Green-pesantren and environmental knowledge and awareness: case study at Pondok Pesantren As Salafy Al Asror Semarang

Green-pesantren or eco-pesantren have become an important concern in improving environmental knowledge and awareness for all parties, including Pondok Pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) in Indonesia. This research aimed to describe the level of student’s environmental knowledge and awareness and explore the efforts that had been made at Pondok Pesantren As Salafy Al Asror in Semarang to improve environmental knowledge and awareness for Santri (Students), Ustadz (Teachers), and residents of Pondok Pesantren. The research was conducted quantitatively and qualitatively to capture the phenomenon in more depth. The informants included Santri, Ustadz, and caretakers of Pondok Pesantren As Salafy Al Asror in Semarang. Data collection methods used interviews and documentation. The data analysis method used is descriptive quantitative and interpretive qualitative analysis. The research findings indicated that Pondok Pesantren As Salafy Al Asror had paid sufficient attention to the concept of green-pesantren or eco-pesantren. The management had tried to raise environmental knowledge and awareness for Santri, Ustadz and Pondok Pesantren stakeholders. Efforts that had been made include the provision of adequate trash bins, regular cottage community service agendas, sanitation arrangements, and environmental awareness education. However, there were still many things that needed to be addressed, such as waste management and infrastructure management that cared more about the environment. Provision of alternative sources of electricity through solar electricity and utilization of clean and healthy water sources was an important matter that must be addressed by Pondok Pesantren management.


Introduction
The phenomenon of global warming and environmental damage has encouraged environmental awareness of all parties to get involved in preserving nature [1].The issue of sustainable development is one of the issues that becomes concern as a solution in dealing with current environmental problems.The Ministry of Environment introduced the eco-pesantren concept in 2011 [2].Thus, the environmental awareness movement is felt in the pesantren environment to find solutions [3].Green-pesantren or ecopesantren are known as a concrete manifestation of education in Islamic boarding schools which pays more attention to environmental awareness issues.Santri (Students in Pondok Pesantren) are given additional knowledge about nature conservation [4].Pondok Pesantren has the potential to participate in solving environmental problems by instilling religious values and based on environmental preservation [5].This phenomenon indicates that many eco-pesantren have been established and developed in Indonesia [6].
Previous research showed that there were many Pesantren that carried out activities to improve environmental awareness for Santri.Participatory and collective activities have been carried out continuously at Pondok Pesantren Gontor Putra, Southeast Sulawesi [7].Improving environmental awareness can also be done through the development of an integrative curriculum at Islamic boarding schools so that it will include knowledge, attitudes, and psychomotor aspects [8] [19].Kiai (Pondok Pesantren leaders) is at the forefront of practicing environmental awareness so that they become good examples for Santri [4].Kiai and Santri can contribute to local government policies such as the clean and green movement in Surabaya city to instill a spirit of caring for the environment [9].
Other Pondok Pesantren adopt strategic policies by building artificial environments, lakes, and protected forests within Pesantren environment [1].Harvesting rainwater for the availability of clean water is an effort that can be made to create green-pesantren [10].Learning about the environment, making plant seeds, and making fertilizer through waste recycling are practices implemented in other Pondok Pesantren [11].The construction of cottage buildings that are more environmentally friendly and use energy can also be a real step in creating eco-pesantren [2].Construction of absorption wells, bio pore installation of, and waste selection sites can also be carried out to preserve the environment of Pondok Pesantren and the surrounding natural resources [12].
Environmental education is an effort that can be carried out at Pondok Pesantren to improve the environmental knowledge and awareness of Santri.Research results indicated low environmental awareness in developing countries, especially among young people [13].Therefore, environmental education is very important to improve students' environmental awareness.The aim of environmental education is to awaken the need for a sustainable world [14].This effort has been made in China by adding environmental education content in schools [15].Student environmental knowledge and awareness increased significantly after taking environmental education [16].Student environmental interests and knowledge are significant predictors of their involvement in promoting a sustainable environment [17].In addition, the results of other studies showed that young people in Saudi Arabia obtained information about environmental knowledge through TV and the internet [18].
This study aimed to describe the knowledge and environmental awareness of Santri and reveal the efforts that had been made at Pondok Pesantren As Salafy Al Asror in Semarang to improve knowledge and environmental awareness of Santri and other stakeholders.Data analysis was carried out quantitatively and qualitatively to determine the level of environmental knowledge and awareness of Santri so that it could be used as a consideration in making decisions and other strategic policies.

Method
Quantitative and qualitative research approaches were used in this study to describe the level of environmental knowledge and awareness of Santri.In addition, this research revealed the efforts that had been made by Pondok Pesantren in instilling and improving environmental knowledge and awareness for Santri and other stakeholders.The research was conducted at Pondok Pesantren As Salafy Al Asror in Semarang.This Islamic boarding school is in the environment of universitas Negeri Semarang which is known as a conservation university.This means that the value of conservation and nature preservation should also have an impact on the environment around campuses such as Islamic boarding schools.Many students become Santri at Pondok Pesantren As Salafy Al Asror.
Quantitative data was collected through the questionnaire method and qualitative data was collected through interviews and documentation.The informants in this study were Kiai, Santri, Asatidz boards, and other stakeholders.The questionnaire regarding environmental knowledge and awareness was developed based on the opinions of previous researchers who measured environmental knowledge and environmental awareness [15].Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively, and qualitative data were analyzed by using an interactive analysis model.

Result and Dicsussion
The research was conducted in April-May 2023 with respondents from Santri, Ustadz, and Pondok Pesantren caretakers.Instruments were distributed to Santri first to determine the level of environmental knowledge and awareness.The questionnaire was developed by previous researchers with 5 Likert scales.Environmental knowledge consists of 11 statement items and environmental awareness consists of 5 statement items.There were 58 Santri who filled out the questionnaire which was distributed manually.It consisted of 8 Santri from university (14%) and 50 Santri from Madrasah Aliyah (Senior High School) and SMK (Vocational High School).Interviews were then conducted with Ustadz and caretakers to explore the efforts that had been made to create a green-pesantren.The research results are described in the following description.
Table 1 shows the environmental knowledge of Santri at Pondok Pesantren As Salafy Al Asror, Semarang.The average score of Santri's environmental knowledge was 3.63 and can be said to be quite good.There were two statement items that showed students' environmental knowledge is included in the low category.Santri argued that most of the ozone is found in the troposphere.In fact, ozone in the troposphere is only 10%.Most of the ozone (90%) is found in the stratosphere which is at an altitude of 35 -45 km above the earth's surface.Knowledge about acid rain was also relatively low, the score was only 3.05.Acid rain did not only occur in industrial areas, but in other areas.Acid rain is caused by sulfur, which is an impurity in fossil fuels and nitrogen in the air which reacts with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.The environmental knowledge of Santri who received the highest score was regarding coal which is a non-renewable resource.This means that most of Santri really understood that the use of coal must get attention to find alternative solutions.Knowledge of the main sources of river pollution was also good.Santri knew that the disposal of wastewater could cause river pollution.Therefore, wastewater management should be improved so as not to contribute to river pollution.In the boarding school environment, there are several small rivers that lead to larger rivers.

Table 1. Environmental Knowledge of Santri at Pondok Pesantren As Salafy Al Asror Semarang
No. Environmental Knowledge Items Average Score 1.
Sulphur hexafluoride is the main cause of ozone depletion.

2.
Coral reefs and rainforests are places with rich biodiversity.

3.
Burning plastic waste is the most effective way to control white pollution. 3.78

4.
Most of the ozone in the atmosphere is found in the troposphere.2.67 5.
Sandstorms can cause air pollution and damage the soil.
Disposal of domestic wastewater is the main source of river pollution.4.10 7.
Carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor are considered greenhouse gases. 3.41

8.
Oil is considered as one of the main pollutants of the oceans.3.90 9.
Acid rain only occurs in industrial areas.
The main characteristic of white pollution is that it does not decompose. 3.41

11.
Coal is a non-renewable resource.

4.29
The average score of environmental knowledge

3.63
Table 2 shows Santri's environmental awareness at Pondok pesantren As Salafy Al Asror, Semarang.Santri had good environmental awareness as indicated by an average score of 4.08.Santri strongly supported the activities of the environmental care movement and nature conservation.Santri also had awareness to support the use of recycled waste.This good environmental awareness must be maintained so that it will be formed in the actions and behavior of Santri.This means that Santri already had the awareness to contribute to the creation of green pesantren.Efforts made by the management of Pondok Pesantren will be more supported by Santri.

3.88
The average score of environmental awareness 4.08 Table 3 shows the efforts that had been made by the management of Pondok Pesantren As Salafy Al Asror in Semarang in improving knowledge and environmental awareness of Santri and other stakeholders.The idea of green pesantren had not yet become the focus of development, but efforts had been made to make it happen.In terms of waste management, Pondok Pesantren provided waste bins and temporary shelters before being transported to the final disposal site.In utilizing clean water, Pondok Pesantren had installed artesian wells to provide adequate clean water.Santri could use it for daily needs with the guarantee of healthy and clean water.The environment of Pondok Pesantren was quite green with open land and shady trees around it.Efforts regarding healthy and clean-living education continued to be carried out.The impression that Pondok Pesantren were slum areas was a serious concern.Caregivers tried to instill a clean and healthy life by conducting various education.Routine activities from the health center were also being carried out so that Santri understood healthy and clean living.Examinations were also carried out incidentally by health workers.Efforts that had been made so far in creating a healthy and clean environment were still not optimal, let alone creating the idea of a green pesantren.The things that were lacking in Pondok Pesantren As Salafy Al Asror included waste management and clean living habits had not been maximized by Santri.Male Santri were still considered unable to maintain the cleanliness of the rooms and the environment of Pondok Pesantren.Waste processing was quite improved with the existence of temporary shelters.The habit of throwing waste anywhere was still common.Waste burning was also often carried out.In addition, there had been no specific effort to process waste into recycling that had more economic value.Community service activities from UNNES had been carried out but the follow-up had not been maximal.Utilization of alternative sources of electrical energy had also not become more of a concern for Pondok Pesantren caretakers.Provision of solar panels was still considered very expensive and not useful for now.

Conclusion
The results of the study showed that Santri had good environmental knowledge.Only a few items of environmental knowledge were poorly understood by Santri, namely regarding ozone and acid rain.Santri also had good environmental awareness.Santri will support efforts to create green-pesantren.The results of other studies revealed that Pondok Pesantren had made various efforts to instill and improve Santri's environmental knowledge and awareness.Efforts that had been made included education and socialization for clean and healthy behavior.Pondok Pesantren As Salafy Al Asror had endeavored to create conditions for an environmentally friendly Pesantren.Waste management was carried out by providing temporary storage land to then be transported to the final waste disposal site.Arrangement of drainage from domestic waste had also been done quite well.Utilization of clean water for the necessities of life of Santri in Pondok Pesantren was also well available.Things that had been lacking in efforts to create green-pesantren included the availability of infiltration wells, alternative energy sources, and more optimal waste management before being transported to landfills.

Table 3 .
Efforts made in the context of creating green pesantren at Pondok Pesantren As Salafy Al Asror