Cianjur Earthquake- Roles of Social Media and the Distribution of Sciences

A magnitude 5.2 earthquake hit Cianjur Regency, West Java, Indonesia on November 21, 2022, killing more than 300 people, leaving many more missing, and damaging more than 60,000 houses which caused thousands of people to be displaced from their homes. Significant seismic activity was recognized in 1699, 1834, 1879, and 1900 near Cianjur in West Java. The news quickly hit social media, with some responding in group chats, feeds, reels, and literature reviews shared via other social media claiming that the Cimandiri Fault had caused the event. Moreover, discussions were featured in webinars and on national television. However, this information was based solely on limited information and prior knowledge of the area without further analysis of the actual data. New satellite data was uploaded via social media a few days later. This update soon reduced online discussion about the Cimandiri Fault. There was further evidence of a previously buried fault between the Cimandiri Fault and the Gede Pangrango Range, 12 km north of the estimated location of the Cimandiri Fault. Our field observations indicate that this fault caused most of the rupture in this region. Socially, the earthquake event also caused immediate problems in the local community. There have been incidents of earthquake survivors, donors, and people taking advantage of the situation. Blockades were everywhere, and those claiming to be survivors demanded that oncoming donation fleets be stopped, and all donations abandoned. These incidents have hampered efforts to distribute aid to the most remote areas. As a result, survivors who had taken refuge far from major logistical lines were left stranded. Heartless selfies and video content created in the face of grieving communities are everywhere and create a rift between survivors and donors. The recent Cianjur earthquake has taught us how important it is to understand the geological phenomena behind our homes and the effect of information and misinformation via social media. While social media serves as a valuable tool for rapid information dissemination during disasters, verifying information from reliable sources and encouraging responsible usage of social media platforms is essential. Effective filtering of information becomes pivotal to combat misinformation in developing more resilient communities, safeguarding lives, and minimising the impact of the disaster.

New satellite data was uploaded via social media a few days later.This update soon reduced online discussion about the Cimandiri Fault.There was further evidence of a previously buried fault between the Cimandiri Fault and the Gede Pangrango Range, 12 km north of the estimated location of the Cimandiri Fault.Our field observations indicate that this fault caused most of the rupture in this region.
Socially, the earthquake event also caused immediate problems in the local community.There have been incidents of earthquake survivors, donors, and people taking advantage of the situation.Blockades were everywhere, and those claiming to be survivors demanded that oncoming donation fleets be stopped, and all donations abandoned.These incidents have hampered efforts to distribute aid to the most remote areas.As a result, survivors who had taken refuge far from major logistical lines were left stranded.Heartless selfies and video content created in the face of grieving communities are everywhere and create a rift between survivors and donors.
The recent Cianjur earthquake has taught us how important it is to understand the geological phenomena behind our homes and the effect of information and misinformation via social media.While social media serves as a valuable tool for rapid information dissemination during disasters, verifying information from reliable sources and encouraging responsible usage of social media platforms is essential.Effective filtering of information becomes pivotal to combat misinformation in developing more resilient communities, safeguarding lives, and minimising the impact of the disaster.Keywords: Cianjur Earthquake, Science Communications, Social Media

Introduction
Indonesia is a country located in Southeast Asia, comprising thousands of islands that are home to diverse cultures and languages.It is also a country that is prone to natural disasters, including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis.On November 21, 2022, a magnitude 5.2 earthquake hit Cianjur Regency, West Java, Indonesia (Figure 1), causing significant damage and loss of life.
Figure 1.The location of Cianjur Earthquake epicentre (BMKG) After the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the 2018 Lombok earthquakes, and the 2018 Palu earthquake and tsunami, there were reports of aid distribution problems, accusations of corruption and favoritism, and confusion caused by government officials' statements.To address this issue, the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management (BNPB) has developed guidelines for communicating during disasters, emphasizing the importance of accurate and timely information, clear messaging, and a focus on the needs and concerns of affected communities [1].The BNPB has also established a network of communication centers across the country staffed by trained personnel to provide information and support to those affected by disasters.

Cianjur Earthquake 2022
Historically, Indonesia has been susceptible to earthquakes due to its location on the Pacific Ring of Fire, a region characterized by intense seismic and volcanic activity.In the late 17th century, earthquakes in the region began to be catalogued, including significant seismic activity recognized in 1699, 1834, 1879, and 1900 near Cianjur in West Java.Over time, scientists and geologists have continued to study the geological phenomena of the region to understand the cause and impact of earthquakes in the area.
On November 21, 2022, a magnitude 5.2 earthquake hit Cianjur Regency, West Java, Indonesia, killing more than 300 people, leaving many more missing, and damaging more than 60,000 houses.The earthquake's epicentre was about 12 km north of the estimated location of the Cimandiri Fault, a previously identified fault initially thought to have caused the quake.However, new satellite data was uploaded via social media a few days later, indicating a previously buried fault between the Cimandiri Fault and the Gede Pangrango Range.Field observations suggest that this fault caused most of the rupture in the region.The discovery of the previously buried fault highlights the importance of continually monitoring geological activity in seismically active regions.With the advent of new technologies, such as satellite data, we can gather more accurate data and make more informed decisions about the potential risks posed by geological phenomena.
The immediate aftermath of the Cianjur earthquake was marred by incidents of earthquake survivors, donors, and people taking advantage of the situation, causing blockades and hampering aid 3 distribution to the most remote areas [2].Having failed and knowing they were being recorded, they forced the fleet to turn back, and people in the most remote area were left stranded for days, preventing others from accessing essential supplies.There were traffic jams everywhere as everyone wanted to make their donations.Additionally, people posted so much content on social media very quickly, including heartless selfies and video content created in the face of grieving communities (Figure 2).The lack of trust between survivors and donors led to a rift between the two groups, and social media played a significant role in exacerbating this division.Even after the government set up a disaster relief base, the problem continued.Logistics were in excess, but they needed to reach the most remote communities.

Buried faults, surface deformation and relocated homes
After the news spread, several analyses claimed that the Cimandiri fault must have caused the quake.However, the epicenter was about 12 km north of the estimated location of the Cimandiri Fault.There was a need to reassess the position of the fault that caused the earthquake since it is a significant distance from the Cimandiri Fault.Before more analyses were carried out, the news had already hit social media, with some responding in group chats, feeds, reels, and literature reviews shared via other social media.Moreover, others were featured in webinars and on national television.However, this information was based solely on limited information and prior knowledge of the area without further analysis of the actual data [3].This is consistent with the cognitive needs of communities when such as information seeking, the will to get timely and unfiltered information and to estimate disaster magnitude [4].
New satellite data was uploaded via social media a few days later.This update soon reduced online discussion about the Cimandiri Fault.There was further evidence of a previously buried fault between the Cimandiri Fault and the Gede Pangrango Mountain [5].Our field observations (Figure 3) indicate that this previously unknown fault may have caused the most surface deformation in the area.New observations from the heavily affected area suggest that most damages resulted from movements on uncompacted sediments sitting on the inclined topography of the mountain foothill triggered by the earthquake.Evidence of surface ruptures is limited in certain areas and does not manifest in significant surface deformation aside from mass movements.However, reports published online were based on limited observation stating that an 8-km-long active fault, namely Cugenang Fault, cross-cut the area.This has sparked more discussion as 1.800 homes and their inhabitants were suggested to be relocated [6] (Figure 4).Some other scientists from different institutions suggest that it is too early to determine which fault is responsible for earthquake since there was only limited evidence that suggests surface deformation [7].
Figure 4. Maps and information in electronic and social media published one after the other with conflicting different interpretations.Information from Google Trends (lower right) shows sparks of interest and conversation triggered at the event of the earthquake and on 8/12/22 when the Cugenang Fault was introduced.

Science Communication and Distribution via Social Media
In each of these cases, effective communication and coordination between survivors and aid organisations could have helped to prevent or mitigate tensions and conflicts.Aid organisations must involve local communities in the distribution of aid and ensure that resources are distributed fairly and transparently.This can help to build trust and reduce tension between survivors and donors, ultimately improving the overall response to disasters.It is important to note that effective communication and coordination can be critical in ensuring that aid reaches those who need it most.In the aftermath of a disaster, there is often chaos and confusion, making it difficult for aid organisations to distribute resources fairly and equitably.
Science communication can play a role in addressing these challenges by providing accurate and timely information to survivors and aid organisations about the nature and extent of the disaster, as well as the specific needs of affected communities.This helps prevent misunderstandings and ensures that resources are distributed in a way that is responsive to the needs of survivors.Collaboration of all parties connected by the disaster event should come above all.Scientific communities, governments, NGOs, and volunteers need to put aside their sectoral egos and work together to build comprehensive, elaborate, and testable public information that holds a strong scientific prowess and social sensitivity.Effective aid distribution also relies on clear communication and coordination among all parties, including local communities.This requires a deep understanding of the local context, including the specific needs and vulnerabilities of different communities and the logistical challenges involved in delivering aid to remote or hard-to-reach areas.Scientific discussion often shows differences, and that is normal.However, when it comes to public policy, there must be some form of unity in information and the action plan synchronising resources from all parties.
By leveraging scientific knowledge and expertise, all parties can develop more effective strategies for distributing aid, such as using data and mapping tools to identify areas of greatest need and developing innovative technologies for delivering aid to remote or inaccessible areas.Unnecessary traffic can be avoided and helps can reach target in time.It is also important to involve local communities in the distribution of aid and to ensure that resources are distributed fairly and transparently.This requires ongoing engagement and dialogue with survivors, their families, community leaders, and other stakeholders.Effective science communication and aid distribution are critical components of a comprehensive disaster response strategy.By working together and leveraging the latest tools and technologies, we can improve the response to disasters and help communities become more resilient in the face of future challenges.
To measure community resilience by looking at how it communicates during hazard event, A multifaceted approach is necessary to promote community resilience and preparedness [8].First, educating the communities on how to prepare for and respond to natural disasters is essential.Disaster training and education should be widely implemented in communities to make them more resilient.It should include accurate information on the types of natural disasters that may occur in the area, how to prepare for them, and what to do in an emergency.Such training can be delivered through community workshops, public education campaigns, and school programs.
Second, a concerted effort should be made to build more resilient infrastructure in seismically active regions that would benefit from better disaster response plans.It should consider the needs of the community's most vulnerable members, such as the elderly, disabled, and low-income individuals.The plans should also be designed to be flexible and adaptable to changing circumstances.It includes having IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1245/1/0120166 a clear chain of command, identifying roles and responsibilities, and establishing communication channels between agencies and organizations involved in the response effort.
Third, targeting the right audience seems to be a good starting strategy.When compared to the individual, psychological, or mass, societal levels, communities are rarely seen as the ideal level at which to focus science communication efforts.However, evidence from other fields suggests that developing interpersonal relationships with specific communities over time is essential for meaningful engagement, therefore orienting science communication toward communities is warranted [9].
In addition to these measures, effective science communication is crucial for promoting community resilience.Scientists and researchers should work closely with government agencies and NGOs to communicate their findings in a way that is accessible and understandable to the general public.It includes using plain language, visual aids, and other tools to help people understand the risks associated with natural disasters and what they can do to prepare for them.By promoting science literacy and public understanding of natural hazards, communities can become better equipped to respond to disasters and more resilient in the face of future challenges.This is aligned with the priorities that need to be addressed as identified in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Agreement.Understanding Disaster Risk Analysing, collecting, and managing disaster data (post-disaster and potential losses and probabilities) is essential for achieving a comprehensive understanding of disasters.Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk in recognition of the need to manage disaster risks and respond from a holistic perspective, all parties need to contribute to the establishment of a robust mechanism for disaster risk management, supported by a comprehensive policy framework.Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience and robust funding mechanisms for all disaster and climate risk reduction activities is elemental for facilitating development as envisaged in any given policy in order to arrive in enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response to "Build Back Better" in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction (Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia; Status Report 2020; [10].
Social media certainly holds important roles in creating the environment of a resilient community.Its ability to convey messages rapidly allows social media to become the main source of information in real-time.However, lack of accuracy can be its Achilles heels, as unfiltered news can lead to further chaos.In social media, information is the currency.Everyone can be the source of information as social media enables individuals to become citizen journalists who can share photographs, videos, and eyewitness accounts from areas where no formal media have information from or where access was limited.This can give a broader perspective and a more realistic situation on the ground so the first responders and volunteers can act based on priority.On the other hand, people who were affected by the disaster can also use social media to ask for support and assistance.However, there were incidents where people allegedly used social media to track for donation fleet, intercept the routes by setting up blockades, and subsequently cut off the donation line [2].This shows the improper use of social media.
Following the disaster event, the roles of social media is even greater.Generating situational awareness on the ground to identify areas of concern, assess the magnitude of events, and monitor the dynamics of the community are the most important roles of social media as they will give valuable insight into the needs of the community and people can react accordingly.Often after a disaster occurs, information is everywhere and tends to spiral out of control.It is difficult to determine whether the information is real and scientific, or bogus and click-baited.Users can filter the information by double-checking the facts or at least trying to find official information released by the official institution.Governmental institutions can use social media to promote accurate, updated, official information to minimize and, whenever possible, dispel the rumors.This can alleviate further anxiety and fear in the community and will certainly help the rebuilding process where social media will be a reliable source for information in mobilizing resources, volunteering opportunities, and fostering a sense of solidarity.

Conclusions
In conclusion, the recent earthquake event serves as a stark reminder of the importance of understanding geological phenomena and implementing effective strategies to build resilient communities.Communication plays a vital role in disaster situations, as it can either foster trust or create tension between survivors and aid organizations.It is crucial to prioritize education and disaster training programs to enhance community preparedness and response capabilities.
The incidents of hoarding and blockades witnessed during the aftermath of the earthquake underscore the need for improved disaster preparedness and education.Governments, supported by all parties involved, must prioritise educating communities on how to effectively prepare for and respond to natural disasters.Low-tech solutions, such as disaster training and education initiatives, can play a significant role in equipping communities with the necessary knowledge and skills to mitigate the impact of future catastrophes.
Accurate scientific information is paramount for effective communication during disaster management [11].Disasters have profound consequences on people's lives, health, and well-being, making reliable and up-to-date scientific information crucial for informed decision-making.By relying on credible sources and ensuring clear and timely communication, we can dispel misinformation and rumours that can lead to panic and further harm.
While social media serves as a valuable tool for rapid information dissemination during disasters, caution must be exercised due to the potential for misinformation.It is essential to verify information from reliable sources and encourage responsible usage of social media platforms.Effective filtering of information becomes crucial to combat misinformation and maintain clarity.Official institutions can leverage social media to provide accurate updates that can help alleviate anxiety and support the rebuilding process effectively and efficiently.
By harnessing the power of social media responsibly, we can foster solidarity and resilience within communities affected by disasters.By prioritising education, promoting accurate information, and leveraging technology responsibly, we can enhance our preparedness, response, and recovery efforts, ultimately building more resilient communities, safeguarding lives and minimising the impact of disaster.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Response from survivors to the social media content

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Field observation of surface deformation caused by mass movement (left), and potential ruptures (centre and right).