A single control area policy as a threat to food security in West Lombok Regency

Land conversion from agriculture to non-agriculture is currently taking place, and it is suspected that it will become more massive if the single-area policy is enforced. The study aims to modify the formulation of the carrying capacity index of sustainable food-agriculture land in accordance with the single-control regional policy to maintain self-sufficiency in rice food. Primary data collection uses survey techniques, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions. Secondary data was obtained by applying the desk study literacy method. The projected rice demand data of the population is multiplied by the average need for rice per person, while the food supply is calculated by average land productivity and annual cropping index. The land carrying capacity index can be modified from a production needs approach to a paddy field needs approach, and the land carrying capacity index can be used to analyze sustainable food needs. Food security in West Lombok District is able to return to self-sufficiency in food until 2030, but due to the policy of a single control area, food self-sufficiency is threatened with however, unless increasing the cropping index to 300% per annum.


Introduction
The geographic location of the West Lombok Regency, which is directly adjacent to the city of Mataram [1], is facing an increasing population force as the labor force working in the city of Mataram chooses settlements in the West Lombok region [2].The sub-district area bordering the city of Mataram has experienced a population increase due to migration from other areas entering the West Lombok Regency [3].
This demographic pressure has repercussions in increasing the need for food and housing.The increase in the need for food is directly proportional to the population [4], while the need for housing has implications for an increase in the conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land, especially settlements [5] and [6].
The division of the West Lombok region into the city of Mataram and North Lombok has resulted in a narrower area of West Lombok, including a reduction in the area of agricultural land and a reduction in local sources of income, especially from sprawl areas.The regional expansion is expected to have a positive effect on the regional development, especially on the welfare of its people, both for West Lombok Regency as the main regency and Mataram City and North Lombok Regency as the areas that expanded [7] and [8].An indicator of the well-being of the community is the satisfaction of food needs that include carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.This food need can be met by agricultural products in a broad sense, most of which are grown on fertile agricultural land for food crops, especially irrigated rice paddies [9].
The rapid demand for housing and rising land prices in urban areas have resulted in the expansion of residential areas in the West Lombok Regency.Each opening of a new residential area accelerates the conversion of agricultural to non-agricultural land, including the need for educational, health, commercial, hotel, and road infrastructure, so the conversion of agricultural to non-agricultural land has increased exponentially [9].The implication is that agricultural land used for food production is shrinking more and more, which can threaten food sources, while food is a basic human need that must be met in sufficient quantities, distributed evenly, have easy and cheap access and guaranteed quality from the point of view of food safety and health.Satisfying food needs is a development demand and has become a national political policy within the framework of realizing national food security and independence [10] and [11].
Based on Law Number 26 of 2007 on Territorial Planning, orders the importance of allocating land for food agriculture permanently.This mandate has been strengthened with the promulgation of Law Number 41 of 2009 on the Protection of Sustainable Food Agricultural Lands (SFAL) in the framework of protecting the availability of sustainable food agricultural lands that function as a source of work for farmers and the sustainability of the food supply of the community in general [11].The law has clearly mandated that the government and regional governments carry out the protection of sustainable food farmland.The mandate of the law must be followed through the identification of existing agricultural land, both irrigated and rainfed.The government sees a serious threat to national food security as a result of the conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land in agricultural centers, as well as agricultural land in cities [11].
The ratification of Law Number 41 of 2009 on the Protection of Sustainable Food Agricultural Lands and Government Regulation Number 1 of 2011 on the Determination and Transfer of Functions of Sustainable Food Agricultural Lands is a form of national political policy that requires the potential of fertile food farmland be maintained and maintained as everlasting food farmland [12]; [13] and [14].In addition, the West Nusa Tenggara Provincial Regulation No. 1 of 2013 on the Protection of Sustainable Food Agricultural Land has also been stipulated, which emphasizes the importance of maintaining the standard area of paddy fields in each district/city throughout the West Nusa Tenggara Province.
West Lombok Regency, as part of the territory of West Nusa Tenggara Province, is obliged to implement laws and regulations without violating other regulations that are interrelated with each other, but actually, the opposite is happening, i.e. prioritizing escalation and extensification of investments providing space for development.The areas directly adjacent to the city of Mataram, namely Gunung Sari District, Lingsar District, Narmada District, Kediri District, and Labuapi District, were designed as a single control area [15].The draft regional regulation regarding the Regional Spatial Plan is proposed, it is indicated that the five sub-districts that are directly adjacent to the city of Mataram are allocated for the expansion of physical development that supports the city of Mataram as a center of government.and the center of regional economic growth in which the Detailed Land Plan is to be determined [16], approval of the Provincial Government of West Nusa Tenggara.The impact is that potential productive agricultural land will be converted to non-agricultural land.
Therefore, if the Regional Spatial Plan of West Lombok Regency will be approved, then the available paddy field area is 8,363 ha out of a paddy field area of 17,326.27ha in 2015.Taking into account the technology of Current agricultural cultivation, the surface of the rice fields is 8,363 ha, it will not be able to satisfy the food needs of rice as a result of the increase in population and tourism.Therefore, the single control area policy is suspected of threatening food security in the West Lombok Regency.Threats to food self-sufficiency are real, so it needs to be anticipated through engineering agricultural cultivation technology and modifying the formulation of the carrying capacity index of agricultural land in accordance with the single control area policy in order to be able to maintain self-sufficiency in IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1253/1/0120633 sustainable rice food, namely changing from the production approach to the standard approach of available rice fields.

Scope of the study
The scope of this study is limited to the food safety of rice whose use can be developed for other types of food.The data on food production in West Lombok Regency is taken as a case, but this formulation can also be used by analyzing data from other regions.The data period analyzed is from 2010 to 2021, and in its implementation the range of data available in each region.

Data collection methods
Collection of secondary data and information using the desktop study method, namely, browsing the internet and downloading the necessary data files in pdf and excel formats; while primary information was obtained through in-depth interviews with the Leader of West Lombok District Agricultural Service, visualization observations of the area using the Geographic Information System (GIS) method, field observations or on-site checks.field, focus group discussions, and public consultations [17].

Data analysis procedures 2.3.1. Calculation of food requirements
1. Calculate the population growth rate using the geometric average formula with the formula: Information: r = population growth rate Pt = population in year t Po = population base year n = difference between the base year and the t-th year 2. Estimation of the population in year t through the following exponential equation: 3. Estimate dietary needs for rice by multiplying the rate of rice consumption per capita by the total population.The formulation used is:

Calculation of the need for a productive area of paddy fields
1. Convert rice requirements to paddy or dry crop shelled requirements: 2. Calculation of the need for harvested area: 3. Calculation of the area needed for productive paddy fields: Information: KBt = food demand for rice in year t KPt = need for dry milled rice in year t 0.64 = conversion of dry milled rice in year ta rice KLt = Need for rice harvest area in year t Vt = Productivity of rice cultivation per hectare in year t KLSt = standard area requirement for paddy fields in year t IPt = planting index in year t

Analysis of the land carrying capacity index
1. Approach to the needs of food production: 2. Approach to the need for productive rice fields: Information: PGt = dry milled rice production (tonnes) KPt = dry milled rice production needs (tonnes) LSBt = standard paddy area available in year t (ha) KLSt = standard paddy area needed in year t (ha) 1  = land carrying capacity index for the production approach 2  = paddy field area approach of land carrying capacity index Criteria: Yes   ≥ 1, the available raw rice field area can support rice food self-sufficiency Yes   < 1, the available standard paddy area cannot support self-sufficiency in rice feed The data available for West Lombok Regency in numbers and West Nusa Tenggara Province in numbers is population, so the amount of food required for dry-milled grain rice is made by multiplying the population with the need for grain.dry milled of 0.19514 tons per capita./year, while the data available in One NTB data is the production of dry-milled husked rice.Data on dry-milled grain requirement and dry-milled grain rice production are shown in Table 1.

Approach to food production needs
Based on the results of the land carrying capacity analysis in Table 1, self-sufficiency in rice or paddy fields was achieved until 2018, while as of 2019, the production of paddy rice produced from crops in West Lombok district was unable to meet food needs for rice or paddy.Since 2019, total rice production has been lower compared to total rice demand as a result of decreasing area of standard paddy fields (Table 2) and increasing population (Table 1) assuming per capita need of rice as food is 124.89 kg/capita/year [18].The data available for West Lombok Regency in numbers and West Nusa Tenggara Province in numbers are population, so the amount of food required for dry-milled grain rice is made by multiplying the population with the need for grain.dry milled of 0.19514 tons per capita/year, while the data available in One NTB data is the production of dry-milled husked rice.Data on dry-milled grain requirement and dry-milled grain rice production are shown in Table 1.
Based on the results of the land carrying capacity analysis in Table 1, self-sufficiency in rice or paddy fields was achieved until 2018, while as of 2019, the production of paddy rice produced from crops in West Lombok district was unable to meet food needs for rice or paddy.Since 2019, total rice production has been lower compared to total rice demand as a result of decreasing the area of standard paddy fields (Table 2) and increasing population (Table 1) assuming the per capita need for rice as food is 124.89 kg/capita/year [17].
Assuming that the need for rice as food has decreased from 124.89 kg per capita per year to 109 kg per capita per year, it is predicted that the food self-sufficiency of rice in West Lombok Regency may still be food self-sufficient.until 2030, so from 2019 to 2021, it will continue to have the status of selfsufficiency in rice.However, recently the conditions in West Lombok Regency have changed a lot from 2015 to 2021, where the paddy area, which was originally supposed to decrease from 50 ha to 100 ha per year, but actually land conversion is happening more and more.more. of 18,421.28ha in 2010 to be 15,116.72ha in 2021, or in the last 10 years, there has been a transfer of land function from agricultural to non-agricultural of more than 3000 ha or 300 hectares per year.
The results study by [18] study is better than the results of the 2021 study because the results of the 2015 study indicated that production surpluses would occur until 2030, whereas the results of this study predict that the Production shortfalls compared to food needs for rice will occur in 2019.Delays in ratifying regulations West Lombok Regency area regarding the Determination of Sustainable Food Agricultural Lands (SFAL) as one of the factors allowing land conversion that has been plentiful before.Settlement building in the area bordering the city of Mataram is becoming more rampant and out of control, as many parties prevent or disagree with their rice fields being designated as sustainable foodgrowing areas because they fear that the price of their land will drop.Developers who already own land are trying to thwart the process of enacting Regional Regulations on SFAL in their respective areas so that they can still build settlements.Lobbying with politicians or members of their legislature is intensified to slow down the promulgation of the Autonomous Regulation on SFAL until there is a political discourse with a single scope of control to be included in the draft Autonomous Regulation on Regional Territorial Plans and Territorial Plans detailed.
Such political lobbying occurred, so SFAL's determination encountered obstacles.Obstacles not only occur in the legislative sphere but also in the executive sphere under the pretext of providing investment space.The impression that SFAL hampered investment was heard from executives who fought to provide space for investment locations in five sub-districts directly adjacent to Mataram City, namely Gunung Sari District, Lingsar District, Narmada, Kediri District, and Labuapi District, which were recently known as a single control area [15].
A single control area is an area where it is possible to build settlements, hotels, tourist attractions, shops, malls or malls, warehouses, gas stations, and others with investment considerations [8].Investment considerations dominate decision-making in the executive and legislative spheres of West Lombok Regency which is supported by the West Nusa Tenggara provincial executive but has not yet received central government approval.This condition further hampered the ratification of the regional regulations regarding RTRW and RDTR, which in turn hampered the ratification of the West Lombok Regency SFAL Regional Regulation.

Approach to the needs of the paddy area
The push and pull of space use interests not only occur within the executive and legislative spheres of the West Lombok Regency regional government but there are also executive sphere interests at the level of the West Nusa Tenggara provincial government.The incorporation of elements of a single control area has a political, strategic, philosophical, and practical nuance, because by including a single control area, the allocation of land in the single control area becomes the authority of the West Nusa Provincial Government.While the West Lombok government has the authority to propose.Determination of a single area of control as a manifestation of the control function of the West Nusa Tenggara Provincial Government [19].
With the declaration of a single control area, the production approach to measuring the land carrying capacity index seems inappropriate, because the reduction in land area is not due solely to natural changes in population growth [20], but to investment factors coming into the West Lombok Regency.area.Any investment requires land as a place to carry out operations.All investment requires land according to its designation.Therefore, spatial use arrangements are no longer determined solely by population growth but are also determined by other factors including agricultural cultivation technology, irrigation water availability, agricultural climate, and environmental situation.socioeconomic and political, as well as the geographic location of the West Lombok Regency [21].
Based on the consideration of land requirements for investment purposes, and developing technological situations, the approach used to measure the land-bearing capacity index is the land requirements approach, that is, the area of land required to produce paddy dry milled rice that is equivalent to the dry crop requirement for paddy rice production, i.e. by converting the total rice production requirement to the productive paddy area requirement.The results of the convention of the need for rice production with the need for the productive area of paddy fields are shown in Table 2.
The results of the analysis of the carrying capacity of the land to meet the dietary needs of drymilled husked rice assuming that the need for grain is 0.19514 tons/person/year (Table 1), the need for productive paddy fields forms a U-curve with a nadir in 2016, then rising to 2021 (Table 2).The impact is that the self-sufficiency of dry milled or paddy rice will only last until 2018 because the Draft Regulation about SFAL encourages developers to obtain permission to build settlements as soon as possible, resulting in the area of paddy fields that have been converted to non-agricultural land has increased significantly because the regional regulations regarding SFAL have not been ratified, so developers are trying to get permission to convert land from agricultural land to non-agricultural land so that as of 2016 has been a massive land conversion.The impact is that in 2019, West Lombok experienced a food deficit.Of course, the carrying capacity of the land will be less to support people's lives, due to the increasing number of paddy conversions taking place.According to the results of research [22] that Law Number 41 of 2009 has not been able to prevent land conversion, as evidenced by the decreasing area of productive paddy fields (Table 2).The results of the carrying capacity analysis in Table 1 are consistent with the results of the analysis in Table 2, namely, self-sufficiency in rice or hulled dry-milled rice ends in 2018, which means that the area approach of land which is a modification of the carrying capacity The formulation of the food security capacity index can be used as an analytical tool.The use of formulations (8) and formulations (7) can be used as instruments to analyze the carrying capacity of the land to determine the status of food self-sufficiency in various commodities such as soybeans, corn, and horticulture by adjusting the parameters of each.The results of the analysis using the needs approach for productive paddy fields are consistent with the results of the analysis using the food production needs approach.
Considering Table 2, the factor causing the imbalance between available paddy area and paddy area need is the planting index which has decreased from 2.2694 in 2018 to 1.5022 in 2019.Although there is an increase in 2020 to 1.6813, it is still lower than in 2018.Therefore, the most likely strategy to implement in the near future is to bring the crop index back to 2.2694 in 2022 and continuously increase it until it reaches 300%.If the seeding rate of 300% is achieved, the harvested area will increase and in turn, the rice production will also increase.
One of the reasons for the drop in the index The first in 2019 was the impact of the earthquake that damaged irrigation infrastructure and farmers' houses, so the attention of farmers turned to efforts to rehabilitate trauma and rehabilitate the houses, so that the time dedicated to working in agriculture lands were diverted to rehabilitation activities, in addition to other reasons that are not yet known.
Results of a study by [17] with an estimated rice planting index increasing from 1.94 in 2016 to 2.14 in 2025 indicate that the West Lombok region is still capable of being self-sufficient in food of rice until 2030, but this fails in the estimation, due to the widespread change in land use and the impossibility of reaching the estimated planting rate.Instead of an increase in the planting index, what actually happened was a decrease in the gardening index, as shown in the data in Table 2.
Table 3. Relationship between the available standard area of paddy fields and population.

Nu.
Years Available standard paddy area (ha) 1   Number of Population (people) 2  Seeing the fact that the West Lombok region can no longer meet the food needs for rice, what needs to be done is to reduce the number of rice imports by increasing rice production.The increase in rice production is done by increasing productivity and increasing the sowing rate.Increased productivity is only possible through intensification and increasing the harvested area by doubling the planting rate.The food import reduction scenario is analyzed in Subchapter 3.3.
In the academic text of the West Nusa Tenggara Province SFAL Regional Regulations, the approach of the proportion of productive paddy fields available to the population is compared to the minimum standard area of land to meet the food needs of each resident.The minimum land area is converted from the productivity of rice cultivation, for example, the food requirement for rice is 0.19514 tonnes per capita per year and the productivity is 5,108 tonnes per hectare and a cultivation index of 200 %; then, in a year, 10 tons of hulled dry-milled rice are produced.per acre.Each hectare is capable of providing 10 tons of food/ 0.19514 tons equivalent to 51.2453 people, therefore, 10,000 m 2 of land /51.2453 people is equivalent to 0.0195ha/capita.
From Table 3, it appears that the ratio of available paddy area to population in 2021 is still above the standard of 0.0195 ha/capita, but the above two approaches seem inconsistent, so the assumption of requirements of land is not supported by the planting index and is not supported by harvested area and productivity.Therefore, the use of the ratio of available paddy area per person is considered weak, because it ignores variables productivity, harvested area, and planting index.Therefore, it can be concluded that the relationship between paddy area and the population is considered inappropriate, especially in cases of massive land conversion.
Therefore, the formulation of the land carrying capacity index using the approach of productive paddy area compared to the available area is considered the most appropriate under conditions of continuous decrease in productive paddy area.

Scenario of satisfaction of the dietary needs of rice
Considering that agricultural to non-agricultural land conversion is occurring on a large scale and difficult to prevent, it is important that efforts are made to meet food needs by engineering the determinants of rice production.Rice production variables include land area, productivity, and planting rate [22].In a land conversion situation that results in a reduction in the area of productive rice paddies, the variables to increase are productivity and harvested area.
Productivity is increased through the use of technology or the application of Sapta Technology of Farming [23].The focus is on intensification through the use of superior seed varieties, jajar legowo or aston planting systems, balanced fertilization, integrated pest control, irrigation arrangements according to plant needs, and harvesting with a combine [24].Through the application of technology, land productivity is expected to go from 5 tons per hectare to 8 tons per hectare.
The no less important variable is the harvested area.It is impossible to increase the harvested area through intensification because the area of agricultural land is shrinking.It is possible to increase the harvested area by increasing the seeding rate from 200% to 300% or increasing it to 400%.The gardening index can be increased if irrigation infrastructure is available.
An increase in the rate of cultivation in rainfed lowland areas is attempted through the construction of irrigation infrastructure such as dams, reservoirs, dams, and ponds.In the rainy season, rain harvesting is carried out by storing it in the dam, reservoir, or pond, then the harvested rainwater is used in the dry season, or by using groundwater through good construction so that rainfed paddy fields that were originally rainfed can only be planted with rice once a year can be increased to twice a year.
Increase the cultivation rate in technical and semi-technical irrigation areas, among others, through the construction of watertight irrigation networks to avoid water losses due to seepage or leaks and avoid evaporation.The solution is building closed irrigation networks through pipes or implementing hydroponic or aquaponic cultivation systems [23] Attempts have been made to accommodate the hydrological potential that has been discharged into the sea in reservoirs during the rainy season and to develop primary, secondary and tertiary irrigation networks so that the water reaches the planting plots with sufficient flow.It is also important to save on water use by implementing water-saving technologies such as hydroponics and aquaponics.The circulation of water use is a possible solution to be applied in the future.
As shown in Table 2, it appears that the area required for paddy fields to meet the dietary requirement for rice appears to be inversely proportional to the planting rate.If the cultivation rate decreases, the need for paddy area increases; Conversely, if the cultivation rate increases, the need for a land area to meet the food needs of paddy or rice decreases.The existence of a clear single control area policy will have an impact on reducing the paddy area from all 15,116.72ha available in 2021 to 8,363 ha as in the draft Land Plan for West Lombok Regency, to meet the needs husk or rice food, the solution is an increase in productivity and an increase in the harvested area.
If the sowing index manages to be 300% with productivity of 5,108 tons per hectare, then the product obtained is 244.762,98tonnes in 2030.This amount of production is capable of meeting the rice food needs of 1.254.498people for one year in 2030, meaning that even though the planting rate increases to 300%, West Lombok is not threatened by rice or rice self-sufficiency, especially because of the difficulty of increasing planting rate, because a lot of resources are needed to mobilize farmers.Likewise, the increase in productivity was limited by the number of subsidized fertilizers and by the number of workers, and the increasingly expensive labor wages.The increase in the harvested area is also limited by the availability of water, climate change, and the opportunity to use the land with other more profitable crops, such as horticulture (vegetables and fruits).

Conclusion
The land carrying capacity index can be modified from the production needs approach to the paddy area needs approach, and the land carrying capacity index can be used to analyze sustainable food needs.Food security in West Lombok Regency was initially able to be food self-sufficient until 2030, but due to the single control area policy, its sustainability is threatened even though the cultivation rate has increased to 300% per annual.

Recommendation
It is hoped that the West Lombok Regency Government and West Nusa Tenggara Provincial Government will increase the planting index from 162% per year to 300% per year so that rice selfsufficiency can be maintained until 2030.
demand for rice in year t k = rice consumption index Pt = estimated population in year t The use of the rate of consumption of rice per year refers to the Regulation of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia Number 16/Permentan/HK.140/4/2015 on Guidelines for Strengthening Public Food Distribution Institutions in 2015, as well as the Directorate of Food and Agriculture, and the Ministry of National Development Planning / Development Planning Agency At the national level, it is 124.89 kg/capita per year or equivalent to 0.19514 tonnes/capita per year of dry milled grain without shell [18].

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[19]d on the Regulation of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia No. 16/Permentan/HK.140/4/2015 on the Guidelines for the Strengthening of Public Food DistributionInstitutions in 2015, as well as the Directorate of Food and Agriculture, and the Ministry of National Development Planning / National Development Planning Agency that the standard for calculating food needs for rice is IDR 124.89 kg/capita/year.Assuming that the conversion of the milling process yield from dry milled grain to rice is 0.64, the need for dry milled grain is equivalent to 0.19514 tons/capita/year[19].

Table 1 .
Land carrying capacity index using need and production approach for dry milled paddy rice in 2010 -2021.

Table 2 .
Carrying capacity index with the approach of the need for productive paddy fields.