Involvement of Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Societies through the Development of Community Based Ecotourism Concept in Coastal Areas: Case Studies from Indonesia

Community development has become one of the mainstreams nowadays, where internal actors are able to develop and deliver their ideas to others. Bali and Yogyakarta, two case studies that represent tourism in Indonesia are identical with community-based tourism that holds noble values and culture, even though it cannot be separated from the threat of disaster. The context of the disaster is not only natural but also environmental pollution due to waste that affects coastal areas as downstream waste flows in rivers. The Kutuh Indigenous Village community plays a role in managing tourism on Pandawa Beach, while the non-indigenous community in Yogyakarta helps to manage Parangtritis Beach. The focus of this article is to capture community readiness in implementing ecotourism conceptual framework through community-based ecotourism development both in indigenous and non-indigenous society. The data was taken using in-depth interviews in 2020 and processed with a qualitative comparative content analysis to show the differences between the two case studies. The results show that the role of internal actors and a sense of commonality in dealing with disasters greatly affect the implementation of green tourism in order to internalize the impact of disasters. However, there are differences in indigenous peoples who have strong values and norms, moreover the high level of community network, the results are more satisfying.


Introduction
Southeast Asia in particular is an Asian region whose tourist growth has increased dramatically and expected to increase every year, such as Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia [1,2].The tourism sector contributes to the country's foreign revenue because sectoral growth grew rapidly in the 1980s [3].Nevertheless, previous studies focus on the economic multiplier effect which developed by increasing tourism sector but the environmental issue often overlooked by stakeholders [4,5].Moreover, sustainable tourism and ecotourism nowadays are the most trending keywords in a tourism research field [6].Therefore, topics related to the potential for sustainable tourism development are the focus of this article to capture national economic opportunities and improve people's welfare in a bottom-up manner.
Societies and the environment surrounding the tourism areas automatically have been affected by the multiplier effect of tourism activities [7], but the development of tourism in Indonesia particularly environmental and social ecological aspects of society are still often neglected or on the other hand 1250 (2023) 012016 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1250/1/012016 2 tourism management only focus on the economic sector [4].Tourism development in Indonesia, additionally, still tends to look at economic profit and put aside ecosystem damage such as tourism industry waste [8].In contrast, Indonesia already assigned the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030 which are divided into 17 goals [9].Implication of that global treaty particularly goals number 14 "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development" is none other than to minimize and to reduce the marine waste originating from upstream and the coastal areas are very important in overcoming this issue.Thus, it is important to mitigate those negative environmental and social impacts in tourism development where society needs to be involved inside the process and the government become a controlling actor to ensure that policy regulation has been implemented [8].
One form of tourism known as ecotourism developed in the 1980s in response to the destructive conventional mass tourism [10,11] and is growing tremendously as an alternative form of tourism development that focuses on conservation and sustainable development [12].While ecotourism is not an appropriate solution to solve all of a society's economic and the environment problems [13].It is important to involve community participation in the ecotourism planning process so that the decisions taken reflect their needs.Community-based ecotourism (CBET) is a popular strategy to encourage the effectiveness of community stakeholders and other stakeholders including the government in achieving sustainable tourism [14].In addition, sustainable ecotourism has a large economic impact that is well planned [15] on condition that it has the support of local communities [16].In this case, of course the role of the government and society in the form of stakeholder collaboration can encourage efforts to realize sustainable ecotourism development from an economic, socio-cultural and environmental perspective [12].The local communities as an indigenous society, moreover, have an important role to improve both environment and socio-cultural as well as the economic aspect of their community [13].
In this article, researchers try to explain the role of local communities which are both indigenous and non-indigenous society in the development of CBET in Indonesia.This article explains about CBET which are contextualized in empowering local communities to solve the environmental issues which produced by waste in coastal areas.The framework of an ecotourism system can be seen consisting of socio-cultural, natural, and economic subsystems [17].This article tries to capture different results were affected by externalities of social characteristics and stakeholders through community-based ecotourism concept implementation in coastal areas.By using of Xu et al. conceptual framework this article tries to identify the externalities and contexts between case studies.Therefore, the present study addresses these research gaps by answering three research questions (RQs): RQ1.Identify socio-cultural, economic, and natural subsystem, and RQ2.Identify externalities between different social and stakeholders' involvement in both case studies.
By using double case studies, namely Pandawa Beach in Bali Province and Parangtritis Beach in Yogyakarta Province was chosen to show different results because it can represent different characteristics related indigenous and a non-indigenous village while developing their own tourism destination.Both destinations in the case studies are located in coastal areas where the environmental issues become the centre of attention.First case study in Pandawa Beach is one of community-based ecotourism (CBET) representatives which has been extensively well-developed by indigenous society since 2014 using Dana Desa, allocation fund for village areas in Indonesia that was transferred by the Ministry of Finance to all of villages in Indonesia.The second case, Parangtritis Beach, is a mixed stakeholder's intervention where local government and local citizens regard tourism to promote tremendous economic growth and to improve well-being.This article tries to capture different results affected by externalities of social characteristics and stakeholders who intervene in the development of sustainable ecotourism through community-based ecotourism concept implementation.The term "ecotourism" was introduced by Hector Ceballos -Lascurain who defines that that ecotourism is travel with specific purposes such as studying, admiring, and enjoying the scenery and culture to natural areas that have not been touched and not polluted by human factors [18].This definition was later refined by The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) (2015) -"responsible travel to natural areas that conserve the natural environment and improve the living standards of local people" [19].Planning, community participation, and sustainability are the components related to ecotourism [20].Furthermore, there have been many studies related to collaboration between various stakeholders that focus on establishing and maintaining collaborative relationships.Unbalanced interests of stakeholders can have a negative impact and cause conflict in society [17].
The framework of the ecotourism system is a complex system consisting of natural, socio-cultural, and economic sub-systems.[17].In the Total Relationship Flow Management Theorem, which explains the flow of materials in the ecotourism system.Material flows consist of tourist waste, exchange of goods between tourists and residents, materials or goods that residents obtain from nature.Good material flow can reduce negative impacts, such as waste disposal which can pollute the environment.TIES (2015) explains that the principles of ecotourism include minimizing physical, social, behavioural, and psychological impacts, as well as building awareness and respect for the environment and culture, including waste management [19].Waste management is one of the main concerns in many tourist destinations.Zero-waste initiative is a concept that emphasizes the reduction and reuse of waste as valuable resource [21].Tourists recognize and support the concept of recycling, waste management and sustainable development with the concept of zero waste, but not all of them behave in accordance with the concept of zero waste and are still less concerned about saving water and energy consumption while traveling [22].

Carbon Footprint of Tourism Solid Waste
The activities of urban communities generate solid waste which has the potential to be a source of methane gas, which is one of the Greenhouse Gases (GHG) that can cause global warming [23].Several methods to reduce emissions from waste can be carried out, for example such as managing waste and making good use of technology, which can reduce the amount of CO2 from greenhouse gases and is able to generate electricity so that it benefits the community [24], or implementing zero waste strategy to reduce carbon emissions in a sustainable manner [25].In addition, several aspects of the waste management hierarchy principle, namely reducing waste and reusing items that can still be used (source reduction and reuse), recycling and composting (recycling and composting), and energy recovery (energy recovery) can also be conducted to minimize greenhouse gas emissions due to waste [26].Sunarto, et.al. (2014) found that improving the function of temporary dump from temporary shelters to waste processing sites can be one way to reduce the volume of waste disposed of at landfills [27].Waste processing at temporary dump can reduce carbon footprint or GHG emissions by 72%.The carbon footprint can be reduced by 89% and the waste volume reduced by 88% if more than 90% of the waste is processed at a temporary dump.Anaerobic decomposition of organic matter and waste recycling can be a way to produce lower carbon footprint emissions compared to waste disposal in sanitary landfills equipped with gas recovery systems and waste incineration [28].

Ecotourism to Empower Local Communities
Ecotourism concept encourages benefits from both cultural and environmental tourism to the local society as an integral part of tourism activity [29,8] occupied by indigenous communities have been opened to the tourism sector even though it can affect the vulnerability of cultural-environmental disruption and degradation.Furthermore, the development of ecotourism includes the human dimension which is a tool to reach a sustainable aspect [30].But the implementation of ecotourism concept is not a panacea for all tourism problems rather than conventional tourism method because sometimes it gives many of the drawbacks as a process [30].Cater points out that ecotourism is a universal panacea and pleasure in internalising the ills of tourism.Long-lasting and profound changes can indeed be produced by ecotourism, but caution needs to be taken because if not managed properly it can produce far worse impacts than conventional tourism, such as changes in sociocultural structures and environmental degradation that are difficult to control.
Involvement of certain stakeholders through development of tourism is one of a complex system because must provide a collaborative platform among actors, including business management, government, society, and tourist [31].This complex system, moreover, sometimes can lead to cultural conflicts, social conflicts [8], and resource conflicts.Areas where tourism is capable of increasing economic impact tend to have residents concerned about the negative impacts of tourism development in particular [32], such as environmental conflict.It is important to ensure high levels of community support for tourism development by realising the reported benefits of tourism for heterogeneous local communities.On the other hand, some authors focus on improving the welfare of the community and the environment as a result of implementing local ecotourism [33].Therefore, to seize this opportunity, the concept of community-based ecotourism business has been developed that is able to involve people who are sensitive to the environment and have strong control over tourism activities which will have a major impact on welfare [34].Sustainable ecotourism has a large economic impact that is well planned [15], on condition that it has the support of local communities [16].There are four levels of communitybased empowerment for tourism, namely psychological, social, political, and economic empowerment which are used to emphasise the importance of local communities during controlling ecotourism implementation in their area [29].In this article, we will focus more on the social and economic aspects using the conceptual framework described in the next sub-section.

Conceptual Framework of CBET Concept Implementation in a Local Communities
Empowerment Nowadays, the development of community-based ecotourism is used as a tool as an effort to conserve biological wealth with the principle that it has produced an economic impact on local communities [35].The development of this concept requires a long-term financing commitment as an effort to achieve the goal of implementing a more effective, efficient and sustainable CBET.Furthermore, CBET is a form of Community-Based Natural Resources Management (CBNRM) used in the context of biodiversity conservation practices [36].In this case, ecotourism activities actively record several cost-saving actions and minimise environmental impacts, such as the use of renewable energy, recycling [35], to efforts to protect natural areas or threatened species [37].Excavation in this context focuses more on the active role and contribution of the community in the ecotourism economic sector even to the ownership of ecotourism businesses [38].In general, this concept is a way to empower the local communities to reach the further sustainability in tourism development [39].Moreover, it can be seen from the ecological surroundings the tourism destination has been conserved by local communities and the local economic growth has improved.In order to encourage the achievement of the community's desire for sustainable tourism sector development, efforts to train local communities, local authorities, academics and NGOs need to be the focus of policy makers.
The tourism sustainability framework includes three main components, including the environment, local communities, and tourism itself [40,41].Additionally, by Xu et.al.(2017) a complex ecotourism system is specifically translated into three interrelated subsystems, namely the natural, socio-cultural, and economic subsystems [17].This article adopts the conceptual framework of Ecotourism which is developed by Xu et.al. (2017) to explain how the interrelationships between the 3 subsystems (See Figure 1) in the context of community-based ecotourism development and extract the differences in the results in two different cases, namely indigenous and non-indigenous communities.In more detail, there is a lower order of the three subsystems which is one of the important characteristics of the development of the ecotourism concept and each detailed component is interrelated through a flow of linkages that indirectly contribute to a dynamic and complex ecotourism.For example, in the natural subsystem, it has several variables such as natural resources, landscape, carrying capacity, ecological environment and ecosystem services.

Research Design
This research is based on multiple case studies approach with qualitative research methods.Two villages were selected, namely, Parangtritis Beach, Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta (about 590 KM) and Pandawa Beach, Badung Regency, Bali (about 1200 KM from the national capital Jakarta).Parangtritis Beach is chosen as a sample case of non-indeginous societies where they help develop tourism, while Pandawa Beach is a case where the indeginous community of the village, namely Kutuh Traditional Indegenous Village community, plays a direct role in tourism management.Both case studies represent different characteristics, consisting of social structure, stakeholder involvement, and regulation aspects.Comparison of multiple case studies is used to see the analysis of data in each situation and across different situations [42].In addition, multiple case studies can show the similarities and differences in the involvement of indigenous and non-indigenous communities in each location.In this research, the qualitative data analysis method was used because it can provide a descriptive explanation of the case so that it allows for specific and in-depth exploration [43].

Data Collection
The formulation of the problem that has been deductively derived from the theoretical framework needs to be verified using existing data in the field by drawing conclusions inductively (Usman & Akbar, 1996).In this study, collecting data in the field used interview techniques for primary data and literature review (documentation) for secondary data.The interview technique is an oral question and answer between two or more people directly (Usman & Akbar, 1996).With this type of interview the questions are more systematic so that they are easy to reprocess, problem solving is easier, allows for quantitative IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1250/1/0120166 and qualitative analysis, and the conclusions obtained become more reliable (Usman & Akbar, 1996).Researchers use interview techniques because interviews are considered appropriate to obtain in-depth information about an incident, opinions, and experiences.In this study, the information to be obtained is the implementation of the concept of Community Based Ecotourism in the development of coastal tourism to reduce environmental impact, especially the ecological footprint.
Informants interviewed in this study were determined by purposive sampling and snowball sampling methods.Purposive sampling is a non-probability sampling that is selected based on population characteristics and research objectives (Crossman, 2020).With this method the informant has been determined by the researcher deliberately in the hope of providing quality information.The selection of informants was determined by several criteria based on the research framework and problems, which included setting parameters, actors, events, and processes (Miles & Huberman, 1994).Certain selection criteria were conducted to decide the key informants in the in-depth interviews.Operationally we started with local and provincial governments who provided general overview related to development of zero waste ecotourism and community involvement in both case studies and followed by snowballing sampling interviews with tourism management and local community members (including associations).There were 13 key informants in Bali, consisting of three Yogyakarta Province government institutions, three Bantul Regency government institutions, one educational institution, one non-profit organisation, three Pandawa Business Units, and 2 tourism associations.For Parangtritis Beach in Yogyakarta, there were 12 key informants, consisting of 2 informants from provincial government officials, three Bantul Regency government officials, three non-profit organisations, an educational institution, two Parangtritis Beach management units, and one tourism association.

Qualitative Data Analysis
This research uses a qualitative descriptive analysis method to explain the phenomenon in detail through in-depth and explored data collection.There are three stages in data processing starting from data reduction, continuing with data presentation, and ending with drawing conclusions/verification.The process of data reduction is continuous and inseparable from analysis which aims to sharpen, classify, direct, remove unnecessary, and organize data so that conclusions can be drawn and verified.Through this stage, qualitative data can be simplified into other forms, such as summaries or brief desctiption.Data presentation can be done in several forms such as matrices, graphs, charts, and narrative text.Presentation of data is intended as a basis for analysing data, combining information that is cohesively structured to enable drawing of conclusions.The conclusion is based on the two previous stages, namely the results of data reduction and analysis based on the data presented.Verification is carried out during the research so that the meanings that arise from the interpretation of the data can be tested for their validity and compatibility with their validity.

Overview of Case Studies
The Central Government of Republic Indonesia has created the regulation related with sustainable tourism through the Ministry of Tourism, namely Minister of Tourism Regulation Number 14 of 2016, concerning Guidelines for Sustainable Tourism Destinations.Bali, Lombok, and Yogyakarta are provinces in Indonesia which are one of the most popular tourist destinations and have been hub cities for tourism sector [8].In this article we try to take a dual case study in Yogyakarta Province (Parangtritis Beach) and Bali Province (Pandawa Beach) (See Figure 3).Based on data from the Ministry of Environment for 2020, waste generation in Bali Province in 2021 is 915,482 tons/day while waste generation in Yogyakarta province is 586,267 tons/day.Bali Province is ranked 8th as the province producing the largest waste generation, while Yogyakarta Province is ranked 15 th out of 34 Provinces in Indonesia (See Figure 2).[44].The tourism potential in this coastal area has been managed well in an integrated and integrated manner under the auspices of BUMDA as a holding company.
Kutuh Village was chosen because it has ecotourism development that can dramatically improve the welfare of indigenous peoples by utilising village funds effectively and efficiently.Nonetheless, based on data from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Badung Regency has contributed quite significantly to waste generation in the Province of Bali in 2020, which is exactly 281,24 tons per day or 124,780 tons per year.This waste generation is approximately 11.34 percent of all waste generation and makes Badung Regency occupy the fourth position as a contributor to domestic and non-domestic waste in the Province of Bali [45].Moreover, since 2018 the Province of Bali has had regulatory support through Bali Governor Regulation Number 97 of 2018 concerning Limitations on Single-Use Plastic Waste Generation.This regulation brings a positive impact to both communities and tourist through reducing plastic waste [46].Reducing plastic consumption has begun by people that have started to bring their own shopping bags.
Pandawa beach management is integrated with business unit management through the BUMDA indigenous village institution, which is the central management (holding company) of 9 business units [47].The management of the business unit is called the Pandawa Beach business unit manager, which already has an organizational structure, namely having a manager, head of administration, treasurer and 5 division heads, each of whom has staff who are all working according to their respective job descriptions.The manager of the Pandawa Beach business unit also has a work plan for the next one year every year.The development of Pandawa Beach has been environmentally sound with the conservation of the sustainability of coral reefs made through a policy collaboration between BUMDA Kutuh and PT.Agung Aquatic Marine regarding the Acceleration of the Development of the Pandawa Beach Coral Reef Conservation Area [44].This is a representation of the embodiment of ecotourism by empowering local communities because all the important roles of tourism actors are managed by indigenous peoples.

Socio-Cultural Subsystem
In this first subsystem that is related to social and cultural aspects, the authors get three variables that distinguish the two case studies, namely social capital, social control, and community participation.In the first case, namely Parangtritis Beach in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Province, it shows that the local community has minimal role in developing sustainable and environmentally sound ecotourism.This can be seen how non-indigenous societies in tourism destinations play more roles as economic actors but are not organized in one institution that focuses on developing ecotourism based on the environment.In this case study, there is a role for cooperatives that organize tourism actors, especially traders to develop the local economy but do not have the same vision for their members in land waste management.However, the role of this cooperative is very large in carrying out waste management, such as the construction of waste separator infrastructure.
With regards to waste management, we already have facilities, but we don't have zero waste implementation.We already have facilities and infrastructure such as separate houses where organic and inorganic waste is separated, and we built this with non-governmental funds.(Mr. STN, Chairman of the Binahari Tourism Cooperative 45, Parangtritis Beach) On the other hand, the people who become actors play less of a role in initiating environmental-based ecotourism management.In other words, social capital in the first case study community is still not focused on environmental sustainability but rather on the economic benefits of developing beach tourism.Furthermore, even though individuals collectively do not have collective action in encouraging environmental sustainability, institutionally, cooperatives already have awareness of the importance of maintaining the coastal environment, especially from land waste.The role of cooperatives is quite large in exercising social control over individual tourism actors in Parangtritis Beach.Even though individually there are more traders and tourism actors who are less aware of the importance of environmental sustainability, the association of tourism actors, tourism awareness groups, has played a role in encouraging people to sort waste.This group has a role as a connector of community aspirations to the government, especially related to the management of tourist objects.Moreover, the role of this group is more obvious in efforts to reduce solid waste at Parangtritis Beach rather than the local communities as individual actor.
We have tried to provide a waste bank, but if conditions are crowded, it is no longer possible for the community to sort out what will be sent to the waste bank because it takes time and effort.Therefore, most tourism operators and actors prefer to dispose of waste without sorting it because the payment from visitors who buy their selling items is greater than the profit from selling waste at the village waste bank.(Mr. TRI, Head of Parangtritis Village Tourism Awareness Group) In different side, the second case study called Pandawa Beach, Badung Regency, Bali Province is able to represent the role of indigenous peoples in promoting environmental sustainability.Indigenous peoples have customary institutions that specifically handle waste management internally, plus waste is dominated by recyclable waste.All levels of local society are engaged in the Kutuh Traditional Village Institution which is integrally collaborating with the Pandawa Beach management.Moreover, the majority of indigenous people work under the management of Pantai Pandawa in various sectors and sub-companies.The main role of the Pandawa Beach management institution is the empowerment of local communities in the ecotourism sector and most of them have awareness of the importance of waste segregation and its management.The manager has provided good facilities in waste management even though it is still manual.There are meetings to evaluate the Institution's performance, one of which is to discuss waste issues.This shows the importance of the role of Pandawa Beach management organizations in efforts to reduce waste generation in coastal areas and their management.
Regarding waste management, the waste management in Kutuh Village are still manual.So, we don't have a waste processing machine even though in this traditional village we have a place, it's just that the procurement of building facilities, buildings and waste processing machines has not been realized.… We provide understanding so that business actors understand waste management, including if they are stubborn.We will give them the first, second and so on warning letters.(Mr. WK, Chief Manager of Pandawa Beach) Furthermore, the strength of social networks and social control among indigenous peoples, such as the provision of social sanctions among communities.In addition, this strong social control is a role in implementing regulations in the internal management of Pandawa Beach, not only for tourism actors but also visitors.In addition to the manual waste management program, Pandawa Beach managers and the indigenous village community have programs related to replanting coral reefs which have been commercialized for tourists.This shows the level of awareness of the development of sustainable coastal ecotourism not only on land but also at sea.Furthermore, the comparison between the two cases can be seen in Table 1.

Aspect Parangtritis Beach, Yogyakarta Case Study Pandawa Beach, Bali Case Study
Social Capital Non-indigenous villages are engaged in a cooperative organization for tourism object managers.However, they do not yet have the same clear vision and mission on how to manage ecotourism with an environmental perspective.
Indigenous villages have an important role in efforts to develop environmentally friendly eco-tourism.
The high level of awareness among citizens in managing waste can be seen from the small amount of internal waste production.

Social control and behaviours
• Local communities already have awareness of waste management efforts in coastal tourism areas, but there is a lack of support about infrastructure and capital support in managing ecotourism objects and waste management.
• Cooperatives as managers have a significant role in the sustainability of ecotourism in Parangtritis Beach.
• Social control is quite strong for the Hindu-Balinese traditional village community over the social order of the community, including in waste management on the coast.However, limited facilities and indiscipline of domestic tourists are the main problems in waste management.• Indigenous peoples and Pandawa Beach management are key stakeholders in implementing regulations on Pandawa Beach.

Community participation
• Local communities participate according to their role in supporting ecotourism development but tend to ignore environmental aspects.
• The association of tourism actors has made efforts to create collaboration in minimizing the production of plastic waste.
• Indigenous peoples as tourism managers and fisherman groups innovate to offer ornamental coral breeding services.• The manager has provided segregated waste bins, but waste management is mixed up when transportation to landfills occurs.

Table 1. Differences in the Socio-Cultural Subsystems
Furthermore, this subsystem is able to provide education related to the environment as can be represented by the second case study where indigenous peoples have strong social control to educate visitors and impose sanctions on other indigenous peoples who do not care about the environment.On the other hand, the first case shows that external actors are more capable of providing education on the importance of the environment.The socio-cultural subsystem in the second case shows more how indigenous communities support and guarantee management services related to the environment, but in the first case it is also able to show the same thing, only it focuses on economic benefits.

Economic Subsystem
The economic subsystem of this research adopts the ecotourism framework from Xu et al (2017) which consists of media promotion components, top-down initiatives, and stakeholder collaboration.Both promotions at Parangtritis Beach and Pandawa Beach included appeals related to waste management in their promotional media.At Parangtritis Beach, Travel Bureau Services and the Association of The Indonesian Tours and Travel Agencies (ASITA) play a role in promoting tourism in selling tour packages and promoting simple zero waste management such as reducing the use of plastic bottles through appeals to bring your own drinking bottles and providing gallons of water drink.This can reduce the cost of spending on drinking water supply.
In fact, by minimizing plastic, it is economical for us, meaning that for one group one day of their trip in Yogyakarta, from an economic point of view providing plastic bottles in large quantities is quite expensive compared to if we provide gallons and it can be reused… with zero waste it will be great for us economically we minimize costs.(Mr. S, Chairman of the ASITA Regional Leadership Council) The government plays a role in branding tourist destinations as well as appealing to tourists to reduce waste.Some promotions are carried out directly by coming to target tourist countries, promoting the 12 unique selling points of tourist destinations.Penta-helix's approach with the media becomes a forum for stakeholders in educating and promoting waste management.
ASITA Yogyakarta is quite close to the penta-helix, not only with academics or the government but also with the media so we can discuss it together.Promoting tourist destinations through unique selling points by using attractive language, the packages offered can also be flexible considering the wishes of tourists.(Mr. S, Chairman of the ASITA Regional Leadership Council) At Pandawa Beach, information related to Pandawa Beach tourism is disseminated through social media platforms and websites.There is a team that manages the platform as promotional media.In the information section, an appeal is made to tourists to dispose of trash in its place.
The government's social media campaign is already on our website… specifically discuss waste management, so it's environmentally friendly... It's still running well, and from the association, tourism businesses also have social media, separate media, then tourist villages.(Mr. A, Bali Provincial Tourism Department) Solid waste management at Parangtritis Beach is carried out using a top-down and bottom-up approach from the regency government and the community.The waste transportation system to socialization is divided into each actor with the penta helix approach.At Pandawa Beach waste management is dominated by a bottom-up approach from the village community and area manager plays a main role in conducting education about waste management assisted by the community and business actors.
Technical service from the Environment Department or the Public Works Department carry out the execution, so our institution plans for the long term, medium term and yearly.(Mr. I, Yogyakarta Provincial Development Planning Agency) At Parangtritis Beach, all stakeholders support the concept of zero waste in the tourism sector, through the division of roles.Tourism managers have a major role in handling waste supported by the Government which provides infrastructure and waste policies.Business actors, NGOs and academics are involved in campaigns and outreach regarding waste to tourists and the public.Synergy between stakeholders in coordinating and ideally implementing implementation is still a common challenge.
The role of NGOs who can go directly to destinations and tourists is also important to be able to educate, conduct research and provide solutions.(Mr. S, Chairman of the ASITA Regional Leadership Council) The approach in managing tourist areas and handling waste at Pandawa Beach is more dominantly carried out using the Bottom -Up approach.This is because Pandawa Beach is managed by the village community through a regionally owned enterprise, so that the village government, traditional village, and district community leaders are involved in the preparation of the program.The community plays an active role in aspiring related to the management of the tourist area.The government plays a role in providing advice related to 3R waste management to businesses and indigenous peoples.There is cooperation between business actors and village heads and customary heads in tourism development and waste management.
Pandawa Beach is managed by the community so that in the preparation of the program the community is assisted by the government and traditional villages, and district community leaders.The community also actively participates in maintaining the continuity of tourism.The community who are fishermen also participate in preserving the marine environment by watching over coral reefs including their ornamental fish.The people of Kutuh follow the existing rules and expect their village to be clean from trash.(Mr. NM, Bandesa/Kutuh Traditional Leader).

Aspect
Parangtritis Beach, Yogyakarta Case Study Pandawa Beach, Bali Case Study

Media promotion
• Travel Agent Services and the Association of Indonesian Tours and Travel Agencies play a role in promoting tourism by selling tour packages.Meanwhile, the government plays a role in branding tourist destinations as well as appealing to tourists to reduce waste.Some promotions are carried directly by coming to target tourist countries, promoting the unique selling points of tourist destinations.
• The Penta helix approach with the media is a forum for stakeholders in educating and promoting waste management.
• Information related to Pandawa Beach tourism is disseminated through social media platforms and websites.There is a team that manages the platform as promotional media.In the information section, an appeal is made to tourists to dispose of trash in the places we have prepared.

Top-down or bottom-up initiative
• Solid waste management in the Parangtritis Beach area is carried out by the Regional Government of Bantul Regency through the Environment Department, Tourism Department, and Public Works Department as well as by the community on an independent basis.
• The role of the community in handling waste in this area already exists through cooperation activities cleaning the beach.
There is counselling on waste management from the local government to the community • The approach to managing tourist areas and waste handling is more dominantly carried out in a bottom-up manner.This is because Pandawa Beach is managed by village communities through village-owned enterprises.• In preparing the program it involves the village government, traditional villages, and district community leaders.The community plays an active role in having aspirations related to the management of the tourist area.

Stakeholders' collaboration
• All stakeholders support the concept of zero waste in the tourism sector.Tourism managers have a major role in handling waste in tourist areas, supported by the Government which provides infrastructure and waste policies.• Business actors, NGOs, and academics are involved in campaigns and outreach regarding waste to tourists and the public.
• Collaboration is carried out by business actors together with village heads and customary heads in tourism development and waste management.
Communities and businesses participate actively in keeping the environment clean.• The Area Manager plays a role in conducting education for waste segregation, but the main concern is still to dispose of waste in its place first.There is no participation of other parties in waste management.

Table 2. Differences in the Economic Subsystems
This subsystem can have an ecological impact as in case study one, Parangtritis Beach, where the absence of the use of plastic bottles in travel packages can have a positive impact in the form of spending efficiency on tourism service components such as travel, transportation, accommodation, and restaurants.In addition, in the second case, Pandawa Beach, with the application of regulations related to violations of the use of single-use plastics, it can have an ecological impact on conservation.The efficiency of these expenses can be diverted into income for ecological ecologists as remuneration for the environment.From a social perspective, this subsystem can have a positive impact through the use of promotional media that campaigns for waste management at tourist attractions, so that visitors can pay more attention to the environment.

Natural Subsystem
The third part is related to the natural subsystem, where the most prominent difference between the two cases can be represented by the existence of environmental conservation organizations, natural resources and landscape indicators, and regulations related to waste handling and management.Firstly, the environment conservation organization in first case study (Parangtritis Beach) are dominated by various external tourism community, such as WALHI, ASITA, and HPI.Even though the internal community does not pay more attention to waste management; those external communities have implemented several programs to reduce the tourist waste.Different situation can be represented in Pandawa Beach case study when the internal indigenous community tries to mitigate various impacts of waste pollution in coastal areas by giving program related to manual waste management and ornamental coral cultivation which is offered to the tourist.This tourism activity not only helps to recover the coral degradation but at the same time it also earns money from visitors and encourages the local indigenous community's income.
We have a coral reef rehabilitation program and this year we plan to create an underwater park.We do it for conservation efforts and tourism activities to export commodities.However, there is a threat of plastic waste which greatly disrupts the life of coral reefs and encourages the death of coral reefs.We are assisted by colleagues from NGOs such as the Indonesia Lestari Foundation who voice the importance of preserving coral reefs.(Mr. IWL, Pandawa Snorkeling instructor) Regarding zero waste efforts in the tourism sector, we also encourage several community assistances on the south coast in Yogyakarta which are tourism destinations to gradually implement zero waste.(Mr. HS, Executive Director of WALHI Yogyakarta) Secondly, in both case studies often be found beach debris which upstream from the other areas.Two case studies represent different beach characteristic when Parangtritis Beach has homogenous characteristic with sand attraction without underwater coral reefs attraction but it provides various nonnatural tourism activities such as horse riding and ATV's.Contrary, Pandawa beach as one of multi attraction beach is allowed the visitors to enjoy and do ecotourism activities, such as snorkeling, reef planting, and surfing.The first beach focuses more on activities on the land side and tourism to enjoy the scenery, while on the other hand the second beach emphasizes natural activities not only on land but also at sea.The two research locations already have regulations related to waste management and the concept of reuse reduce recycle.Regulations in Bali have been more specific to reduce the use of single-use plastic.The Bantul Regency Government has issued Regency Regulation Number 2 of 2019 concerning the management of household waste and household-like waste.Waste management includes waste reduction with the 3R concept (reuse, reduce, recycle) and waste management which consists of sorting, collecting, transporting, processing, and final waste processing.In Bali, there are already regulations regarding restrictions on the use of single-use plastic (Bali Governor Regulation Number 97 of 2018) and source-based waste management (Bali Governor Regulation No 47 of 2019).
Within the Governor's vision and mission, there is a mission related to waste, namely developing Balinese manners to organize clean, beautiful, green areas and environments.With this concept, the Governor has also issued several regulations that must be implemented by companies, sectors, which were issued in Governor Regulations, namely Governor Regulation Number 97 of 2018 concerning Limiting Single-Use Plastic Waste Generation, furthermore Governor Regulation Number 47 of 2019 concerning Resource-Based Waste Management...In fact, Bali was the first to issue single-use plastic regulations (in Indonesia).(Mr. NP, Head of Environment and Regional Development sub-sector, Bali Provincial Development Planning Agency) Restrictions on the use of single-use plastics are regulated specifically starting from the type of plastic and the use of single-use plastic substitute products.Business actors and activities in traditional villages are prohibited from providing single-use plastic and are required to provide substitute products.In the source-based waste management regulations, the role of the Traditional Village regarding waste management has been explained, including in terms of cooperation and the imposition of a waste service fee.

Natural resources and landscape
• Garbage from beach debris is often found at Parangtritis Beach due to overflow of waste from upstream and other areas.• Parangtritis Beach has homogeneous beach characteristics that further limit the attraction of natural tourism (only on land), so that it is supported by non-natural tourism activities such as horse riding and ATVs.
• There is trash sent from upstream to downstream in the coastal area.The local community tries to do mitigation by cleaning the beach regularly.

Table 3. Differences in the Natural Subsystems
This natural subsystem is able to provide learning to the community about the importance of protecting the coastal environment as shown by the Pandawa Beach case study.In this case, the rehabilitation of underwater ecosystems in coastal areas is able to involve indigenous peoples as well as external visitors.This learning and education process is very important in encouraging the sustainability of natural ecotourism.Moreover, this subsystem is capable of segmenting the market according to its interests as shown by the diversification of activities in case study two (Pandawa Beach) not only focusing on the land side but also the sea as a confluence of solid waste pollution.Meanwhile, in the first case, because tourist attractions tend to be more homogeneous and there are more combinations with artificial tourism, public or visitor awareness of the importance of environmental sustainability in natural tourism tends to be lacking.The natural subsystem also influences the economic subsystem through the provision of natural tourist attractions in coastal areas, especially those that are integrated between land and sea space.Through the provision of these natural tourist attractions, a subsystem economy can be formed through empowering the local economy from the impact of these natural tourist attractions.16

Stakeholder Involvement in Both Case Studies
We try to map the actors who play a role in ecotourism development in both case studies using a multi-actors perspective approach which is able to describe the classification of actors based on their type but also their aggregation.This multi-actor perspective shows that Parangtritis Beach is dominated by external actors, either provincial or regency government officials, and third sector (NGO and university).While Pandawa Beach is dominated by internal actors, either local communities or the private sector where developing Pandawa Beach.

Conclusion
Parangtritis Beach as the first case study becomes a case study for non-indigenous waste management.Waste management at Parangtritis Beach is dominated by the Regional Government of Bantul Regency and the surrounding community.While in the second case study, Pandawa Beach is a case where the indigenous people of the village, namely the Kutuh Indigenous Village community, play a direct role in the development of ecotourism.Within the framework of the ecotourism system used based on Xu et al (2017), there are 3 subsystems discussed, namely the socio-cultural, economic, and natural subsystems.
First, the socio-cultural subsystem consists of social capital, social control and behavior, and community participation.In the social capital section, Pandawa Beach, traditional villages have an important role in efforts to develop eco-friendly ecotourism.This has an impact on the high awareness of the community in managing waste which is shown by the small amount of waste production, while at Parangtritis Beach the management involves non-traditional villages but does not yet have a clear vision of ecotourism.Furthermore, the social control of the Hindu-Balinese traditional village community in Pandawa Beach is quite strong over the social order of the community.Meanwhile, at Parangtritis Beach, cooperatives as managers and associations have an important role in ecotourism sustainability.The control of these two different actors as well as the role of community participation has a role in increasing tourist awareness of waste management in coastal areas.This subsystem is capable of providing education related to the environment and having strong social control with a different approach.In the first case, it shows that external actors are more able to provide education about the importance of the environment, while in the second case, indigenous peoples play a role in educating visitors and imposing sanctions on indigenous peoples themselves who do not care about the environment.
Next, the economic subsystem consists of media promotion, top-down initiatives, and stakeholder collaboration components.In the two case studies, Parangtritis Beach and Pandawa Beach have included appeals related to waste management in their promotional media, either directly or through social media platforms as implemented at Pandawa Beach.The approach to waste management at Parangtritis Beach is carried out using a top-down and bottom-up approach from the district government and the community.The garbage collection system is divided into each actor using a penta-helix approach.Meanwhile, at Pandawa Beach, waste management is dominated by a bottom-up approach from the village community, and the area manager plays a major role in conducting outreach about waste management assisted by the community and business actors.This subsystem can provide an ecological impact by reducing waste generation and cost efficiency in tourism services.From a social perspective, this subsystem can have a positive impact through the use of promotional media that campaigns for waste management to visitors so they can pay more attention to the environment.
The final subsystem is the Nature subsystem, which consists of environmental conservation organizations, natural resources and landscapes, and waste management regulations.At Parangtritis Beach, external actor such as the government, NGOs, and associations play a greater role in implementing ecotourism, while at Pandawa Beach, internal actors, both local communities and the private sector, are more supportive of environmental restoration activities.The two case studies face the problem of waste from different sources where the waste at Parangtritis Beach comes from marine debris while at Pandawa Beach from upstream to downstream.The two research locations already have regulations related to waste management and the concept of reuse, reduce, and recycle.However, regulations in Bali (second case study) are more specific to reducing the use of single-use plastics.This natural subsystem can provide learning to the community about the importance of protecting the coastal environment such as the rehabilitation of underwater ecosystems in coastal areas involving indigenous peoples and outside visitors at Pandawa Beach.This subsystem can also carry out market segmentation according to its interests such as diversifying activities in case study two (Pandawa Beach) which focuses on the land and sea sides.Whereas in the first case, the tourist attraction which tends to be more homogeneous has an impact on the awareness of the public or visitors regarding environmental sustainability in nature tourism tends to be lacking.With ecotourism framework system, there are components that become inputs, namely waste regulation in two locations and collaboration between stakeholders, where each is dominated by different actor involvement both externally and internally.Then ecotourism subsystem is influenced by the external context such as socio structure and value, community participation, tourism management capabilities, information, and media promotion.The running of the ecotourism system supported by each sub-system produces output in the form of sustainable community based eco-tourism (CBET).

Figure 5 .
Figure 5.The amount of general waste generated in the Yogyakarta Province in 2020 Source: https://sipsn.menlhk.go.id/sipsn/public/data/timbulan 5. Discussions Total Relationship Flow Management Theorems (TRFMTs) in ecotourism aspect was developed a new conceptual framework related with ecotourism impact regulatory as a part of complex system.This part explains three subsystem of ecotourism sector by using a Xu et.al.(2017) conceptual framework, namely socio-cultural subsystem, economic subsystem, and natural subsystem.This framework utilizes among personnel flow, materials flow, information flow, and capital flow during development of sustainable ecotourism.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Multi-Actor Perspective Shows the Difference in The Important Role of Stakeholders in The Two Case Studies in Implementing Community-Based Ecotourism Based on Solid Waste Pollution Disaster Mitigation Source: Authors Analysis, 2023

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Synthesis of Community Based Ecotourism in Both Case Studies Adopted from Xu et.al. (2017) Source: Authors Analysis, 2023