Development of corn crops in dry land, dry climate using panca management technology in Situbondo, East Java

East Java has a large amount of arid terrain with a dry environment that could potentially be used for maize cultivation. It hasn’t been managed well, with little irrigation that only depends on rainfall and poor soil fertility. It is possible to grow maize on dry terrain, but first it is important to consider whether socio-economic strategies are effective, affordable, and simple to use. Five land management approaches, including (a) water management, (b) nutrient management, (c) organic matter management, (d) soil amelioration and conservation, and (e) crop integration livestock or institutions, are required to address the major issues of restricted water and low soil fertility. Activities to develop dry climate dry land agriculture are carried out during the dry season (MK 1) 2019 in Kandang Village, Kapongan District, Regency Situbondo in an area of 20 hectares. These activities include research on superimposed planting systems, irrigation, and biocahar as well as display of maize varieties and fertilisation.


Introduction
Dry land is classified as sub-optimal land and is associated with the understanding of non-paddy farming forms carried out by people in the upstream part of a watershed (DAS) as upland or land found in dry areas (water shortage) which depend on rainwater as a source of water [1][2][3].In general, dry land has a low level of soil fertility, especially on eroded soils, so that the tillage layer becomes thin, and the organic matter content is low.This condition is exacerbated by the limited use of organic fertilizers, especially for seasonal food crops.In addition, naturally the soil organic matter content in the tropics rapidly decreases, reaching 30-60% within 10-30 years [4,5].
To improve the quality of dry land applications are needed soil conditioner in the form of organic matter such as Biochar which can last a long time in the soil or has a relatively long effect, so it does not need to be applied every year.Besides that, dry land has limited water so that farming cannot be carried out throughout the year, with a cropping index (IP) of less than 1.50.The reasons include the fluctuating distribution and pattern of rainfall, both spatially and temporally [6,7].Dry land has the 1253 (2023) 012080 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1253/1/012080 2 potential to increase corn production if it is managed using effective technology with the right development strategy.Dry land management technology for corn plants is available, both water management and the use of early maturing and drought tolerant new superior varieties (VUB) as well as soil organic matter management, and site-specific corn cultivation technology.
By filling the soil pores created by greater soil aggregation, organic matter can improve the soil's capacity to retain water.To ensure that the chosen technology is actually successful and suitable for adoption by farmers, it is vital to understand the peculiarities of the land and the circumstances of the farmers [6].In order to properly carry out efforts to increase production, four conditions must be met at once: a) the availability of appropriate technology packages in line with agroecology; b) the availability of production facilities and infrastructure as well as markets at competitive prices; c) government extension guidance and services; and d) active participation of farmers.
Dry land in East Java is quite extensive and has the potential to be a source of corn production if managed optimally.Dryland agro ecosystems are quite diverse with water availability only coming from rainfall with low rain intensity and distribution and low soil fertility.Areas that are classified as water deficits with varying patterns of rainfall distribution are an obstacle to the successful management of corn farming on dry land, thus allowing drought to occur at the beginning of growth or before flowering.The use of early-mature maize varieties that are tolerant of drought, balanced fertilization, and the use of biochar as well as location-specific corn cultivation technology with pest and disease control are efforts to increase maize production.The objectives of this research are to increase maize productivity in dry climate.

Method
Activity development of dry climate dry land agriculture through the implementation of five land management technologies on corn plants carried out during the dry season (MK 1) of 2019 in the Village of Cage, Kapongan District, Situbondo Regency in an area of 20 Ha.Corn planting according to the treatment was carried out at the same time as the planting time of local farmers' habits and was in the same stretch of plants.Package five land management technology on corn plants is an activity of demfarm by involving farmers, farmer groups and field officers in a participatory manner starting from planning, implementing field activities, and disseminating the results of studies as well as involving policy-making agencies in the agricultural sector.
Prior to the implementation of the demfarm, the main problems faced by the community were first explored, both technical aspects, social aspects, and existing institutions.In addition, exploration of water resources was carried out and design of irrigation facilities and distribution techniques was carried out to bring water closer to farmers' fields.With the availability of water sources, it is expected to increase the productivity of agricultural land.In general, the development activities of dry climate dry land agriculture through the implementation of five land management technologies carried out in several sub-activities, namely 1) field preparation: selection of land and farmers, procurement of materials, technical assistance and FGD with farmers, 2) building demonstration farms implementing technological innovations in land management dry, 3) superimposed: cropping system, biochar and irrigation, 4) display of maize varieties and fertilization specific to locations, and 5) socio-economic survey of cooperator farmers.

. Scope of activities
Package five land management technology on corn plants is an activity of demfarm by involving farmers and Extension/Formers in a participatory manner starting from planning, implementing field activities and disseminating the results of the study as well as involving the Department/Institution that determines policies in the agricultural sector.

Materials and implementation methods
Prior to the implementation of the demfarm, there will be exploration of the main problems faced by the community, both technical, social, and institutional aspects.In addition, exploration of water resources was carried out and design of irrigation facilities and distribution techniques was carried out to bring water closer to farmers' fields.With the availability of water sources, it is expected to increase the productivity of agricultural land.In general, the development activities of dry climate dry land agriculture through the implementation of five land management technologies are carried out in several sub-activities, namely 1) field preparation: selection of land and farmers, procurement of materials, technical assistance and FGD with farmers, 2) building demonstration farms implementing technological innovations in land management dry, 3) superimposed: cropping system, biochar and irrigation, 4) variety display and corn fertilization, and 5) socio-economic survey of cooperator farmers.
The implementation of the corn demfarm will be carried out on an area of 20 ha in collaboration with the relevant farmer groups.The technological innovations that will be implemented are five land management which include 1) water management, 2) nutrient management, 3) organic matter management, 4) amelioration and soil conservation 5) integration of crops, livestock, or institutions.In detail described as follows: 2.2.1.Water management.Exploration and exploitation of water sources.The source of water for irrigation comes from drilled wells in the vicinity.Utilization of water, especially if there is no rain and corn plants need it especially during critical phases such as planting, 2 weeks of age, before flowering, and before seed filling.Irrigation sources from drilled wells can be connected via pipes at the points of the Big Gun irrigation system which is driven by 3500 watts of electric power.Operational time is around 15 hours per week at each point of the big gun irrigation system.

Nutrient management.
The nutrient management system developed in the dry climate dry land farming system is integrated nutrient management with the main concept of balanced fertilization.Balanced fertilization will combine the use of inorganic fertilizers, organic fertilizers, and biological fertilizers in a balanced manner and in accordance with the nutrient status of the soil.Determination of soil nutrient status will use the dry soil test kit (PUTK) which is easily applied directly by farmers.The recommended fertilizer dosage is adjusted to the nutrient status of the soil and the needs of the cultivated plants.

Management of organic matter.
Sources of inside organic materials are generally corn cobs, harvested biomass and cow dung.Corn cob biomass has the potential to be used as biochar.Making compost using decomposers is done to improve the quality of manure that farmers usually use, but if farmers generally buy manure or compost, composting still needs to be considered.

Soil amelioration and conservation.
The main problems in dry land with dry climates are limited water and low soil fertility.Utilization of crop straw as mulch will greatly help maintain soil moisture, suppress weeds, increase soil organic matter, and reduce erosion rates.

Integration of livestock or institutional crops.
In a farming system on dry land, livestock is a component related to other components, where livestock are a source of income, and can be utilized for land cultivating labor (large ruminants) and a source of organic fertilizer which is useful in increasing land productivity.The consequence of having livestock is the availability of fodder every day [8,9].This balance will result in high productivity and production sustainability maintained effectively and efficiently [10,11].Corn pruning is done at the right time and in the right way does not reduce the results of corn shells.Pruning which is done at the age of 15 days before harvest will speed up the drying of cobs in the field and produce fresh biomass that can be used as animal feed.
Demfarm activities in an area of 20 ha by applying a technology package with a spacing of 65 cm x 20, 200-300 kg/ha Urea, 250 kg/ha Ponska, and 2 t/ha organic fertilizer and BISI 18: 20 kg/ha corn seed Ha.As a comparison outside the farm use the type and dose of fertilizer, varieties and spacing of farmers' methods (Table 1).

Technological performances
The search for land for corn research activities began with coordination with the Situbondo District Agriculture Service and continued with verification and site surveys for dry climate dry land agricultural development activities through the implementation of five land management technologies on corn plants.Based on the agreement of the research team from The Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), it was determined that Kandang Village, Kapongan District, Situbondo Regency with the Lotus farmer group as the research location, with the consideration that the Regional Government (Agriculture Service) is conducive, the Lotus farmer group is responsive, dry land is sufficient area with a main base of corn, and has several points of irrigation sources in the form of drilled wells.The area for demfarm activities is 20 ha and there are 2 superimposed research activities covering an area of 1 ha.Socialization activity implementation of five land management technologies on corn plants for the Lotus farmer group with 53 members involved as landowners in one plot with an area of around 20 hectares.The technology that is commonly applied by farmers, especially in the use of fertilizers on corn plants, is not balanced, namely generally only using 1 ton of urea per hectare.In addition, in general, farmers have an average of 2-3 cows per household, but the manure has not been used much to fertilize corn crops, so it accumulates a lot and smells.Through socialization meetings with the Teratai farmer group on the importance of balanced fertilization and the use of organic fertilizers, it was agreed by the farmers to apply balanced fertilization and the use of organic fertilizers.In this case, the use of Urea fertilizer on farmers' corn plants is to be reduced and it is enough to use Urea fertilizer as much as 300 kg/ha, while as much as 250 kg/ha of Ponska fertilizer which is assistance given to corn plants in balanced fertilization.Besides that, farmers' manure of 2-3 t/ha is given to the corn planting land.Besides Ponska fertilizer as much as 250 kg/ha, there was also support for corn seeds of the BISI 18 variety as much as 20 kg/ha.In the socialization meeting, the determination of prospective farmers for prospective locations has determined the implementation of five land management technologies for corn plants, and the distribution of Ponska fertilizer assistance and BISI 18 variety corn seeds has been carried out.
The initial activity of the research was to prepare the land by cultivating the soil using a 4-wheeled tractor or a 2-wheeled tractor.The depth of tillage is very shallow, around 15-20 cm because it is influenced by the condition of the soil with a shallow layer due to padas.In superimposed research locations.After processing the soil, proceed with plotting according to the number of treatments and repetitions used.The average area of the experimental plots was 10x10m.
The superimposed research location that has been plotted is made a drainage channel.The planting system according to the treatment is using a zigzag planting system model (70cm x 12.5cm x 35cm) using a rope that has been marked according to the spacing.For the double row planting system model (80cm x 40cm x 15cm) using the SPM12 type planting tool which is already widely owned by farmers, and it is enough for 1 person to operate the planting quickly in 1 hectare.After planting the corn seeds, they were covered with biochar according to the treatment, namely as much as 1ton/ha.
The irrigation system carried out by farmers in general is a flood irrigation using diesel pumps that flow into small ditches and drainage channels, so that the irrigation is less efficient.The bore well water debit is quite adequate because there are several points that can reach quite a large area of dry land, so it is necessary to find an efficient irrigation system, namely using the big gun irrigation system.The application of the big gun irrigation system can be used on corn which is designed at several points connected via a pipe to a drilled well with a power of motion using 3500watts of electricity.Application time is around 15 hours with an interval of 1 week or depending on climatic conditions and plants.It is estimated that using the big gun irrigation system can carry out an efficiency of around 30-50% compared to the leb irrigation system (farmer's method).
The demfarm of corn covering an area of 20 hectares in one stretch was carried out by members of the Lotus farmer group in Kandang Village, Kapongan District, Situbondo Regency.Observations of plant growth and yield of 4m x 6m tiles were carried out in 5 places (samples) of Demfarm corn and as a comparison were non-Demfarm corn plants in 1 location (sample).The difference is that the farmers participating in the Corn Farm received 20kg/ha of BISI-18 variety corn seeds, 250kg/ha of Ponska fertilizer, 2 t/ha of manure transport assistance, and an agreement to use 300 kg/ha of Urea fertilizer from the farmers themselves, while the farmers non-Demfarm corn participants all input by farmers with farmer's cultivation techniques, namely the BISI 18 variety, 1000 kg/ha of Urea fertilizer and 2 t/ha of manure.The application of demfarm corn with balanced fertilization obtained cob yields of 12.97 t/ha or shelled yields of 11.12 t/ha, besides being more efficient in using fertilizer as much as 450 kg/ha or the equivalent of IDR 685,000.The increase in the yield of shelled corn from demfarm corn was 1.86 t/ha compared to the yield of corn from non-demfarm corn of 9.26 t/ha, so that the increase in the yield when multiplied by the current selling price of shelled corn was IDR 3,800/kg, an increase in income of IDR 7,068,000, in addition to fertilization costs can be reduced by IDR 685,000.
Research on Superimposed Display of Varieties and Fertilization of Corn Plants on Dry Land was planted on April 25 2019 (MK I 2019) with irrigation assisted by drilled wells in excess.Super imposed research, namely (a) Display of varieties with fertilization doses using a double row spacing model: 80 cm x 40 cm x 15 cm, with 1 seed per planting hole (Table 4), and (b) Zig-zag model of maize planting system zag and double row combined with the application of biochar and biochar-compost as well as irrigation with the leb system and the big gun irrigation system.

Economic feasibility
The main driver of the surrounding economy is the agricultural sector, which also generates added value and provides a source of income or employment for the majority of the population [12].Sustainability of agriculture by involving farmers as the main workforce helps improve the standard of living of the surrounding population.The demfarm of corn covering an area of 20 hectares in one stretch was carried out by members of the Lotus farmer group in Kandang Village, Kapongan District, Situbondo Regency.Observations of plant growth and yield of 4 mx 6m tiles were carried out in 5 places (samples) of Demfarm corn and as a comparison were non-Demfarm corn plants in 1 location (sample).The difference is that the farmers participating in the Corn Farm received 20 kg/ha of BISI 18 variety corn seeds, 250kg/ha of Ponska fertilizer, 2t/ha of manure transport assistance, and an agreement to use 300kg/ha of Urea fertilizer from the farmers themselves, while the farmers non-Demfarm corn participants all input by farmers with farmer's cultivation techniques, namely the BISI 18 variety, 1000 kg/ha of Urea fertilizer and 2 t/ha of manure.
The application of demfarm corn with balanced fertilization obtained cob yields of 12.97 t/ha or shelled yields of 11.12 t/ha, besides being more efficient in using fertilizer as much as 450 kg/ha or the equivalent of IDR 685,000.The increase in the yield of shelled corn from demfarm corn was 1.86 t/ha compared to the yield of corn from non-demfarm corn of 9.26 t/ha, so that the increase in the yield when multiplied by the current selling price of shelled corn was IDR 3,800/kg, an increase in income of IDR 7,068,000, in addition to fertilization costs can be reduced by IDR 685,000.
Research on Superimposed Display of Varieties and Fertilization of Corn Plants on Dry Land was planted on April 25, 2019 (MK I 2019) with irrigation assisted by drilled wells in excess.Super imposed research, namely (a) Display of varieties with fertilization doses using a double row spacing model: 80 cm x 40 cm x 15 cm, with 1 seed per planting hole (Table 3), and (b) Zig-zag model of maize planting system zag and double row combined with the application of biochar and biochar-compost as well as irrigation with the leb system and the big gun irrigation system.

Conclusion
Activity the development of dry climate dry land agriculture through the implementation of five land management technologies on corn plants shows good growth of corn at the demfarm location and at the superimposed research location, namely: display of varieties and fertilization, as well as planting systems, biochar and irrigation are quite good.To increase the knowledge and skills of farmers, technical guidance has been held with the following topics: Cultivation of corn, management of plant nutrients, irrigation systems, agribusiness institutions, as well as the practice of making vegetable pesticides and making biochar application of corn farming technology can increase farmers' income by 153 and 161 compared to existing technology.

Table 1 .
The concept of a five-land management technology innovation demfarm in dry climate corn drought in Situbondo Regency.

Table 2 .
Effect of de-farm corn with balanced fertilization on growth and yield of corn, MK I 2019, Kandang Village, Kapongan District, Situbondo Regency.

Table 3 .
Analysis of farming appliance of dryland corn technology with several technologies in Situbondo, East Java in 2019.