Socio-economic mapping for community empowerment in Mandalika special economic zone, Lombok, Indonesia

The community’s welfare is anticipated to increase with development in highly prioritized regions of the country’s tourism industry. Studies, however, indicate that this is not always the case. If the process of social engineering is not taken seriously, even poverty will continue to cast a shadow over the neighborhood. What about the Mandalika Special Economic Zone (SEZ), which has been designated as a new area for economic growth and has had expensive tourism amenities constructed? This study aims to map the social and economic state of the neighborhood surrounding the Mandalika Special Economic Zone (SEZ). This study employed mixed methods, which combine quantitative and qualitative techniques. Maps representing the community’s social and economic situations are produced quantitatively. A qualitative approach uses a participative procedure to create a community empowerment model. The study’s findings are: (1) The community’s social and economic situations are underwhelming. Public health infrastructure, such as drinking water facilities, sanitization, and waste disposal, is still subpar. People in SEZ Mandalika still have modest incomes, and many are even considered impoverished. (2) The community’s human, ecological, and cultural resources contribute to its potential. Numerous forms of tourism infrastructure have been constructed. (3) There are five components to the suggested community empowerment model: the government, academia, community, media, and business actors (Penta helix).


Introduction
Infrastructure development in rural areas or new economic growth areas is strategic to support sustainable community development.The availability of adequate infrastructure will have an impact that economic actors can directly feel to improve the quality of life, education, and even public health [1][2][3].However, what is no less important is paying attention to community readiness, including readiness in the socio-economic field and awareness of environmental preservation.These socio-economic and ecological sectors must synergize with one another.There must be systematic efforts so that the infrastructure development carried out can be based on the principles of sustainable development.Therefore, infrastructure development based on sustainable or environmentally friendly products must meet the requirements from a social and economic perspective as well as community participation [4][5][6][7].
Located in the South of Lombok Island, through Government Regulation Number 52 of 2014, the Mandalika Special Economic Zone (SEZ) was designated as a tourist area.Accordingly, PT Indonesian Tourism Development (Persero) and various other institutions/partners with the 1253 (2023) 012067 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1253/1/012067 2 concept of environmentally sound tourism development proposed the establishment of the Mandalika SEZ.This concept is oriented towards preserving the value and quality of the environment in society so that it becomes the main attraction of the tourist object being built.
Concerning the community, the development of Mandalika opens up great hopes in efforts to improve the socio-economic community.Therefore, it is hoped that the tourism development will positively impact the people around the Mandalika area from various aspects of life, namely environmental, economic, social, and cultural, so that this development can also provide a community-oriented meaning to increase dignity to be able to escape the trap of poverty and underdevelopment [8,9].
Development can be interpreted as an effort to advance people's lives.In discussing development-related issues, Modernization Theory focuses on humans and cultural values as the main issues in development.The modernization theory group explains that one of the causes of poverty and underdevelopment of people's living conditions is internal factors or factors that are found within a particular area.These factors follow specific points of view in modernization theory, including savings and investment, non-economic factors, and modern humans.
According to Evsey Domar and Roy Harrod, economic growth is determined by high savings and investment.If protection and investment are low, people's economic growth will also be low.Lack of capital is one of the problems of underdevelopment.Therefore, one possible solution is to seek additional money.Owned capital and savings are used to invest in profitable, productive sectors to overcome the obstacles that hinder the progress of society.Then, Bert F. Hoselitz discusses non-economic factors in terms of development.Non-economic elements are referred to as factors of environmental conditions that are considered necessary in the development process, namely specific work skills, including a solid self-employed workforce.Because of this, institutions are needed that influence the supply of capital so that other money can become productive.For example, institutional arrangements in education, family, and motivation will make the community become entrepreneurs or experts who are produced according to the technical and scientific skills needed and are administered.Therefore, these non-economic factors complement the economic aspects.
Furthermore, Alex Inkeles and David Smith also discussed the importance of the human factor as a development component-forming modern humans by providing the right environment.Education is the most effective way to change individuals.Then the second effective way is work experience and experience in utilizing mass media.It can be said that the material environment is one of the best ways to shape a modern person.Therefore, education directly through the adaptation of work experience that is experienced significantly affects the attitudes, behavior, values , and insights of individuals.
The concept of corporate social responsibility is essential here.Corporate Social and Environmental Responsibility or Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a concept or action taken by a company as a sense of corporate social and environmental responsibility.The obligation of companies or other stakeholders to carry out CSR programs is regulated in Government Regulation Number 47 of 2012, following the provisions of Article 74 of Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning social and environmental responsibility, which aims to realize sustainable economic development to improve the quality of life and useful life, for the local community and society.
One of the implementations of CSR can be realized in the form of development programs, namely community empowerment and development activities and preserving the environment.The goal is that the progress to be achieved is in line with improving the quality of life in the surrounding community.Before the empowerment program is implemented, a plan is needed so that the program to be implemented is by the conditions and needs of the community.The program planning consists of the following stages: Identification, Assessment, Implementation, and Evaluation [10].
The identification stage is carried out with social mapping activities.First, the data and information obtained are used to get an overview and understanding of the condition of the community.Then, the results of the social mapping are followed by analysis to receive proposals for programs or models of empowerment that suit the community's needs.For example, social mapping in villages around the SEZ Mandalika area aims to create tourism destinations that empower local communities around them.The results of social and economic mapping can help companies/other stakeholders to design policies and implement community empowerment programs that are by their potential so that they can provide benefits in the form of long-term impacts on society and the environment.
Supported by relevant research conducted by Sutikno et al. (2016) entitled "Social and Economic Mapping of Communities Around the ITS Surabaya Campus."By adopting the concept of corporate social responsibility known as Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) to become Campus Social Responsibility (CSR), it is hoped that the community around the activity location can feel community development activities because they can provide solutions to existing problems, improve social welfare, minimize negative impacts received by the community and the environment, and maintaining harmonious relations between the community, industry, and local government [10].
The aims of this study are: (1) to identify the social and economic conditions of the people around KEK Mandalika; (2) to know the assets and potential of the local community; (3) to build an effective community empowerment model to improve the welfare of the local community.Through this research, it is hoped that consideration and reference materials can be obtained in making appropriate policies for empowerment to support the development of communities around tourist areas.Apart from this, it can also serve as input and reference material, especially for the community, to find out social conditions, problems, potentials, and resources so they can jointly find the right solutions to improve the quality of life of local communities.Unfortunately, not much research has been done on the Mandalika area.Even though this area has been designated as a super-priority area by the government, this means that this area has become a new center of economic activity and tourism in Indonesia.Without in-depth research, preventing impacts that contradict the development goals is challenging.The resulting economic growth will create an extraordinary income and welfare gap, especially between immigrant and local communities.

Literature review
Social mapping is the process of depicting society systematically by collecting data and information about the condition of the community, including its characteristics.These potential and social problems exist in that community.In other words, social engagement activities are carried out to identify the local community's economic, social, and cultural conditions.One of the final results of social mapping is in the form of an area map that has been formatted in such a way as to produce an overview of the concentration of community characteristics or social problems [11].
Social mapping is one of the approaches in community development planning.However, there are no provisions or even specific methods that are systematically considered superior to others in conducting social mapping.Because the main principle in carrying out this approach is that actors can collect as much data as possible in a particular area.Then the data obtained is used as material for deciding on the community development or development process.In addition, social mapping requires an understanding of the community conceptualization framework to help compare community elements from one region to another.For example, the number of people in an area (broad-narrow), ethnic composition (heterogeneous-homogeneous), and socio-economic status (rich-poor or developed-underdeveloped) are different from one another [11].
It is further said that social mapping is expected to produce related data and information: 1) Demographic data: population number, population composition (age and gender), livelihoods, and education; 2) Geographical Data: the location of the location in terms of geographical aspects, the influence of the geographical environment on the social conditions of the community; 3) Psychographic data: espoused social values, habits and customs [12].The collected data and information serve as a reference in providing an overview, including the potential, needs, and problems of the community.
Through social mapping, the needs and problems felt by the community can be identified so that the results can become the basis for planning sustainable community development or development programs to improve a more prosperous standard of living [13].In conducting a needs analysis, it must be considered so that it can fulfill needs, not just wants, which can be temporary fulfillment of requirements.The community needs real needs, not based on the wishes of the company or the wishes of community leaders only [14].

Research methods
This study uses mixed methods, namely quantitative and qualitative approaches.Through a quantitative approach, social and economic maps of the community or current conditions are obtained.Meanwhile, with a qualitative approach, a community empowerment model is obtained through a participatory process.The research location is around the Mandalika Special Economic Zone.
As for collecting field data, several techniques of searching and extracting data and information are applied: (1) Direct observation, in which the researcher intends to discover various symptoms and conditions on the research target and the surrounding environment.The results of this observational data are used as the basis for mapping the problems studied; (2) Indepth interviews, using several questions posed to informants.Determination of informants was determined using the Purposive Sampling technique with several considerations, such as figures (Village Heads/Kadus/Community Leaders) who were considered able to understand the situation and conditions of the community and the environment based on experience, observation, and understanding of each.Finally, (3) Household survey, the aim is to obtain primary data directly from the community who are determined as research targets (respondents) through a survey using an instrument in the form of a questionnaire (questionnaire).
The survey was carried out in five villages in the Mandalika area, namely the villages of Tumpak, Prabu, Mertak, Kuta, and Sukadana.The unit of analysis is the households in the five villages which total 9581 households.The sampling technique used is Proportional Simple Random Sampling so that the number of respondents from each village corresponds to the number of the population.To determine the number of respondents for this study, the Slovin formula is used as follows: (1) The population in this study was 9581 households, and the significance level was set at 90%, so the sample size in this study was: The data obtained in the form of quantitative and qualitative data, both from primary and secondary sources, will then be carried out in the process of coding, editing, attributing, and tabulating before being processed and analyzed.This study puts forward a descriptive statistical analysis model, which is supported by the results of community validation through in-depth interviews conducted.Then, the results are poured into tables, graphs, and narratives.Based on the categorization of family size/family dependents, 50% of respondents belong to the 'small' family category, which has 1-3 dependents, followed by 47% of respondents in the 'medium' range of 4-6 dependents.Only a tiny proportion, namely 3% of respondents, have a range of dependents of more than six people or are categorized as 'large.'The number of family dependents can give an idea of the costs incurred to meet family needs.The greater the number of family dependents, the more charges will be spent, and vice versa.89% of respondents said they were working from the main daily activities.However, 11% of respondents do not work because they are housewives and retirees.Respondents who work as the main actors are divided into several occupations.A total of 51 people are farmers, and ten are traders; eight are employees, and the rest rely on their primary jobs, such as breeders, fishermen, laborers, construction workers, small businesses, village officials, and other positions.The people's education level indicates the quality of human resources (HR).However, the data shows that the respondents' education level is low because few do not attend school (35%).Meanwhile, the education level of the respondents respectively was completed: high school (27%), junior high school (22%), elementary school (14%), D3 (1%), and D4/S1 (1%).

Natural resources
Based on its geographical location, the Mandalika SEZ area is a coastal area with agricultural and marine (off) ecology.Few people work as farmers as their main livelihood and depend on the family economy from farming.In addition to agricultural potential, as a coastal village, of course, tourism prospects are also a superior potential.The beaches and hills that offer unique beauty are the main attraction in every town.

Human resources
Macro human resources are residents in a country who have entered the productive age for the workforce, both those who have not worked and those who have worked [11].The productive age group, according to the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), is the age range between 15-64 years.Based on existing data, it shows the number of respondents by age group.Most respondents were aged 26-35 years, totaling 31 people (31%), followed by ages 36-45 years, counting 27 people (27%).Then, the early elderly age group was in third position with 17 respondents (17%), and the late adolescent age group with 14 respondents (14%).Meanwhile, the elderly and late elderly groups were in the last position, with 6 and 5 respondents.Based on the productive age category, according to BPS, 94% of respondents from the five villages are included in the productive age category or ready-to-work force.The productive age group is dominated by the early adult age group (31%) and the late adult age group (27%).So that the availability of human resources for the workforce is adequate to work and do business and can accept innovation to increase family income.Based on the data obtained, 99% of respondents have used electricity at home daily.Meanwhile, only 16% of people use PDAM/tap water, and 84% do not.Communities that do not use PDAM, on average, use drilled wells.As many as 77% of respondents have other facilities and infrastructure, including the trained well.Although it can also be seen that only a tiny proportion, namely 24% of respondents, have a trash can in each household, there are still many; namely, 76% of respondents do not have a trash can in their home.Social values in social networks between citizens are reflected in the bonds of unity, tolerance, and cohesiveness of cooperation.Various activities are considered a unifying reason between individuals, for example, in involvement in collaboration because villagers live in harmony, forming a solid sense of unity and oneness.After all, social norms are still very attached.So that a sense of solidarity arises when involved in community service activities [15].From the data obtained, 61% of respondents admit that they continue to participate in activities/customs/local wisdom carried out by the community and participate in it-for example, the agenda of mutual assistance to build mosques, begawe, nyongkolan, and so on.

Recommended community empowerment model
Based on surveys and interviews, an empowerment model can be formulated that can be applied in the Mandalika Region, namely the Pentahelix Model.The model involves the following elements: government, business, community, media, and academia.

Government
The government, in this case, is an agent who is seen as having more responsibility in implementing various forms of policies as well as in the application of the Penta helix model to be applied in community empowerment, especially in the Mandalika Special Economic Zone.Support from the government is very much needed for the success of empowerment.It is hoped that the government can fully support these activities so that the success of empowerment through the Penta helix model is said to be successful.Several agencies are involved in this empowerment, such as the tourism office, the fisheries service for communities in coastal areas, the PUPR service, and other assembling agencies.Collaboration between these agencies is expected to be able to improve and accelerate existing empowerment programs so that people can feel the real impact.

Business
Apart from providing support in the implementation of empowerment for the community, in terms of business, it is also assisted in fulfilling their goals.In the Mandalika Special Economic Zone, PT.ITDC (Indonesia Tourism Development Corporation) as a manager with a BUMN legal entity.The empowerment provided by ITDC itself is minimal, the programs are only limited to basic training, and there is no continuity in the community.The training is carried out in a room with several participants, an activity that does not involve parties living in the community and trainers to assist.Therefore, the community feels that the fulfillment of the empowerment 61% 39% Yes No provided is relatively minimal, with the demand for labor in the area being relatively high and fulfilling the classification but with limited capabilities, which results in the community not contributing and receiving fewer benefits from it.

Community
The community in the Penta helix model acts as an accelerator.The community itself is made of people with the same interests and are relevant to the programs being implemented, so this is expected to be a driving force for accelerating activities, in this case, empowerment for the people in the Mandalika Special Economic Zone.The community, in this case, is mainly Pokdarwis.Pokdarwis is a local institution consisting of tourism actors with the same sense of responsibility to ensure the implementation of tourism villages.Collaboration between Pokdarwis with business people and the government that can support the development of both natural and human resources is highly expected.Therefore, the empowerment program that stakeholders will carry out can certainly be adjusted to the needs of the people in the area so that they can achieve the goals.

Media
The media is essential in various sectors, including tourism and development.The presence of this media has a significant impact on the success of an activity.Therefore, the media needs to be developed in each region to support the potential of the part.However, in reality, in the research locations, the role of media is minimal, so there is a need for development in this field.Furthermore, the community has been unable to make maximum use of the press, so assistance is needed.This assistance can take the form of empowerment programs such as training and other programs with the hope that in the future, the community will be able to master and understand the work of mass media and can be utilized in various activities, especially those related to tourism to support the community's economy.

Academic
Academics are also helping the community to increase knowledge through various empowerment activities.For example, in the Mandalika Special Economic Zone, several forms of skills improvement are also often given.Those who assist the people in the area come from various parties, such as from the University of Mataram through the Thematic KKN program, which aims to serve the community by forming and designing programs that can be run and given to the community according to the existing theme and the conditions of the community in the area.However, the community service carried out by academics is not sustainable, so there is a need for support from other parties, such as community groups, tourism awareness groups, and the village government, so that the programs implemented can be re-implemented by the community individually.

Conclusions
Based on the analysis of the data that has been described, it can be concluded as follows: 1.
The social and economic characteristics of the community in 5 villages around the Mandalika Special Economic Zone (SEZ) can be classified into several categories, namely: a) Regarding family size/family dependents, 50% are in the 'small' family category, and 47% are in the 'medium' family.b) Regarding work, it is known that 57% of respondents work as farmers, and the rest work as traders, employees, breeders, fishermen, laborers, construction workers, small businesses, and other jobs.c) For education level, respondents who have never attended school (35%), high school (27%), junior high school (22%), elementary school (14%), and PT (1%).d) Based on the distribution of household income, it shows that the majority of household (54%) income in the Mandalika Special Economic Zone is still low, in the range of IDR.1,000,000 -IDR.2,000,000 (30%) and below IDR.1,000,000 (24%).Community potential and assets a) The potential natural resources around the Mandalika area have marine, agricultural, and livestock potential.b) Potential human resources (HR), 94% are of productive age and are classified as the workforce.c) The social and cultural potential around the Mandalika Special Economic Zone is still quite strong.This phenomenon is shown concerning their level of participation in traditional events, which is relatively high, namely 61%.

3.
The empowerment model recommended from this research is the Pentahelix Model, which consists of 5 elements: government, business, community, media, and academia.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Main daily activities.89% of respondents said they were working from the main daily activities.However, 11% of respondents do not work because they are housewives and retirees.Respondents who work as the main actors are divided into several occupations.A total of 51 people are farmers, and ten are traders; eight are employees, and the rest rely on their primary jobs, such as breeders, fishermen, laborers, construction workers, small businesses, village officials, and other positions.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Distribution of household income levels.