Growth of different moringa variety as rehabilitation plant material on marginal land

Moringa plants are able to adapt to extreme dry conditions and on low-fertility soils, so it is very conditional to be planted on marginal land rehabilitation. However, the main obstacle in the development is the availability of plant material that is ready for planting in large quantities. The objective of this study is to assess the growth of various varieties of moringa seedlings in various conditions of the growing environment so that they may be even more adaptive on marginal lands. The study was conducted on community-owned land in Pangi Village, North Parigi District, Parigi Moutong Regency, using a factorial randomized block design (RBD), which consists of three factors, namely variation in variety, variations in growing medium and variations in shading intensity. The results showed that there was an interaction between treatments on the observed parameters of plant height and number of leaves. The best on moringa seedling height is the rough yellow stems which is seeded on beach sandy soil under shading intensity of 75%. Whiles the parameters of the number of leaves of moringa seedlings that are able to form the most leaves are green gray stem varieties on beach sandy soils under shading intensity of 25%.


Introduction
Forest and land rehabilitation is a program that has been going on for more than three decades, but indications of forest and land resource recovery have yet to show optimal results.This was caused by a mismatch between the species and the site conditions, the availability of seeds and planting that were not timely and there was no planning for maintenance.The low success rate of rehabilitation is influenced by the availability of seedlings and the improper planting season [1].Selection of species that are not in the right sites is also a factor in the low success of rehabilitation.Whereas the success of restoring vegetation structure and biodiversity on degraded land is more influenced by the results of natural regeneration than artificial regeneration through planting [2].
Ecosystem restoration could be successful when it considers the aspirations of stakeholders including the local communities as groups that may be affected by the program as well as beneficiaries [3].Therefore, the community perception and participation is a key to the success of the rehabilitation program [1].In fact, one thing that may give guarantee the community's commitment to maintaining and sustaining the growth of rehabilitation plants is planting a species that have become part of the community's culture and are important for their livelihoods.Moringa (Moringa oleifera) is a fastgrowing plant species which does not require an intensive care, has tolerance for nutrient poor soil and drought [4].For examples on dry sandy loam or loamy soils, up to predominantly clay soils with a 1253 (2023) 012017 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1253/1/012017 2 rainfall range of 250-1500 mm [5].Moringa plants also have high economic value because various parts of the plant contain good nutrition and are useful as functional, health, beauty and environmental food.In addition, this plant has ethnobotanical value and intrinsic value for the community of Central Sulawesi, so that it is possible for Moringa plants to be cultivated on marginal lands as a forest and land rehabilitation plant that may improve people's welfare.
Studies on moringa cultivation technology are currently still very limited, studies that have been widely published are precisely on the harvest, post-harvest processes and their nutritional value.While the cultivation technology which will greatly affect the quality and quantity of production to be harvested and processed has received little attention.In addition, the development of a commodity will usually experience constraints on the availability of plant materials (seeds) that are ready for planting.In addition, procurement of plant material (seeds) is part of plant cultivation technology which is key in efforts to achieve successful planting and quality production.
Preparing seedlings is an easy work if the goal is just to grow seedlings, but preparing seedlings that could guarantee successful planting requires stages and requirements.Nursery requirements, especially water availability and safety, as well as nursery techniques both generatively and vegetatively.Development of nurseries or nurseries that meet standards and produce seedlings with good physical and physiological quality has the opportunity to become a business that can increase people's income [6].
Based on the foregoing, research on the propagation of various varieties of moringa is important to study, so that basic data is obtained regarding plant propagation techniques that can produce quality seeds, determining varieties that have high adaptability to various growing media conditions and microclimates in the context of marginal land rehabilitation as an effort to increase land productivity and water conservation in order to improve people's welfare.

Growth of moringa seedling
Plant growth and development are generally influenced by light, water, temperature and nutrients availability.Aspects of light that play an important role in plant growth and development are the intensity, quality, and duration of irradiation [9].Plants surprisingly may adapt to a wide range of light conditions, from very dark to very bright conditions.In low light environmental conditions, plants must be able to absorb enough light to survive, to maximize the light absorbed [10].Conversely, in conditions of high light environment or the light received by plants is greater than its photosynthetic capacity, plants must maximize their capacity to use light while at the same time being able to handle excess light [11].
In addition, sufficient amount and balanced nutrients are also very important for plant growth and development.The presence of nutrients in the soil is determined by the condition of soil fertility and the cultivation technology of plants in a particular field.Soil fertility is the result of the interaction of the doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1253/1/0120173 physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil so as to create optimal conditions for plant growth [12].
Each species of plant has a different response to various light environmental conditions and nutrient availability.The study tried to adapt various varieties of moringa to various growing media at different lighting conditions in the nursery.The results showed that until the age of 60 days after planting (HST), the growth of Moringa seedlings was relatively active to form vegetative organs, especially the number of leaves (Figure 1).Leaves may increase plant growth because they contain chlorophyll which plays an important role in photosynthesis, a process that helps in the provision of food reserves, so that they may stimulate further growth.The more the number of leaves, the more active the photosynthesis process, thus the photosynthate produced is sufficiently available to increase plant growth [13] Figure 1 shows that the highest average number of leaves formed on Moringa -green gray stems on ex-Imperata soil media with 75% shade intensity at 30 HST and then decreased the average number of leaves until 60 HST.This may be because plants tend to use their food reserves to increase height.This can be seen from the average height of the seedlings which tends to increase with age (Figure 2). Figure 2 shows that all varieties of Moringa experienced high growth even though the achievement of seedling height was different in each growing medium and different light intensity.The high average of seedling height is found on Moringa-rough yellow stem varieties in sandy soil media with 75% shade intensity.
Each species of plant will respond to environmental conditions.The response may manifest as morphological, physiological, or anatomical differences, even if the same species grows under distinct environmental conditions [14].In this study, the morphological response of the number of leaves formed and the parameters of plant height for the different moringa varieties grown under varied environmental conditions (growing medium and shade intensity) were relatively similar.For all treatment combinations, the number of leaves formed increased up until the age of 30 HST and then decreased until the age of 60 HST.In addition, the plant height parameter increased with increasing observation time until the plant reached 60 HST.
Physiologically, the response of the various varieties of Moringa seedlings to 75% shade intensity resulted in superior vegetative growth on two different media: ex-Imperata soil media for the number of leaves formed and beach sandy soil media for plant height.Temporary [15] stated that Moringa seedlings would germinate and grow more vigorously in medium shade or 50%.

Adaptability of Moringa seedling
Plant growth is a process that occurs in space and time.During this process, plants take in energy, water and nutrients from the environment, but the plant's need for these growth factors differs according to the phase of growth.In addition, each species or variety has its own way of growing and developing as a result of interaction with the environment.This means that plant growth is an ongoing interactive process between changing plants and changing environments [16].
Statistical analysis to see the effect of shade, media and variety variations showed that there was an interaction that had a significant effect on the growth of Moringa seedlings.This shows that Moringa plants can be adapted to various growing environmental conditions, although this indication is only in C Table 1 shows that the treatment combinations that produced the highest growth in height of the seedlings of Moringa were the varieties of Moringa-rough yellow stems on sandy soil media with 75% shade intensity and were significantly different from the same varieties on soil without top soil with 50% shade intensity.While the highest number of leaves formed was in the Moringa-gray stems in sandy soil media with 25% shade, which was not significantly different from the moringa-smooth gray stem variety in soil media without top soil in the same shade and significantly different from the rough yellow stem variety on soil media without top soil with 50% shading intensity.
Moringa plants could grow in dry sandy or loamy soils to predominantly clay soils [5].This indicates that these plants have wide adaptability to growing media, even though the resulting growth response is different.The best response to vegetative growth of Moringa seedlings occurred in sandy beach soil media with different shade intensity for height growth and leaf formation.High growth occurred at 75% shade intensity and most leaf formation occurred at 25% shade intensity.
Moringa seedlings can grow in a variety of soil conditions, and the tested growing media has no significant influence on Moringa plant growth [17].The ideal planting medium for producing vegetative growth (plant height and number of leaves) is a loose, non-dense mixture of soil, roasted husks, and bovine manure [18].

Conclusion
Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded that the height of the Moringa-rough yellow stems on sandy soil media with 75% shade intensity has the highest value and is significantly different