Enhancing Soybean Eco-Farming Sustainability Through On-Farm, Off-Farm Sub-System, and Value Chain Integration

Soybean is a highly demanded agricultural product. However, it is miserable that national soybean production has yet to meet the high demand, resulting in the high value of soybean imports. In addition, Indonesia’s soybean productivity is relatively low compared to the productivity of other soybean centers worldwide. This study aims to examine the condition and sustainability of soybean farming as a whole, namely from the on-farm and off-farm side, as well as the trading system, which then provides technical input to increase the productivity of soybean farming through synergy between sub-systems. Sustainable agriculture is also essential to ensure that farming can be self-sufficient. Therefore, research and development of the agricultural sector are essential, considering that agricultural commodities are not only consumer goods but are also closely related to the problem of food security. This quantitative research uses Analytic Network Process (ANP) analysis and descriptive statistics.


Introduction
The agricultural sector is Indonesia's leading economic development sector [1].Apart from supporting food providers, this sector can also become a source of foreign exchange for the country through export activities of agricultural products.This is reinforced by the fact that the livelihood of most of Indonesia's population is farmers, making this sector the primary sector driving the economy in Indonesia [2]- [4].Therefore the development of the agricultural sector is critical, considering that agricultural commodities are not only consumer goods but are also related to food security issues [5].
Soybean is an agricultural product in high demand [6].However, it is miserable that despite the high demand for soybeans, national soybean production has not been able to meet the high demand, resulting in the high value of soybean imports.This is ironic because a fertile and vast agricultural country like Indonesia cannot be self-sufficient in the domestic soybean map.It was coupled with the era of free trade, which allowed imported commodities to enter Indonesia freely.Soybean cannot be separated from imported commodities suspended by the domestic market.
Sustainability means remaining productive while sustaining a resource base in the agricultural environment.Agriculture is considered sustainable if it is ecologically stable and can be sustained 1248 (2023) 012001 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1248/1/012001 2 economically, fairly, humanely, and flexibly.Sustainability can be defined as maintaining the effort and ability to survive while preventing degeneration [7].The sustainability of soybean farming occurs if domestic production can fulfill domestic needs and has a good ability to export.
Although soybean farming has a promising future, its business is highly dependent on nature, leading agricultural commodity prices to fluctuate over time, threatening farming sustainability [8].The amount of agricultural productivity and its stability and growth, even while internal and external environmental conditions vary, is one indicator of farming sustainability.Farming productivity refers to the quantity of output obtained per unit of land area.Input and output pricing have a significant impact on stability [9].Farmers' revenue from farming activities is highly erratic due to high price swings.Commodity price swings were primarily caused by a mismatch between supply and customer demand [10].Economically, an increase in supply lowers the price, whereas a decrease in supply raises the item's price [11].

TABLE 1. Indonesian IDR and SSR Value for 2015-2019
Source: Center for Agricultural Data and Information (2020), processed In the last five years, from 2015 to 2019, Indonesia's exports and imports of soybeans continued to show deficit growth, with an average of 6.74%, or 6.85 million tons.Referring to the values in Table 1, the Import Dependency Ratio (IDR) is 78.44%, which means that Indonesia's dependence on soybean imports is 78.44%, and it continues to show an increasing trend from year to year.Meanwhile, the Self Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) value is 21.61% per year, which means that Indonesia can only meet 21.61% of the total soybean demand.
In addition, Indonesia's soybean productivity is relatively low compared to the productivity of other soybean centers worldwide.As a result of low productivity, the demand for domestically produced soybeans will be challenging to meet.Based on data from the Central Bureau of Statistics, Indonesia's soybean productivity from 2015 to 2019 has decreased significantly.Soybean production 2015 was 963.18 thousand tons; the following year, it decreased to 859.65 thousand tons, and in 2017 it fell again to 538.73 thousand tons.In 2018 production rose 20.65% to 650.00 thousand tons, but a year later, it fell again by 34.74% or 424.19 thousand tons.On average, in the last five years, national soybean production has grown negatively by 15.54 percent per year.As demand increases, efforts to achieve soybean self-sufficiency are increasingly far from expectations [12].This is the reason why the sustainability of soya farming must be considered.
In 2019, Grobogan Regency was the main area as the largest soybean producer in Central Java after Cilacap and Demak, with a total production of 1,396 tons and a harvested area of 7,495 ha, making Grobogan Regency occupied the first position both in production level and harvested area.However, it is miserable that with the harvested area and high production volume, the productivity level of the Grobogan Regency still needs to be higher.The productivity level of the Grobogan Regency is 18.63 ku/ha, still lower than that of the Demak Regency, which is 18.79 ku/ha, even further when compared to Brebes Regency has a productivity level of 22 ku/ha.It is even more ironic that several other regions, Desc.

Years
Average which incidentally are not soybean centers, also have a productivity level that exceeds that of the Grobogan Regency.In addition, it is also known that the trade channel for soybean farming in the Grobogan area is quite long, involving many supply chains [13].Solution farming in Grobogan is still technically, in price, and economically inefficient.That is, farmers have yet to be able to optimize inputs to get maximum output [14].This inefficiency arises because farmers are considered to use too many factors of production.Besides destroying nature, excessive use of production factors can also increase production costs, but not optimally.
Apart from production factors, efforts to improve and develop productivity must be carried out in the agribusiness system [15].Trade administration is an aspect that needs attention in efforts to improve and grow agribusiness solutions [16].The trading system or product distribution channel can extend the termination point of goods or services from the producer to the final consumer level.According to [13], the trading system for farming in the Grobogan area involves many supply chains, with the main problems related to prices that fluctuate rapidly, weak monitoring of circulating prices, and the absence of consistent price guarantees in the market.The lack of certainty/consistency and the fast-changing situation of Sosofi prices make Sosofi farmers in the Grobogan area feel confused about cultivating soybeans, which will impact productivity levels.
Based on research conducted by [17], [18], and [19], land expansion and the use of fertilizers in the agro-input sub-system have a positive effect on soybean productivity and have implications for the ability to meet domestic soybean needs.Research in Ciamis Regency also explained that to increase the productivity of soybean farming, education and the ability of farmers to apply introduction technology to soybean farming are needed so that farmers can use production factors efficiently [20].However, research currently needs to focus on increasing productivity and maintaining the sustainability of agricultural settlements on the on-farm and off-farm side using the Analysis Network Process (ANP) approach.Therefore, this study aims to fill the appeal of literature with a locus approach and analytical methods.

Methods
This research is mixed research, which uses two methods, namely qualitative and quantitative.The quantitative analysis uses a narrative, exploratory approach, while the qualitative analysis uses the Analysis Network Process (ANP).This research is planned to be carried out in Grobogan Regency.This location was chosen considering the high soybean production in Grobogan in recent years, which has earned it the nickname of the national soybean barn.However, in reality, productivity in Grobogan Regency is still low compared to other districts.This interested the researchers, and they chose the Grobogan district as a research location.
The sample in this study was soybean farmers spread across the leading soybean-producing districts in Central Java.Sampling will be used by key persons whose number will be determined based on the results of the initial FGD analysis to determine criteria and alternatives.The informants in this study were representatives of soybean farming actors from the upstream to downstream sub-systems in each district, which was the locus of research.In addition, informants in this study also include related parties such as local governments, academics, and soybean importers.The condition for valid respondents in ANP is that they are masters or experts in their fields.
With the Analytic Network Process (ANP), research can be carried out in three steps.First, conduct in-depth interviews with resource persons to understand the problem entirely.Second, the results of the first stage were used to create the required questionnaire for collecting data from the respondents.Third, ANP analysis analyzes problems, solutions, and strategies for increasing soybean productivity.Government policy 0,25302 Inconsistency value 0,069 Source: Processed Data With an inconsistency value of 0.069, four elements are prioritized to increase production and play a role in maintaining the sustainability of soybean in Grobogan Regency.The four elements include agro-input, Cultivation, government policies, and post-harvest.From the analysis results, increasing soybean production in Grobogan Regency can be done by increasing agro-input.This is because the agro-input element is more prioritized to increase soybean production in Grobogan Regency based on the results of the ANP analysis below.Agroinput has a value of 0.29937, meaning it has a higher priority scale than other elements.While Cultivation has a value of 0.20869, Government Policy has a value of 0.25302, and Commerce has a value of 0.23892.

TABLE 3. Priorities for Increasing Soybean Production in Grobogan Regency in the Agroinput
Sub-Element Sub-Element value A1 0,57143 A2 0,28571 A3 0,14286 inconsistency value 0,000 Source: Processed Data In the Agroinput Sub-Element, the priority for increasing soybean production in Grobogan Regency can be done by: (A1) Using new high-yielding varieties with medium, large, early maturing seeds, efficiency in nutrient use, and having high N fixation ability; (A2) Providing indirect subsidies for fertilizer, alsintan; and (A3) Crossing of lines to obtain new superior variety candidates.With an inconsistency value of 0%, new high-yielding varieties with medium, large, early maturing seeds, efficiency in nutrient use, and high N fixation ability (0.57143) are a priority alternative for increasing soybean production in Grobogan District.Indirect subsidies for fertilizers, agricultural machinery, and crossing lines are provided to obtain candidates for new superior varieties.The values of these two choices are 0.28571 and 0.14286, respectively.Research [16] shows that product quality is essential for maintaining competitiveness.Product quality is a very significant factor in establishing competition in the market.Product quality provides a competitive advantage that other competitors do not have, and this can be an advantage in competing with similar products [21].In the cultivation sub-element, the priority for increasing soybean production in Grobogan Regency can be done by: (B1) the application of straw mulch and liquid fertilizer; (B2) determining the recommended dose of fertilizer for a specific location; and (B3) pest control using the IPM approach; (B4) modification of the seeding system to increase planting density (high density); (B5) application of location-specific production technology.With an inconsistency value of 0.099, the alternative priority that soybean farmers can choose in Grobogan Regency for increasing soybean production in Grobogan Regency in the cultivation sub-element is (B4) modification of the seeding system to increase planting density (high density).Option B4 has the highest ANP value of 0.33337.As for the choice of straw mulch and liquid fertilizer application, determining recommended fertilizer doses for specific locations, pest control with the IPM approach, and applying location-specific production technologies are not a priority for increasing soybean production in Grobogan Regency.These two options have a low values, namely 0.04807; 0.15297; 0.26990; and 0.19569.In the trading system element with an inconsistency value of 0%, there are two choices, namely (C1) group sales to avoid ijon harvesting and trade system efficiency; (C2) use of threshers for harvesting and drying equipment (if the harvest is in the rainy season); and (C3) reduces yield loss by harvesting on time.However, the priority choice for increasing soybean production in Grobogan Regency regarding the trade system element is using threshers for harvesting and dryers (if harvesting is in the rainy season) with a value of 0.49339.The choice of a group sales trading system to avoid the bondage harvest and the trading system's efficiency and reduce yield losses by harvesting on time is not a priority choice because it has a low value of 0.31081 and 0.19580.Inconsistency value 0,03044 Source: Processed Data The government can establish policies to increase soybean production in Grobogan and Blora Regencies with several choices, including: (D1) providing marketing guarantees for local soybeans; (D2) protecting local soybeans through a price subsidy policy; (D3) in collaboration with the private sector, regional government, HKTI, Perhutani to increase the area for new plantings; and (D4) increasing education about soybeans.With an inconsistency value of 0.030, choices provide marketing for local soybeans to be a priority for increasing soybean production in Grobogan Regency.This is because choice D1 has the highest value among the other choices, equal to 0.36773.The ANP values D2, D3, and D4 have low values, namely 0.28188 percent each, 0.19997, and 0.15042.

Sub-Element of commerce
Marketing of agricultural commodities begins when farmers plan their production to meet market demand.To ensure the efficiency of the marketing system for agricultural commodities, two conditions must be met: (1) Delivery of agricultural products from producers to consumers must be carried out at the minimum possible cost; and (2) Fair distribution of remuneration must be made to all parties involved in the production and marketing of agricultural commodities, taking into account the contribution of each marketing agency that plays a role.Fair, in this case, means that the distribution of remuneration must be under the marketing functions carried out by each marketing agency [22].The intervention model in soybean marketing needs to align with free market rules to increase production and marketing efficiency.

Priority for Increasing Soybean Production Per Sub-Element Total
Several priority choices exist if all sub-elements are totaled, as shown in the picture below.There are three priority options to increase soybean production.These three options include the use of new high-yielding varieties with medium, large, early maturing seeds, efficiency in nutrient use, and having high N fixation ability (A1), assistance to farmers to boost productivity (distribution of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides/area planting (B4); (C2) use of threshing equipment for harvesting and drying equipment (if the harvest is in the rainy season); and (D1) providing marketing guarantees for local soybeans with respective values of 0.57143; 0.49339; and 0.36773.

FIGURE 1 Priorities for Increasing Soybean Production in Grobogan Total District
Source: Data processed As a source of carbohydrates and animal protein, soybean has good nutritional value, resulting in high interest in soybean consumption in Indonesia [23], [24].On the other hand, domestic soybean production cannot meet this demand [25].The gap between demand and domestic soybean production is overcome by importing soybeans which tend to continue to increase, even reaching two-thirds of the total national soybean supply, resulting in increased dependence on imported [26], [27].Therefore, it is necessary to increase domestic soybean production sustainably [28].The low domestic soybean production is partly due to the low average productivity at the farm level, which only reaches 1.3 tonnes/ha [29].
Efforts to increase domestic soybean production can be pursued by regulating the elements that become its influence, such as agro-input, cultivation, trade system, and government policies.The use of new high-yielding varieties with medium, large, early maturing seeds, efficiency in nutrient use, and high N fixation ability (0.57143) is a priority alternative for increasing soybean production in Grobogan Regency for agro-input elements.This is intended to increase the potential yield of plant genetics.Increasing the potential of plant genetic yields can be implemented by crossing lines to obtain new superior varieties with potential seed yields of more than 3.0 t/ha.The yield potential of soybean varieties obtained so far is not too high, which is still in the range of 1.5-2.5 t/ha, so when planted in the field with varying levels of maintenance and added to the presence of various biotic and abiotic stresses, the seed yield potential achieved is only 50% of the actual potential, namely 0.75-1.25 t/ha.The genetic yield potential of soybean plants in Grobogan Regency can theoretically reach 3.5 t/ha when calculated from soybean plants' dry matter production and sunlight intensity [30].
One of the efforts is to achieve this potential productivity through an ideal plant-type approach suitable for each soybean plant agroecology.This ideal crop-type approach has been successfully applied to rice and maize.The ideal type of soybean phenotype was characterized by (1) plant height >100 cm; (2) having a solid main stem so that it can withstand overturning; (3) capable of producing >100 pods with two or more seeds, especially on the main stem and not/slightly branched; (4) large seeds (14-15 g/100 seeds) and yellow; (5) determinate growth type; and (6) 90-110 days of maturity.For the advantages of plant physiological characteristics, [31] suggested that superior soybean varieties have a high yield index value (> 50%).This result aligns with [32], who suggested that a strategy to increase productivity should be implemented by establishing new varieties with early maturation, nutrient efficiency, and high N fixation abilities.
The observations on farmers' fields by [33] showed that the number of plants harvested per hectare was only around 100-200 thousand, so the productivity achieved was varied and low.The use of an ideal type of soybean varieties with sturdy stems and no/slightly branched phenotypes aims to increase the recommended optimal plant population of 400-500 thousand plants per hectare to 600 thousand plants so that at harvest time, 300-400 thousand plants can be met and productivity 3.5 -4.0 t/ha will be reached.The seed quality is still a severe problem for farmers, so the optimal number of plant populations can only sometimes be met.The previous season's harvest seeds are often used for the next planting.Efforts to improve the seed system to obtain high-quality seeds at the farm level still need to be encouraged, either through fostering farmer groups or developing private seed breeders.
Threshing equipment for harvesting and drying equipment (if harvesting is in the rainy season) is the priority choice for increasing soybean production in Grobogan Regency, with a value of 0.49339.Harvesting for seed production should be done when the seeds are physiologically ripe because, at this time, the seeds have maximum quality.However, during physiological ripening, the moisture content of the seeds is still relatively high, which can lead to various vulnerabilities; for example, the seeds become easily damaged and more susceptible to pests and diseases.In addition, with the high moisture content in soybean seeds, the respiration rate of soybean stover is still high.This happens to stover soybeans that are stored in stacked conditions.The water vapor produced by the respiration process can increase the humidity of the pile of stover soybeans, thereby encouraging mold growth characterized by discoloration of the seeds (dull).The heat (calories) generated will increase the temperature of the pile of stover soybeans, causing the metabolic processes (biochemistry) in the soybean seeds to run fast.As a result, the seeds produced are damaged, so the quality of the seeds becomes low.Efforts to reduce the respiration rate of soybean seeds can be made by preventing the activity of enzymes in soybeans through drying.
Drying is the process of reducing the water content in the seed through the evaporation of moisture from the inside to the surface of the seed so that a gradient of water vapor occurs, which causes the moisture from inside to move toward the surface of the seed.The evaporation process will occur if the humidity in the room is lower.This process will balance the seed's moisture content and the humidity of the environment [34].Stove soybean drying is carried out to reduce the moisture content of the soybean seeds to 17-20% to facilitate the seeding process.The next stage is drying the seeds, which aims to reduce the moisture content of the soybean seeds to a level that is safe for storage to maintain the viability of the seeds, especially those in areas of high temperature and humidity.
The process of drying the seeds is a way of reducing the moisture content of the seeds, which can determine the quality of the seeds during the conservation (storage) period; the lower the moisture content of the seeds, the longer the shelf life will be [34], [35].The results showed that at a storage temperature of 10℃, soybeans with an initial seed moisture content of 10% had viability for up to 10 years; however, when the initial storage moisture content was 22%, the viability of soybean seeds decreased since the second year (Figure 2).
High seed moisture content (> 11% wb) during storage can have several consequences, namely: (1) shortening the storability (shelf life) of seeds, (2) reduce the percentage of seed viability, (3) increase the respiration rate of seeds in storage, (4) cause heating, namely an increase in temperature, both from energy produced in the respiration process and due to bacterial activity, (5) increase growth activity and development of fungi, and (6) seeds become media and food sources for warehouse pests.
Conversely, suppose the moisture content of the seed is too low (3-5%).In that case, it can have several consequences, including (1) reducing the rate of seed germination, (2) causing the seed to become dormant, (3) causing the seed to become rigid (hard seed), so when germinated the seeds cannot imbibition, and (4) cause embryo death.Therefore, drying the seeds must be carried out by paying attention to the water content before drying [36].
Meeting the demand for soybeans in Indonesia is still highly dependent on imports.In response, government intervention is needed to guarantee the local soya market.These interventions can be carried out with price protection and the imposition of import tariffs [37].Governments use pricing policies to change the value of outputs or the costs of inputs in agricultural systems, intending to influence private profitability.Therefore, evaluating whether farmers are getting a reasonable profit from the market price is essential [38].Government policies are focused on encouraging structural changes that enable local agriculture to grow and generate sufficient income, provide social benefits, and increase the agricultural sector's competitiveness [39].

Conclusion
Based on the research that has been done, the priority options for increasing soybean production include A1 or the use of new high-yielding varieties with medium, large, early-growing seeds, efficiency in nutrient use, and high N fixation ability; B4, namely assistance to farmers to boost productivity (distribution of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides/planting area); C2 or use of threshing equipment for harvesting and drying equipment (if the harvest is in the rainy season); and D1, namely providing marketing guarantees for domestic soybeans.
Based on the conclusions of the research above, increasing the productivity of soybean farming in Grobogan Regency can be done by increasing the agro-input by using new high-yielding varieties with medium, large, early maturing seeds, efficiency in nutrient use, and having high N fixation ability, modifying the seeding system.to increase planting density (high density), using threshers for harvesting and drying equipment (if harvesting is in the rainy season), and the government providing marketing guarantees for local soybeans is a priority for increasing soybean production in Grobogan Regency.These are expected to contribute to the sustainability of soybean farming in Indonesia, reduce import dependency, and increase the Self Sufficiency Ratio (SSR) in Indonesia.

TABLE 2 .
Priorities for Increasing Soybean Production in Grobogan Regency and Synchronizing Per Element

2 Sub-Elements of CultivationTABLE 4 . Priorities for Increasing Soybean Production in Grobogan Regency on Cultivation Elements
5 3.

4 Sub-Element of Government PolicyTABLE 6 . Priorities for Increasing Soybean Production in Grobogan Regency in Elements of Government Policy
6 3.