Climate Justice in Indonesian Environmental Protection: Past, Present and Future Challenges

Climate justice is an increasingly relevant topic in today’s world, as climate change and its impacts continue to affect vulnerable communities disproportionately. This research aims to examine the concept of climate justice, its various dimensions, and the challenges and opportunities associated with achieving it. The paper begins by defining climate justice, which is based on the principle that those who are least responsible for climate change are the ones who are most affected by it. It argues that climate justice should be viewed not only as a moral issue but also as a legal and political one. The paper explores the different dimensions of climate justice, including distributive, procedural, and transformative justice. Distributive justice refers to the fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts. Procedural justice concerns the fair and inclusive decision-making processes that involve affected communities in climate action. Transformative justice involves the fundamental changes needed in society to address the root causes of climate change and promote a more sustainable and just future. The paper also examines the challenges and opportunities associated with achieving climate justice, including the need for political will, the role of international cooperation, and the importance of grassroots activism. It concludes by highlighting the urgency of addressing climate change and the need for a holistic approach that prioritizes the well-being of all communities, especially those most vulnerable to its impacts.


Introduction
Climate and Ecological Justice in many respects cannot be separated from anthropocentrism where this view emphasizes that humans are the center or central measure of everything that has reduced the environment to being the other.Nature is only considered as an object to be exploited, consumed and modified for the fulfillment of human needs.The logic of anthropocentrism paved the way for the exploitation of nature which today is supported by technological interventions.The result is unavoidable, namely an environmental crisis in various forms that sacrifices humans themselves.The calculation of environmental exploitation is ultimately limited to corporate profits, never to victims.[7][20] [26]  Ecological justice is an effort to preserve and maintain the sustainability of the environment so that it remains beautiful and is able to maintain the balance of the ecosystem.There are several principles related to ecological justice, where according to W. Pederson, the principles of ecological justice include, the principle of prevention, the principle of compensation, the principle of strict liability, and the principle of sustainable development of life.[9][12] In addition, the principle of ecological justice from the point of view of social justice demands an alternative economic system capable of contributing to environmentally friendly development, supporting political, economic and cultural liberation of society.Encouraging environmental restoration both in urban and rural areas and providing access for all people to their natural resources.This is in line with what Andrew Dobson said, "Social justice has a function to support a sustainable and sustainable development."[3] [9] The Indonesian Forum for the Environment (WALHI) noted that of the 3.7 million hectares of land in South Kalimantan, 58,188 hectares are primary forests, 89,169 hectares are primary forests, the rest is dominated by concessions covering an area of 234,492.77hectares, for Forest Use Rights (HPH) 567,865.51hectares, Industrial Plantation Forest (HTI) and mining permits covering an area of 1,219,081.90hectares, and 620,081.90hectares for oil palm plantations.[2][16] Apart from being caused by the narrowing of the forest, the flooding that occurred in South Kalimantan was also due to a monoculture forest management pattern, in which case the forest had been planted with oil palm.This change will result in compaction of the soil, so that less rain can be absorbed by the soil and water will quickly flow to the surface.South Kalimantan is an example of the wrong paradigm of controlling and exploiting natural resources for economic growth.How can the use of forests that should serve as a buffer and balancer for ecosystem sustainability is exploited massively without prioritizing the principle of sustainable development.[27][28][29][30] Furthermore, Indonesia is one of the five countries in the world that has lost the most forest in the last two decades.According to data from Global Forest Watch, Indonesia lost 9.75 million hectares of primary forest between 2002 and 2020.

Mainstreaming Climate and Ecological Justice in Indonesian Environmental Protection
According to UNICEF, Climate Justice or climate justice is the relationship between human rights with development and climate action.Development cannot be separated from climate action and vice versa.In Indonesia, we still really need to work on climate justice.
One reason is in a survey from YouGov.According to a survey from YouGov, Indonesians are in the top position with residents who think that climate change is not caused by humans.As many as 18% of respondents acknowledged this, while those who considered that the current climate had not changed were as many as 3% of respondents.Thus, the total number of respondents who are quite indifferent to climate change is 21%, as well as being the largest compared to other countries.
Whereas in Climate Justice, there is a human-centered approach to climate action.Human-centred approach This includes ensuring representation (both men and women), inclusion, and protection of the rights of those most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change (such as women and children).One solution is to promote equality, ensure access to basic resources, and ensure that young people can live, learn, play and work in a healthy and clean environment.[4][20] [26] Fighting for climate justice means that we are all the same trying to fight social injustice, gender injustice, economic injustice, intergenerational injustice, and environmental injustice.It is quite possible that some climate projects inadvertently create climate injustice.For example, when there is a program to teach local people to make the transition to renewable energy.Not all people want to accept.Indeed, there are some who refuse, there are also those who want to follow.The transition to renewable energy also opens up new jobs, as well as closes several jobs that are increasingly obsolete.How, do you have any idea how this relates?[21][22][23] Therefore, looking at Climate Justice with a human rights-based approach is basically because we need to humanize humans.Do not let climate change become an opportunity to oppress certain groups, discredit certain areas, and so on.[17][19][21]

Indonesian Environmental Protection: The Future Challenges in Public Participation
Environmental issues are very important for human life which interact with one another.In this interaction, humans always try to master their environment with the power and effort they have.In line with that, Indonesia is currently actively carrying out development in all fields which means participating in development.The development of the environment in question is the result of imbalances or unbalanced conditions in the human environment with these conditions causing conditions that are always unstable resulting in a shift towards change.This change occurs due to the pattern of human action itself which is always less concerned and careless towards its environment.Community participation is very necessary in every stage starting from planning, the community must be included in the planning deliberations, because planning must reflect the interests of the community in it.At the time of utilization also the community must be involved, as well as at the time of control and supervision.The easiest supervision is to give a big role to the community.

FIGURE 2 .
FIGURE 2. Deforestation Rate in IndonesiaSource: nationalgeographic.co.id[2] Community participation in environmental management and protection can be understood with the understanding of expanding its scope from spatial planning to environmental management and protection.It should only be added that the participation of the community as stipulated in Article 70 of the PPLH Law must be seen in relation to the provisions of Article 68 and Article 69 of the PPLH Law.Article 69 of the PPLH Law specifies the following: Article 2 of the 2009 PPLH Law states that one of the principles is participation and local wisdom.So, in every environmental utilization activity, the thing that must be inherent in it is community participation and local wisdom in the surrounding community.Article 4 of the 2009 PPLH Law states that environmental management and preservation must include: