Testing of sprouting, genetic diversity and heritability of some local gogo rice cultivers

Seeds are the beginning of plant life; for this reason, using quality seeds and having superior genetic traits are needed to support the growth and development of plants to be better and provide maximum production. This study aims to obtain local upland rice cultivars with quality seeds and quality with the best germination and traits with superior genetics. This study was carried out at tadulako university’s faculty of agriculture’s seed science and technology laboratory. The research was conducted from November 2018 to December 2019 utilizing a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), using seven cultivars—pulu tau leru, pulu konta, delima, buncaili, jahara, uva buya, and pae bohe—as treatments. Each treatment was repeated four times. The parameters observed were maximum growth potential, germination capacity, germination time, and dry weight of sprouts. The results showed that the uva buya cultivar had the best germination because it produced the maximum growth potential (100.00%) and the best germination (99.50%), and the faster germination time (2.03 days). The dry weight of sprouts is a trait that has good genetic character because it has a high heritability value (91.28%).


Introduction
The need for rice as Indonesia's main food ingredient continues to increase along with population growth, which continues yearly.Most of the national rice production is still focused on paddy fields, while paddy fields have decreased every year due to land conversion [1,2].Development and expansion of upland rice cultivation areas is an alternative to increasing national food production because expanding paddy fields is increasingly challenging.Upland rice has many advantages, including growing on marginal land without requiring super-luxurious technology [3].So far, rice production is still primarily determined by lowland rice production.On the other hand, the area of lowland rice cultivation has decreased due to land conversion.Efforts to develop upland rice are faced with the problem of providing good quality seeds.Testing the quality and quality of seeds is very important because these tests can assure farmers that to avoid losses incurred during cultivation [4][5][6].
Selection will be more effective if the characters that are the target of selection have high coefficients of genetic diversity and high heritability values.Genetic diversity supports the smooth selection process and can be a reference for determining the desired traits.Heritability is significant in determining the selection method used and in which generation the selection will be carried out [7,8].The use of quality seeds strongly influences plant production and has properties controlled by superior genetics.For this reason, it is crucial to research the Testing of sprouts and genetic parameters on some local upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars to obtain local upland rice cultivars that have quality seeds with the best germination and superior genetic characteristics.

Place and time
This study was carried out at Tadulako University's Faculty of Agriculture's Seed Science and Technology Laboratory.The study period runs from November to December 2019.

Research design
This study was arranged using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with seven cultivars as treatments, that is pulu tau leru, pulu konta pulu, delima, buncaili, jahara, uva buya, and pae bohe, which were repeated four times to obtain 28 experimental units.

Research procedure
The research began with seed preparation; the seeds used were local cultivars originating from various urban districts in Central Sulawesi and had been multiplied at the center for field rice research and development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tadulako, Palu, Center Sulawesi, Indonesia; the seeds previously used had been dried to 14% water stored in a jar at room temperature at the laboratory faculty of agriculture, Tadulako University, Palu.
The rolled paper test (RPT) method, in which each roll comprises 50 seeds that have been soaked in water for 30 minutes, was used at the Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, Palu, to test the second stage, germination.The seeds that have been rolled are then stored in the Non-Electric Germinator Germination Box for 14 days and observed every day to count the number of sources that germinate.

Observation Parameters
The parameters observed in germination were maximum growth potential, germination capacity, germination time, and dry weight of sprouts.
The maximum genetic potential (MGP) is calculated with the following formulation: MGP = (total germinated seeds total seeds germinated ⁄ )x 100 Germination (G) is calculated as the following formula: Germination time (GT) is calculated by the following formula: Description: N1 = total germinated seeds T1 = germinated day Ni = The seeds germinated the next day.Ti = The next germination day

Data analysis
Analysis of variance (Anova) for germination and the Honest Significant Difference test (HSD) at a 1% level were both used to assess the research data.The coefficient of genetic diversity is calculated using the formula [9]: Where: CGD=Coefficient of Genetic Diversity TMS= treatment of mean square MSE=mean square of error Heritability is calculated using the formula [7][10]: Information: Genetic advanced is calculated by the equation [11] : Information: GA = genetic advanced i = selection intensity 10% (1.76) h != heritability σ !p = phenotypic standard deviation µ = population mean

Germination
Honest significant difference (HSD) test results at the 1% level showed that the uva buya cultivar produced the highest maximum growth potential (100%) but was similar to jahara (99.00%) and delima (99.50) cultivars.The uva buya cultivar produced a higher germination rate (99.50%) but was not significantly different from the jahara cultivar (98.00%).Uva buya cultivars had faster germination times (2.03 days) but were similar to jahara (2.09 days), buncaili (2.08 days), and delima (2.13 days) cultivars.The pulu konta cultivar produced a heavier dry weight of sprouts (1.05 g) but was not significantly different from the pae bohe (1.02 g) and jahara (1.00 g) cultivars.
All cultivars have high-quality seeds and have good viability because they produce maximum growth potential and germination above 85%.All cultivars have full growth potential and high germination, meaning most germinated seeds can grow normally and abnormally [12].Sources with a high maximum growth potential sometimes have different germination power, meaning the seeds will not always grow normally (Table 1) [13].Seed viability was also measured by observing the speed of seed germination; the higher the viability of the seed, the faster the source germinated; this indicated that the cultivars of delima, buncaili, jahara, and uva buya had higher viability compared to cultivars of pulu tau leru, pulu konta and pae bohe [14].The dry weight of the sprouts describes the biomass of the shoots; the heavier the dry weight of the projections, the more biomass of the nodes.Germinated biomass is the assimilated product of the food reserves in the seed and will be used by the kernel for its growth.The dry weight of the sprouts also describes the water content in the shoots; the heavier the dry weight of the projections, the less water content there is in the nodes, and vice versa [15].
The results showed that the coefficient values of genetic diversity ranged from low to medium, where the characters of maximum growth potential, germination power, and germination time had common coefficient values of gene diversity.In contrast, the dry weight characteristics of sprouts had moderate values of the coefficient of genetic diversity.
The results showed that the heritability values ranged between medium and high; the characters of maximum growth potential, germination ability, and germination time had moderate heritability values, while the dry weight of sprouts had high heritability values.The coefficient value of genetic diversity provides information about the variety of data resulting from a study; the high or low weight of the coefficient of gene diversity depends on the germination produced from several cultivars used; the higher the coefficient value of genetic diversity, the more diverse germinations are made and vice versa [16,17].
Selection will be effective if the coefficient of genetic diversity is high because, with great variety, we can choose superior traits and follow what we want.From the statement above, the characters for maximum growth potential, germination, germination time, and dry weight of sprouts are difficult to select because they have almost the same properties [18].Selection aims to get traits with superior genetics; the more comparisons, the more confident we are with our chosen characteristics, but not at the germination stage, with a germination power of > 85%.Selection success does not always focus on the high coefficient of genetic diversity, as seen in the germination above (Table 1), and all cultivars provide the best germination so that we can determine that all cultivars have superior seeds and all cultivars can be the best choice.

Heritability
Heritability is a genetic parameter used to measure the ability of a plant to pass on traits to its offspring.Characteristics with a high heritability value indicate that these traits are influenced by additive genetics and the faster these traits are passed on to the next generation [19].The study's results (Table 2) show that the characteristics of the dry weight of sprouts can be quickly passed on to the next generation (F2).Heritability values are influenced by additive genetic and environmental balance.The heritability value can be increased by crossing.The heritability value also affects the selection method used; if the heritability value is high, then the mass selection method and pure line selection are suitable.The choice will be practical if selecting traits are influenced by additive genetics because additive genetics is not affected by the environment [11].
Expected genetic progress value is a benchmark to determine genetic stability in traits that will be passed on to the next generation.The heritability value is only sometimes followed by a high expected genetic progress value and vice versa; the higher the expected genetic progress value, the faster the genetic stability will stabilize [11,19].
Traits with a low expected genetic progress value require a relatively long time to stabilize their genetic makeup or require several generations.The four characteristics observed, namely maximum growth potential, germination power, germination time, and dry weight of sprouts, had a low expected genetic progress value, meaning that these four traits required a relatively long time or several generations to stabilize their genes.

Conclusion
Uva buya cultivars had the best germination because they produced the maximum growth potential (100.00%) and the best germination (99.50%), and the fastest germination time (2.03 days).Sprout dry weight is a trait that has an excellent genetic character because it has a high heritability value (91.28%).

Table 1 .
The average value of maximum growth potential, germination power, germination time, and dry weight of sprouts.Maximum growth potential, GC: Germination capacity, GT: Germination time, DWS: Dry weight of sprouts.Numbers followed by the same letter in the same column do not show a difference.

Table 2 .
Coefficient of genetic diversity, heritability and genetic advanced.