Agriculture land resources protection through strategic environmental assessment: Case study in Parigi Moutong, Central Sulawesi-Indonesia

Linking development activities with the conservation of food land resources has become a very important issue in sustainable development. However, the facts show that the damage or loss of food land resources continues even at an increasing rate. This trend is further exacerbated by policies on land conversion and over-exploitation of natural resources, as well as the absence of information on the importance of the land. Consequently, there will be changes in the ecosystem and the optimal function of the land. Protection of food and land resources must start with policy-making and be followed by development program planning. The problem of this research is how the conversion of agricultural land into residential areas and shrimp pond areas in Parigi Moutong Regency, describes how the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) as an instrument of protection of agricultural land resources in Parigi Moutong Regency, Central Sulawesi. Agricultural land resources are one of the important aspects of the food security program that should be considered in SEA. The development of urban centers or expansion of settlements and large-scale land clearing for plantations or mining often harm food land resources. Therefore, development plans and programs must be properly designed through prediction, evaluation, and mitigation of possible negative impacts. This research found that the involvement of stakeholders such as; local government, council members, academics, businesses, and NGOs as well as the community can generate some issues and strategies related to the loss or damage of agricultural land resources due to development activities and design alternative recommendations for improvement in Parigi Moutong District.


Introduction
Central Sulawesi has several districts/cities including Parigi Moutong Regency, this district is one of the autonomous regions in Central Sulawesi province, with the capital city of Parigi and an area of 6,231 km².The potential and superiority of natural resources owned by this region are the main capital in development for the welfare of the community.This is very important considering the true nature of development is to answer the needs of the community.However, in practice, there is often exploitation of natural resources in the name of development.Thus, sustainable development will strive to maintain harmony between economic growth, the needs of the community both food, economy, and social justice, and a sense of security from disasters.Concerning this balance, Environmental Assessment plays a very important role.
Law No. 41/2009 on the Protection of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land is one of the regulations that need to be considered in land use development.Food production, the physical environment, and the well-being of agricultural communities whose livelihoods depend on their land are all greatly impacted by changes in agricultural land use, which present a threat to the achievement of food security.During the period 2012-2020 in Parigi Moutong Regency there was a shift in land use.The change in agricultural land use has decreased by almost 7%, switching functions to plantations, pond areas, settlements, and mining.According to [1], the process of land use change is a process that cannot be avoided because land use change is a shift in the allocation and distribution of resources.
Furthermore, according to [2], the problem that occurs in the provision of land for food is the decrease in the land area due to land conversion to non-agriculture.This will result in a decrease in environmental quality caused by increased population growth and economic activities.This occurs due to the growth and transformation of changes in the socioeconomic structure of a developing society.The function of land as a medium of production tends to change in its use along with the growth and development of the region.
From the description above, the main problem in this research is how the conversion of agricultural land into residential areas and shrimp pond areas in Parigi Moutong Regency.

Data collection methods
Data collection, primary data, and secondary data were conducted.Primary data consists of direct observation of the research area in the form of photos of existing conditions and interviews (stakeholder interviews, where several stakeholders have been obtained for interviews obtained through stakeholder analysis, namely the Agriculture Office, Development Planning Agency at Sub-National Level Parigi Moutong Regency, National Land Agency, and Animal Husbandry, Agricultural experts and heads of farmer groups).
Secondary data consists of agency surveys and literature surveys.Agency surveys are surveys conducted in collecting secondary or supporting data in agencies or offices.The literature study is conducted by reviewing the contents of the literature related to the theme of this research, including books, research results, spatial plan documents, final assignments, and articles on the internet and mass media.

Type of research
This research uses qualitative research with a descriptive approach, the focus of the research is:

Data Analysis
Researchers applied qualitative and descriptive-analytical methods to assess the data acquired.As a result, the data will be processed and presented orally and in writing.To clarify the picture of the research findings, this strategy tries to methodically summarize the facts and data gathered as well as the research findings from both field investigations and literature studies.

Conversion of agricultural land into pond and residential areas
According to [3], land conversion is very difficult to stop, even tends to increase with an increasing area, and this greatly affects food security.Nationally, food crop farmers are important subjects in food availability.This is because the government has launched food self-sufficiency through food selfsufficiency.However, the increasing conversion of productive agricultural land will have an impact on food availability regionally and nationally.
During the last five years, there has been an increase in land conversion (paddy fields) in Parigi Moutong District to reach 5.71 percent (1,682.78ha) of the total 29,451.79ha.In general, when viewed in terms of land use, the characteristics of land use change are mostly changing the function of activities to pond areas which experienced an increase in the area during the period of 25.70 percent (1,400.92Ha).When viewed in terms of land use for the construction of residential areas increased by 5.66 percent (226.32 ha).The characteristics of herd changes between the area of paddy fields in comparison with settlements are shown in Graph 1.According to [4], land use change in general involves the transformation in the allocation of land resources from one use to another.Land conversion usually occurs in areas around urban areas where land conversion is used to support the development of the industrial and service sectors.According to Law Number 41 of 2009, any land that has been designated as a sustainable agricultural land is protected and cannot be changed.Only conversions in the public interest, as defined by the regulations, are permitted on protected territory.From Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, it can be seen that there has been a very drastic change in the availability of productive land due to the increasing human need for housing and the need for sources of protein, fat and other nutrients from pond areas (ponds).In Figure 1, the initial amount of foodproductive land ranged from 29-30,000 ha, which decreased to 26,000 ha/ha.This change is due to land conversion for human needs which continues to increase from year to year (also seen in figures 2, 3, and 4).If this condition is not immediately resolved by making a special regulation regarding the conversion of productive land and protected forests as a buffer for the availability of clean water and irrigation water for rice fields and other agriculture, it will certainly have an impact on food production and productivity, the food needs as a source of carbohydrates and other nutrients.The extreme effect will increase hunger, and malnutrition and worse will increase crime.Tightening these regulations (as contained in Perda No. 5/2020 concerning the regional space order plan or RTRW) can protect the availability of productive land and protected forests, which of course affects food security and the availability of clean water and water for irrigation, especially for the people of Parigi Moutong and generally for Central Sulawesi and areas around Central Sulawesi, such as the Provinces of Gorontalo and North Sulawesi.

Policy results on the conversion of Agricultural Land into Residential Areas and Pond Areas.
Due to the results of the research that has been conducted, it is known that the conversion of agricultural land is used mainly for the development of residential areas, both in the regional space order plan document and in reality.From the number of land use permits, it is known that land conversion has increased by 5.71 percent over the past 5 years, whereas in terms of land use, most of the land is used for creating additional residential developments., which is 5.66 percent (226.32 ha).The process of land conversion did not occur evenly, out of 23 sub-districts only 8 (eight) sub-districts had a large portion of land use for the development of residential areas, including Sausu Sub-district, Balinggi Sub-district, Torue Sub-district, South Parigi Sub-district, Parigi Sub-district, West Parigi Sub-district.Sub-district of Central Parigi.Sub-district of North Parigi.

Regulating the transfer of Agricultural Land into Residential Areas
Spatial planning is a controlling instrument for the utilization of existing space in the region.In Parigi Moutong, control of agricultural land conversion is regulated through: a. Zoning determination; b.Licensing; c. Offering both intense and inefficient services; and d.Imposing penalties.Regional Regulations on the Regional Spatial Plan, as well as specialized government programs, have been issued as specific control measures to manage the conversion of local government services.[9], which addresses the regional space order plan for the period of 2012 to 2023 and the licensing system, continues to serve as the controlling regulation.Additionally, the SEA is a crucial role in safeguarding resources related to agricultural land.

Housing area arrangement
Residential areas are planned to provide an adequate housing space for the community that is provided with the required services and infrastructure.This arrangement has been governed by [9].From the results of the research, it is known that the majority of residential area development in Parigi Moutong Regency, especially in the Parigi Sub-district area, has overall fulfilled the requirements of the regional space order plan Parigi Sub-district area as a whole and has fulfilled the standards for arranging residential areas.

Factors inhibiting and supporting the implementation of policies on the conversion of agricultural land into Residential Areas in Parigi Moutong Regency.
There are certain to be several issues that present challenges while executing a policy.The analysis revealed that the Local Government can regulate and control land through the licensing process.On the other side, the Government is bound by inadequate manpower in the context of field supervision, resulting in the substandard performance of supervision.If these two variables are connected to the model for implementing policies proposed by [10], the inhibiting variable is the implementers' propensity that relies on the licensing procedure and resource limitations.
In this study, supporting factors have been identified in addition to inhibitory ones.The first is coordination between policy implementation actors, wherein the policy model [10], this point includes inter-organizational relationships that work well in determining the feasibility of converting agricultural land into residential areas.The second is that Parigi Moutong Regency is becoming more populated and easily accessible, making it a draw for expanding residential areas.This topic is covered by the non-human resource component, specifically the benefits of the physical and social environment for the growth of residential areas.

1 .
Transformation of agricultural land into residential areas in Parigi Moutong Regency.a. Policy content and expediency b.Actors implementing the policy c.Coordination between policy implementation actors d.Procedures for the transformation of agricultural land into residential areas 2. The results of the policy on the conversion of agricultural land into residential areas in Parigi Moutong Regency.a. Use of agricultural land in residential areas b.Regulating the transfer of agricultural land into residential areas c.Arrangement of residential areas.