Potential of tuba plant root (Derris elliptica) as a vegetable pesticide ingredient: A review

Tuba plant is a species of Derris that can be found in Southeast Asia such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunai, Thailand and the Philippines. This plant contains the toxic substance rotenone and is used by the community as a poison to catch fish. The toxicity of rotenone to fish varies between species. Therefore, there is a significant risk of non-target fish species being poisoned when rotenone is used. In addition to poisoning fish, this substance can be used to kill corn cob borers, kill cat lice, eradicate rice snails, and control caterpillar populations. The results of the review of rotenone contained in tuba plants from several studies show that the use of rotenone is effective for eradicating pests, including in Fisheries Management can eradicate unwanted pests and predatory fish, exterminating corn cob borers can control cob borers (Helicoverpa armigeran Hubner) with an initial death time of 26, 50 hours, LT50 67.50 hours and total larval mortality 87.5%, Cat lice repellent can kill cat lice (Siphonaptera), exterminate paddy snails by giving 75% and 100% tuba root extract concentration, and control the population of caterpillars by giving 50% rotenone extract. It can therefore be concluded that that tuba root extract (Derris elliptica) can be used as a vegetable pesticide because it is proven to be effective in eradicating fisheries management pests, borers on corn cobs, lice pests in cats, rice snails in rice plants, and caterpillar pests in fruit plants.


Introduction
Tuba plant is a species of Derris that can be found in Southeast Asia such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunai, Thailand and the Philippines [1].In Indonesia, this plant is spread almost throughout the archipelago and has many uses, especially used as a fish poisoner.In addition, tuba roots can also be used as a biopesticide [2].Tuba plants containing the toxic substance rotenone are used by the community as a poison to catch fish.According to Ling [3] the toxicity of rotenone on fish varies between species, so it can pose a significant risk of poisoning non-target fish species in the use of rotenone.One of the uses of plant-based poisons of the tuba root type containing rotenone is to eradicate wild fish, as well as other nuisance pests that can affect the fish production process, without having to cause damage to the environment as an effect of the use of these plant-based chemicals [4].In addition to being used to eradicate wild fish and nuisance pests in fish, tuba roots containing rotenone can be used as an exterminator of corn cob borers [5], effective for killing cat lice [6], as a pesticide to eradicate rice snails [7], as an environmentally friendly insecticide to control caterpillar populations [8].Based on this background, the purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the potential use of rotenone extract from tuba root as a vegetable pesticide.

Tuba plant
In Indonesia, the tuba plant is known by various names such as Sumatra, tuba is known as jenu root.Java, tuba is known as tuwa (Sunda), jenu (Java), and thoba (Madura) [4].The tuba plant is a plant (Plantae) from the division Magnoliophyta, class Magnoliopsida, nation Fabales, family Fabaceae, genus Derris, and species Derris elliptica.The poison of the tuba plant was known in the past as derrids and is now known as rotenona.This active ingredient is found in tuba roots with levels between 2½-3%, most contained in the root bark [8].

Rotenone
Rotenone is a complex organic compound with the chemical formula C23H22O6 and molecular weight 394.41.The content of rotenone consists of 70.04% carbon, 5.62% hydrogen, and 24.34% oxygen with a melting point at 165 o C-166 o C. Rotenone is very soluble in alcohol and acetone but not easily soluble in water.Rotenon irritates the respiratory system and is highly toxic at high temperatures than at low temperatures and works very well above 15 o C. In addition, rotenone is also very toxic in acidic to neutral waters compared to waters with alkaline conditions [4].The classification of rotenone according to Ling [3] and WHO [9] is as follows:

Rotenone toxicology
Rotenone is a highly specific metabolic toxin that interferes with cellular aerobic and mitochondrial electron transport by inhibiting NADH ubiquinone reductase.The effects of rotenone are therefore similar to those of other toxins that affect electron transport or oxidative phosphorylation, including antimycin, cyanide and dinitrophenol.Oxygen uptake by cells is blocked and the cell's production of energy in the form of nucleoside triphosphate is greatly reduced.In rotenone-poisoned fish, the reduced uptake of blood oxygen by cells results in an increase in blood oxygen tension, while a compensatory increase in cellular anaerobic metabolism and associated lactic acid production leads to blood acidosis.Death results from tissue anoxia, particularly cardiac and neurological failure [3].

Rotenone uses
Rotenon as a selective nonsystemic insecticide is commonly used on fruit trees such as, apples, avocados, and pomegranates to control aphids, grubs, bagworms, toad moths, leafhoppers, cabbage caterpillars, bedbugs and vegetable beetles and lice on cattle, as well as to eradicate unwanted pests or fish in lakes, ponds, and reservoirs [9].a. Use in Fisheries Management Rotenone is a pesticide commonly used to eradicate predatory fish and more unwanted Organisms from water, including lakes, rivers, ponds, lakes and streams [3,10,11].b.Corn cob borer pest repellent One of the pests that attack corn plants is the cob borer (Helicoverpa armigera Hubner).Pest control can be controlled by using vegetable insecticides tuba root (Derris elliptica Benth.)[5].

c. Exterminator of cat lice
The tuba root extract contains a natural poison called rotenone that can be used as an antiectoparasite.The use of tuba root as an antiectoparasite has been proven effective in killing cat lice (Siphonaptera) [6].d.Pesticides to eradicate rice snails One of the pests that can reduce rice productivity is the rice snail (Ampullaria ampullaceae), which can be eradicated using Tuba plant roots (Derris elliptica) [7].e. Controlling the population of caterpillars Caterpillars are one of the pests that often attack fruit plants.This pest eats leaves as a source of nutrition, causing tree deforestation.One of the insecticides used as an effort to control these pests is by using tuba plant extracts containing rotenone, The use of tuba root extract (Derris elliptica) as a insecticide is effective in killing caterpillar pests (Lymantria Beatrix) [8].The sensitivity of aquatic invertebrates to rotenone is very variable, although most species are more resistant to rotenone than fish.However, since the field application of rotenone always use excess chemicals at some level to ensure complete fish kills, which results in most invertebrates being removed [3].The use of rotenone in lakes and ponds to kill fish usually causes a significant reduction in zooplankton and may also affect some of the bottom fauna [3].
b. Toxicity to fish Rotenone is a pesticide commonly used to control predatory fish and other undesirable organisms from water bodies, including lakes, rivers, ponds, lakes and streams.showed that rotenone caused significant mortality in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) with an LC50 of 30 μg/L and the fish exhibited neurological signs and respiratory distress before death [11].

c. Extermination of corn cob borer pests
The control of borer pests on corn cobs has been carried out with several concentrations of tuba root powder extract, namely 0 g/l water, 20 g/l water, 40 g/l water, 60 g/l water, 80 g/l water and 100 g/l water, and showed different effects for each concentration on the cob borer (Helicoverpa armigeran Hubner).The use of tuba root powder extract with a concentration of 100 g/l water is the best concentration to control cob borers (Helicoverpa armigeran Hubner) with an initial mortality time of 26.50 hours, LT50 67.50 hours and total larval mortality of 87.5% [5].

d. Extermination of cat lice
The use of tuba root extract containing rotenone has been researched to determine the effectiveness of tuba root extract against cat larvae (Siphonaptera), by spraying 0% (distilled water), 1%, 2%, and 3% tuba root extract against 4 containers containing 10 larvae each (Siphonaptera).The results showed that the 1% level showed 10% mortality rate on the pinsjal in the 5th minute, 30% in the 15th minute, 70% in the 20th minute, 80% in the 25th minute, 100% in the 30th minute.The 2% concentration treatment showed a mortality rate of 20% in the 5th minute, 30% in the 10th minute, 70% in the 15th minute and 100% in the 30th minute while in the 3% concentration treatment the mortality rate was 50% in the 5th minute, 80% in the 10th minute, 90% in the 15th minute and 100% in the 20th minute, from the above results it shows that tuba root extract can effectively kill cat (Siphonaptera) larvae [6].
e. Pesticide to eradicate rice snail Rice snails (Ampullaria ampullaceae) are one of the agricultural pests that can reduce rice productivity, to control this pest, the Tuba plant (Derris elliptica) is used.The use of Tuba plant roots (Derris elliptica) as an eradicator of paddy snails (Ampullaria ampullaceae) has been tested for efficacy with concentrations of P0 (control), P1 (25%), P2 (50%), P3 (75%) and P4 (100%) Tuba plant roots (Derris elliptica) on 10 paddy snails (Ampullaria ampullaceae) for 5 repetitions, and the results showed that giving 75% and 100% concentrations of tuba root extract killed all the rice snails for approximately 60 minutes so it can be concluded that the tuba plant extract (Derris elliptica) can eradicate rice snails (Ampullaria ampullaceae) [7].f.Controlling caterpillar population Use of tuba root (Derris elliptica) extract to eradicate the caterpillar population (Lymantria Beatrix) has been carried out research on the effectiveness test of the use of an extract of the tuba root (Derris elliptica) on the mortality of the caterpillar pest (Lymantria Beatrix) and to determine the optimum concentration of vegetable insecticides to reduce the activity of Lymantria Beatrix by making several concentration variations, namely 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% were sprayed on the leaves that were used as test material for mortality of caterpillar pests (Lymantria Beatrix), The results showed that the effectiveness of tuba root extract (Derris elliptica) on the mortality of armyworms (Lymantria Beatrix) was most optimal at a concentration of 50% with the least leaf damage with an LD50 value of 69.99%.[8].

Conclusion
Based on the literature search above, it can be concluded that tuba root extract (Derris elliptica) can be used as a vegetable pesticide because it is proven to be effective in eradicating fisheries management pests, borers on corn cobs, lice pests in cats, rice snail pests in rice plants, and caterpillar pests in fruit plants.

1 .
Use of rotenone in fisheries management a.Aquatic invertebrate toxicity