Strategic environmental assessment in Palu Central Sulawesi reflecting water provision profile based on ecosystem services

Reconciling development activities with Natural resources conservation has become one of the essential elements in the search for sustainable development. The degradation of Natural resources attributed to human activities through development increase rapidly. This trend is exacerbated by policies encouraging land conversion and natural resource overexploitation, as well as a need for more information about the value of natural resource conservation. Consequently, it can alter the ecosystem and change the natural resources and their functions. Protecting natural resources begins with policymaking, followed by development plans and programs. In this study, describe how the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a safeguarding tool for controlling natural resource loss in Palu City, Central Sulawesi. Natural resources are one of the vital aspects to be considered in SEA. Development in the central city, opening the land for agriculture on a large scale (plantation), and mining were the main issues that contributed to high risk to the natural resources. Regional development plans and programs assess by predicting, evaluating, and mitigating the environmental impact produced by the development. Our study found that the involvement of multi-stakeholders, Government, legislative, universities, social communities, and nongovernmental organizations successfully collected strategic development goal issues related to natural resources conditions in Palu, Central Sulawesi. Assessment of the plans and programs of development that will contribute to the mitigation of natural resource degradation and decide alternative recommendations for regional development plans and programs. This study demonstrates the integration of SEA in controlling natural resource degradation due to development.


Introduction
The current trend of city development significantly impacts anthropogenic and natural resources ecosystems [1].The degradation of Natural resources attributed to human activities through development increased rapidly.This trend is exacerbated by policies encouraging land conversion and natural resource overexploitation, as well as a need for more information about the value of natural resource conservation [2].Future urban growth is now a bigger worry due to the lack of urban environmental planning and management systems.As a result, it has the potential to modify the environment, as well as the natural resources and their uses.All Indonesian provinces and municipalities have required to revise their development plans in order to take into account the top-down principles of the Indonesian planning system since the Central Government of Indonesia established the National Mid-Term Development Plan 2019-2024.Permendagri 86/2017 and National Law 25/2004 of the National Planning System (UU 25/2004) govern this process.Additionally, as a requirement of the municipal development planning process, these regulations require SEA.Here, SEA is seen as a way to ensure that planning processes, particularly decision-making, have sufficiently accounted for sustainable development principles.
Since Indonesian National Law 32/2009 of Environmental Protection and the Management was implemented, some authors have acknowledged that there is a growing need for more significant efforts to develop an environmental perspective on development [3][4][5].A Strategic Environmental Assessment, or Kajian Lingkungan Hidup Strategies (KLHS) is required for all administrative levels, particularly for municipal development policies, according to the Minister of Law and Human Rights (2009) [6].Policymakers now view SEA as a partial environmental impact assessment as opposed to a thorough evaluation of a development policy.In this instance, SEA has only been taken into account when analyzing the environmental impact of a particular project [7].
Environmental impact assessments have never been designated by Law 32/2009 as a means of addressing the overall effects of development policies, in contrast to SEA.According to Alshuwaikhat (2005), "despite the existence of good EIA guidelines and legislation, environmental degradation continues to be a major concern in developing countries".EIA has not been able to provide "environmental sustainability assurance" for these countries [8][9][10].Integrating impact assessment into the complex framework for decision-making is difficult [11].Then, SEA's intended goal of guaranteeing that Indonesia's municipal government's policy accommodates the principles of sustainable development still needs to be put into practice.
Under the aforementioned circumstances, a number of challenges appeared, including poorly managed time, budget, data, information, and legal processes.The ability of the policymakers to release the necessary information or establish the open conversation chances required by the flexibility and participatory principles of EA is one of SEA's practical issues in Indonesian towns.[12,13].Particularly in outlining the strategic topics the analysis should look at.
In this essay, we promote the use of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) as a means to protect natural resources, beginning with policymaking followed by development plan programs.In this study, we describe how the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a safeguarding tool for controlling natural resource loss in Palu City, Central Sulawesi.Natural resources are one of the vital aspects to be considered in SEA.Development in the central city, settlement, opening the land for agriculture on a large scale (plantation) and mining were the main issues that contributed to high risk to the natural resources.

Methodology
The evaluation of development policies, plans, and programs for the current environmental conditions must adhere to the following process, as stated in article 7 of Government Regulation No. 46/2016 (Peraturan Pemerintah 46/2016 or PP 46/2016) on the Implementation methodology of SEA and the Management: Identification of ecological, economic, and social sustainability development concerns; Identification of policy, plan, and program content; Analysis of points 1 and 2; Formulation of alternatives; 5. Recommendations for strengthening policies, plans, programs, and projects.
In accordance with Law 32/2009 Chapter 15, issues should be described in respect to 7 current environmental conditions: poverty, land use changes, biodiversity loss, escalating catastrophe severity, climate change, and health and safety risks.The four steps in defining the issue are as follows: 1. gathering environmental issues suggested by all stakeholders (government, public, academic institutions, and non-governmental organizations); 2. grouping the issues based on similarity of theme and target; 3. confirming and verifying the issues by the available data; and 4. defining the strategic issue.With the exception of the fourth, these steps must be participative and carried out by the municipal government.The relevance degree of any issue can be determined using analytical techniques after gathering and verifying the issues raised by the stakeholders.Some issues with a higher rank than others may be the most important ones according to the analytical procedure.

Issue collection
A Forum Group Discussion (FGD) is held by the Palu government as part of the SEA's first procedures.Attendees include members of the public, specialists and academics, businesspeople, nonprofit groups, and regional government organizations.53 public concerns concerning Palu's recent development, encompassing social, economic, and environmental issues, were gathered by the Palu municipality through participation in the FGD.The Palu government concentrates on six key ideas based on the issues in the official government planning and environment documents after analyzing the 53 public concerns and ranking each one by importance.Garbage, land use change, water supply, food security, pollution, and natural disaster are the six.Carrying capacity, ecosystem services, catastrophe mitigation, the pace of climate change, and biodiversity are the six concerns or notions that are further examined in the context of real-world environmental conditions.This article focuses on water carrying capacity and ecosystem services analysis are used to elaborate on the condition related to the water supply problem in Palu.

Carrying capacity, ecosystem services analysis of water supply
The proportion of carrying capacity based on ecosystem services on water supply is dominated in the category medium to height, almost 60% of the total area of water ecosystem services in Palu Figure 1.The increasing population and utilization follow water carrying capacity calculation using the assumption of water availability.Besides that, the variation of the total population in every district gives utilization effect of water.Information concerning the distribution of carrying capacity based on ecosystem services of water availability function in Palu is presented in Figure 2, and a map of the distribution of carrying capacity based on an ecosystem of water supply function is presented in Figure 3.     were covered, accounting for about 4.374.77ha (12.27%).However, in 2020, remaining around 3616.67 ha (10.15%).Figure 6 shows the chart using the premier and second dry land forests in 1990-2020.In general, the most significant change in premier dry land forest and secondary dry land forest in 1990-2020 is in shrubs, settlement, mining, agriculture and grassland.

Alternatives and recommendations
Based on the Issues and the analysis of carrying capacity and ecosystem services, some policies, Planning and program (PPP) should be established to protect the water supply in Palu.Some alternatives and recommendations are: protecting and limiting the utilisation of regions with the high carrying capacity category; delineation of the region with protection function and the set is a protected area; keeping the wide and functional area with high ecosystem services of habitat and genetic species resources; keeping and recovering the function of the area with high ecosystem service of regulator and water supply; keeping the area with a high value of conservation; arrange and manage the upstream downstream base on the river basin; Controlling land use in the area with a high disaster risk; development area must be suitable with carrying capacity and environmental capacity; law enforcement based on local regulation of spatial planning; establish collaboration with the local government in a similar bioregion to protect Palu's catchment area as a water resource.
Based on experiences, The process of cooperating between the government and civil society is frequently one of learning.The options available to them, the potential implications of their choices, and the penalties of not making a choice are all things decision makers need to be aware of.This advise from the SEA document, which is integrated with the primary government planning document, should include this information.

Conclusion
Policymakers can define certain issues more firmly as ones that have the potential to have an impact on sustainable development by looking at how SEA was used in the Palu development planning process.The issue that has the greatest impact on the other in this instance is shown on the interrelation map of the issues in the system of sustainable municipal development.The matrix of overall prominence and relationship indicates the importance of each issue as well as its place in the causal chain.The primary document of Local Mid-Term Development Planning (RPJMD), Local Long-Term Development Planning (RPJPD), would incorporate all SEA alternatives and recommendations, particularly those pertaining to the protection of natural resources and Regional Spatial planning (RTRW).

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Presentation of carring capacity base on ecosystems services in Palu[14]

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. presentation Distribution of carrying capacity based on Ekosistem services water supply function in each district of Palu municipal [14].

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Chart of land use change to setlement in Palu, 2015-2020.The most significant land use change is the conversion from forest or open land to a settlement area.In 1990, Palu was still a densely premier forest in the category of dry land, about 11.045.54ha (30.98%).However, in 2020 decreased to 6.307.31ha (17.70%).In 1990, secondary dry land forests

Table 1 .
The primary public concern issues and relation with formal government planning documents.