Using Material Flow Analysis (MFA) for Waste Management Planning in Batang Regency

The population of Batang Regency in 2021 reached 810,393 people, which has increased from the previous year. The increase in population results in an increase in the amount of waste generated in each region. However, Batang Regency only has Randukuning landfill as the only waste final processing site in this regency. The condition of the Randukuning landfill based on existing conditions during field surveys still uses the open dumping method with no massive reduction before the waste goes to the landfill. This condition is a separate consideration for planning waste management for good waste management in Batang Regency. In this waste management planning, the development of waste technology can also be used as a solution to how to manage waste effectively and efficiently. One way to determine the technology to be used is to use the Material Flow Analysis (MFA) method. This MFA method is a method that uses STAN software to determine the critical flow of the Batang Regency regional waste management system by paying attention to the results of the incoming input in the form of waste and the processes that occur so that later it will cause output how much and what or it can be said to know the scene in the field.


Introduction
Waste is the residue from activities humans carry out daily and natural processes that form solid [1].The forms of solid waste in question include activities from market activities, hotels, industries, households, restaurants, scrap metal used in motorized vehicles and fragments of used building materials.It can be concluded that waste is a national problem and needs comprehensive action to be able to handle its existence from upstream to downstream to be able to bring economic benefits, not harmful to the environment, change people's behaviour patterns, and provide sound health effects for all living things in the environment.Waste-related issues are a complex problem for almost all regions in Indonesia.This cannot be separated from one of the districts in Central Java Province, namely Batang Regency.The increasing amount of waste generation is due to the increase in population and changes in lifestyle that are increasingly consumptive [2].The increase in waste generation must be accompanied by ideal waste management techniques and methods to reduce the negative impact of waste itself.Management from upstream to downstream should apply a new paradigm and leave the old paradigm (collect-transport-dispose), which is very detrimental from an environmental perspective because it does not provide an ideal solution for waste reduction [3].Based on field surveys, it is known that the majority of Batang Regency communities still apply the old paradigm (collect-transport-dispose).Old paradigm activities make waste conditions accumulate in the landfill and have a negative impact that can be felt by the community directly.Therefore, it is needed to have an appropriate waste management plan in Batang Regency, Central Java Province.In previous research, namely research from Putri Susiloningtyas (2018) on Evaluation and Planning of Operational Technical Aspects of Waste Management in Bantul Regency only considered 5 aspects of waste management.Whereas in this study, in addition to considering 5 aspects of waste management, this study also uses the MFA method.In this waste management planning, the development of waste technology can also be used as a solution to how to manage waste effectively and efficiently.One way to determine the technology to be used is to use the Material Flow Analysis (MFA) method.This MFA method is a method that uses STAN software to determine the critical flow of the Batang Regency area waste management system by paying attention to the results of the incoming input in the form of waste and the processes that occur so that later it will cause output how much and what or it can be said to know the scene in the field [4].Material Flow Analysis (MFA) shows that a complete and consistent set of information can be seen in inventory and flow in a system.The balancing of inputs or outputs, environmental loads, and waste flows is done so that it becomes visible, where its use can be identified from the source of depletion or accumulation of material stock.The material stock is a way for early identification to determine a preventive measure or further promote future utilization and accumulation [5].

Methodology 2.1. Materials
Waste management in Batang Regency still applies the old paradigm, namely that waste management activity are still carried out with a conventional collection-transport-disposal system.The existing condition of waste management in Batang Regency is not optimal because three sub-districts still have yet to be served, namely Wonotunggal, Reban, and Pecalungan.The centre of attention of the environmental service government for waste management is limited to Batang District because it is the city centre of Batang Regency.All aspects of waste management in existing conditions have yet to be implemented optimally.The first aspect is the operational technique aspect which has several sub-systems.In the first sub-system, namely containerization, the existing condition of the community has not separated organic and inorganic waste.There is only one trash can in each house.The second sub-system is the collection.The Batang Regency Environmental Agency only has a collection fleet of 5 three-wheeled motorbikes and 114 garbage carts.This fleet is insufficient to serve waste throughout Batang Regency and is not running optimally, and is only available in Batang District.The third sub-system is removal, and a lot of waste is still collected on the side of the road.The fourth sub-system is transportation, there is no definite transportation route, and the collection needs to be done regularly.The last sub-system is processing, and there is only one TPS3R and no waste processing at the Randukuning landfill.Batang Regency only has Randukuning landfill as the only waste final processing site.The condition of Randukuning Landfill, based on existing conditions during field surveys, still uses the open dumping method with no massive reduction before the waste goes to the landfill.Not only in the aspect of operational techniques but other aspects also require more optimal planning so that the waste management system in Batang Regency can be maximized.

Socialization stage
Material Flow Analysis (MFA) is a material flow analysis to systematically assess the inventory process and material flow in the system so that it can be defined in time and space.Everything is related in this material flow analysis, starting from the source, and path, to the end of a flow/material.Material Flow Analysis (MFA) shows that a complete and consistent set of information can be seen in inventory and flow in a system.Balancing inputs or outputs, environmental burdens, and waste flows are made visible, where their use can be identified from the source of depletion or accumulation of material stocks.The material stock is a way for early identification to determine a preventive measure or further promote future utilization and accumulation [5].The MFA methodology can be applied to waste management systems with the following objectives [6]: -Detailing different existing values and illustrating material and process flows.
-Consider changes in the framework.
-Analyze and perform system material or energy efficiency calculations.
-Support the material flow analysis by managing the opportunity analysis to distribute the waste flow for technical, economic and ecological framework conditions.-Develop measures for optimization and critical point analysis of flows.
-Develop baseline scenarios for future assessment.The important elements are expressed in a simple process of modelling a material flow diagram.It is important that there is a reasonable assumption in the system to change the material flow of the incoming/input or outgoing/output system of a material flow.The following input can be influenced by the previous output [7].

Results and Discussion
Batang Regency is an area located at 6°51'46'' and 7°11'47'' south latitude and between 109°40' 19'' and 110°03' 06'' east longitude, precisely on the north Coast of Java Island.The population of Batang Regency in 2021 reached 810.393 people, which has increased from the previous year, and the highest population density conditions are located in Batang District [8].This increase in population will certainly have an impact on increasing the amount of waste that Batang Regency will produce.Based on data from the BPS of Batang Regency on the development of transported waste volume, it shows that only 47.46% of waste is transported [8].In comparison, Batang Regency has a waste service target regulated in Regent Regulation No. 40 of 2019 for household waste and similar household waste of 74% in 2021 [9].In reality, this target is not achieved because the waste management system in this district still needs to be appropriate and efficient.Table 1. is a sampling result that states the waste composition in Batang Regency.The highest percentage of waste composition is food waste at 46.20%, which is organic waste.The second highest percentage is leaf waste, 19.57%, inorganic waste.The highest percentage composition is leaf waste at 14.19%, paper waste at 8.19%, miscellaneous waste at 5.63%, glass waste at 3.48%, fabric waste at 1.77%, and the lowest percentage composition is metal waste at 0.98%.Based on the material flow shown in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3, it is known that the planning volume of domestic waste generation served is 2168.30m3 /day.The weight of waste generation will be 675.92tons/day in 2032, which comes from population projections and the rate of waste generation per person in Batang Regency.Then the waste is divided into inorganic and mixed at the containerization stage.Inorganic waste is taken to the waste bank located in each village or kelurahan.The waste bank is divided into processed waste, which will be handed over to collectors and the residue transported to the Randukuning landfill.
The handling of mixed waste, other than inorganic, is divided into three patterns of waste collection: a direct individual with a pickup car, an indirect individual collected by a three-wheeled motorcycle to a TPS or container and then transported using a dump truck or arm roll.In contrast, the direct communal collection is where residents independently dump waste directly into communal scale shelters and then transport it by dump trucks.The collection pattern's determination is adjusted to each sub-districts conditions.Inorganic and mixed waste that has undergone several operational and technical stages is then transported to Randukuning Landfill.At the final stage, mixed waste will be sorted first for processing with Windrow Composting technology which can reduce 29.59% of waste in the landfill.
The following are the results of waste management planning in Batang Regency by considering aspects of waste management: 1. Operational aspects In operational and technical planning, it consists of a sub-system of waste containerization, collection, transfer, transportation, processing and final processing.The planned number of mixed and inorganic containers in 2032 is 182,343 sets with 40 liters per container capacity.Collection from the source is done separately between mixed and inorganic waste.Collection facilities in 2032 require indirect individual collection transportation, namely 301 units of three-wheelers, for direct individual collection using 13 units of pickups, and for direct communal collection using a 50 m3 transfer depot of 5 units.The three-wheeled motorcycle carrying inorganic waste is reduced by 19.73% in the waste bank.The transfer sub-system uses 56 units of containers and 17 units of transfer depots.In the transportation sub-system, 15 units of arm rolls and 73 units of dump trucks are needed, after which 29.59% is processed using composting technology so that the residue in the landfill remains 50.68%.

Institutional Aspect
Institutional aspect planning is carried out by strengthening and affirming the operator and regulatory functions so that everything is transparent in implementing the planning based on other aspects.

Aspects of Community Participation
Planning for community participation is to conduct socialization, namely intelligence to the community regarding waste banks, waste sorting, waste processing, and waste retribution.The community is encouraged to process organic household waste using simple technology.In addition, community participation branding is carried out by collaborating with NGOs and social media.

Regulatory Aspects
The planning of regulatory aspects includes the obligation of each village to have at least 1 waste bank to serve 400 households and the obligation to join waste banks for the community, assessment of retribution rates, assessment of sanctions, and assessment of community participation in waste management.

Conclusion
By applying the MFA/SFA as an example in the Batang Regency area, we can see the big difference between the existing condition and the condition after planning.The input volume of incoming waste is 2,168.3m3 /day, and the mass of waste generation will be 675.92tons/day in 2032.Then the waste stream is divided into mixed waste and inorganic waste.Inorganic waste is collected to the waste bank and has a residue of 14.25% which is transported to the landfill.While individual direct pick-ups collect mixed waste by 7.89% directly to the landfill, individual indirect tricycle motorcycles by 77.94%, and communal direct transfer depots by 14.17%.Tricycle-carried waste is collected to transfer containers by 35.14% and transfer depots by 64.86%.Waste from containers is transported using arm roll trucks, while waste from transfer depots is transported using dump trucks.Before entering the landfill, 49% of mixed waste is processed through windrow composting technology, producing 29.59% compost.The residual waste disposed to landfill is 50.68%.

Figure 2 . 5 Figure 3 .
Figure 2. Material Flow Analysis on Waste Management Planning

Table 1 .
Composition of MSW Waste in Batang Regency Figure 1.Material Flow Analysis of Waste Management System Existing