such principles.This is a coordinated interaction of the key subjects of the coal mine -the owner of the capital, management, personnel, state supervision and control bodies.Ensuring the necessary and sufficient level of prevention of occupational diseases.Monitoring of risk factors for occupational diseases, including observation, assessment, control and forecast of the state of the working environment, equipment, technology and production organization.Purposeful formation of an information base of risk factors for occupational diseases and mechanisms of their development.Improvement of rehabilitation mechanisms and development of medical and social rehabilitation infrastructure.When using methods such as assessment of working conditions, assessment of the risk of occupational diseases, assessment of the effectiveness of the functioning of the labor protection management system, classification of coal mines according to working conditions and occupational diseases.assessment of the risk of an occupational disease depending on the profession, work experience in hazardous conditions and diagnosis, prediction of possible occupational diseases, assessment of the effectiveness of preventive measures [22].
Especially important is the choice of the way to change the labor protection management system -it is revolutionary, evolutionary and corrective.The revolutionary way of changing the labor protection system involves a radical change in the structure of the system, its functions, organization of activities, methods, methods and means of control.The evolutionary way does not require a fundamental change in the existing structure, but its functions must be reviewed.The corrective path is aimed at constantly maintaining a high level of efficiency of the existing system, searching for reserves and resources of the system in order to reduce costs and form an additional fund of funds for the prevention of occupational diseases of coal mine workers.To select the optimal management solution for the transformation of the labor protection management system, it is proposed to distinguish the effectiveness of its work into three levels (table 4).

Conclusions
The high level of occupational morbidity among miners is due to the low efficiency of the functioning of the labor protection management system in coal mines, the increase of which requires a radical change in the methodology of its formation, transformation, adjustment and improvement.
The results of the investigation of cases of occupational morbidity indicate the insufficient effectiveness of their prevention.This is due, first of all, to the fact that the labor protection management system of enterprises is not aimed at preventing and preventing occupational diseases, but in fact at fixing them.The current systems are based on the concept of implementing a secondary prevention program, that is, carrying out measures to restore already significantly impaired physiological functions of the body under the influence of production activities.
To identify dangerous and harmful factors and assess the risks of occupational diseases, express methods have been developed and proposed for assessing the intensity and severity of the labor process, indicators of the significance of the main harmful and dangerous production factors.
Taking into account the risk factors for the occurrence of an occupational disease, which makes it possible to establish a time dependence of the occurrence of a certain type of occupational disease in a particular profession, makes it possible to predict a possible occupational disease and redistribute the quality and level of control over working conditions and the health of personnel.
To implement the principle of differentiated management of labor protection, it is proposed to classify mines according to working conditions and occupational diseases.The most effective method of such classifications is the method of principal components.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for the development and implementation of methodological principles for managing the risk of occupational diseases in coal mines and, on this basis, improving and developing the labor protection management system of enterprises are application of the principles of prevention of occupational diseases, based on the consideration of risk factors for the development of occupational diseases, the application of patterns of development of occupational diseases; depending on the specific working conditions (tension, severity), the use of a set of methods and criteria for assessing the effectiveness of the functioning of the labor protection management system, in terms of prevention occupational diseases; application of an algorithm for choosing the optimal set of preventive measures to reduce the risk of occupational diseases while maintaining the material well-being of the employee.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Distribution of harmful and hazardous production factors causing occupational diseases in coal mines.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Cumulative dependence of occupational disease on the length of service in professions in coal mines.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Dependence of the coefficient of working conditions and the value of specific occupational morbidity in coal mines.

Table 1 .
Risks of getting occupational diseases in mines.

Table 2 .
x -work experience; a, bregression coefficients.The values of the coefficients a and b are presented in table 2. Values of indicators of the dependence of occupational disease on the length of service in professions in coal mines.

Table 3 :
Diagnostic card for assessing the risk of occupational disease in longwall miners, depending on the length of service and diagnosis in coal mines.

Table 4 .
Choice of management decisions to improve the labor protection system.