Regional Transportation’s Planning Implications for Large Cities

Internationally, the number of large cities and megacities is growing. The way major cities and megacities manage their unique advantages and hazards will either degrade or improve the quality of life for their residents. Lack of new transportation garages in the areas and suburbs of Baghdad Governorate that can accommodate foreign trips and redistribute them before entering the boundaries of Baghdad Municipality of, unplanned spatial distribution of existing transit garages, and no plans to define and separate external transport trips from internal trips, which are part of the management of the transport system. Due to heavy traffic flow between vehicles and pedestrians as well as between vehicles themselves, the area around public garage suffers, which has a severe impact on the city’s ability to breathe and its connections to other areas. The goals of the current study are to ascertain the impact of regional transportation on Baghdad transportation planning, specifically in terms of the location’s regional garages (Public Garage) and in terms of external-internal (and vice versa) trips came from outside of Baghdad administrative boundaries to regional garages locations. In order to accomplish these goals, a questionnaire form was created and 150 samples were given out to passengers, drivers of outside transportation vehicles, and garage operators. According to the survey’s findings, commercial travel accounts for the biggest percentage of regional visits (22-24%), followed by health travel (20%), with educational travel declining by 10% as a result of the current Corona pandemic. The majority of regional travel occurs in the relatively close-by provinces that surround Baghdad City, with Hilla entrances accounting for 40% of such travel, followed by Kirkuk entrances (16%). Factors that affect vehicle movement include traffic congestion (73%) and climatic conditions (21%), both of which have an immediate effect on drivers, passengers, and vehicles. The sustainable solutions may entail extending geographic and temporal frames of reference for long-range planning and expanding performance measures to capture appropriate planning inputs that evaluate planning effectiveness in accordance with desired outcomes for supraregional planning that involves multiple states and a cogent vision and standards for the national transportation system.


Introduction
Many major cities in both industrialized and developing nations, like Baghdad, are experiencing severe traffic congestion.Due to insufficient mitigating measures, new construction developments are one of the main contributors to congestion-related issues in these cities.The one of the primary causes of traffic issues in cities is the use of traditional techniques of transport planning and the failure to create a transportation plan that satisfies the expanding demand for transportation.Rapid and unplanned public growth, the historical settlement texture, population, the quick rise in car and transportation demand, and geographical features are obstacles to successful mobility in Baghdad.One of Baghdad's traffic issues is the congestion in key areas, such as the vicinity of public garage on Al-Rusafa districts, which receives a lot of traffic because of its location and is thought of as a link between the city and other provinces.
Given the rise in private vehicle ownership after 2003, the problem is exacerbated by the inefficient distribution of garages and the transport lines that use them, whether internal or external.the need for strategies and procedures to manage these garages in a manner consistent with the size and importance of those lines, as well as the random distribution of lines in garages to suit the newly additional increases.particularly the external transport lines, which have significantly impacted the mobility of both internal and external transport [1].

Previous Studies
In terms of the city master plans, land usage is crucial because Baghdad is a growing city.Hence, potential locations for regional/bus garages must be determined before the best option is chosen based on cooperation between land use and transportation planning is also required due to the space requirements of transportation support facilities, such as regional bus garages, service yards, and motor vehicle inspection facilities.Traffic congestion focuses on commuting, and they know relatively little about how each person is affected by it when taking different kinds of excursions.Individual traffic congestion exposures are more closely linked to the space-time rhythm of traffic flows than they are to the specific trips or activities taken also, results show that merely taking commutes into account would significantly understate individual exposures to traffic congestion and high levels of traffic-related emissions [2].On the same day of the week, urban traffic congestion performance in the examined cities differs significantly.Cities that have a well-developed urban public transit system, as well as an advanced planning and implementation of their urban road network, perform better in terms of traffic.By creating enough parking places, cities may be able to lessen congestion and traffic disruption [3].Cities with more per capita road area, fewer vehicles, and a lower urban population size have also managed to maintain relatively low levels of traffic congestion [4].[5] Explain that the daily vehicle blocks are assigned to buses of a transportation firm in this study, which explains the timetable assignment problem for intercity bus transportation over a planning period.Due to the long-term nature of the task, significant requirements including daily parking and preventive maintenance must be taken into consideration.
For decades, traffic planning and traffic management have focused on the issue of parking spaces and related issues, particularly in cities [6][7].The high level of motorization, which has considerably increased in recent years, is the primary cause of this issue.The current parking space supply was unable to meet the linked rising parking space demand.Long parking times and low turnover rates, as well as a parallel, unconnected supply of parking spaces in the on-street and off-street sectors, all contribute to inefficiencies [8] [9].In our study, we attempt to ascertain the impact of regional transportation on Baghdad transportation planning in terms of the location's regional garages (Public Garage) and in terms of external-internal (and vice versa) trips came from outside of Baghdad administrative boundaries to regional garage locations on it.Regional journeys might need to be stopped before they enter a busy area like Public Garage area on the Al-Rusafa districts.

Study Area
Public Garage is situated in the Al-Nahdha neighborhood of Al-Rusafa districts in the Baghdad Governorate.a sizable, historic garage that offers a wide range of services to local transit customers.Located next to the Muhammad al-Qasim highway on the opposite side of Al-Kindi General Hospital, this second, larger garage in Baghdad is for mini and middle passenger buses as well as salon taxis and SUV cars, but not for local transportation within the capital.It is a significant garage that serves as a starting point for visitors to the southern and northern governorates.Show Figures 1, and 2.  Al-Nahda garage only connects to 17 exterior lines outside of Baghdad city and is not connected to any internal transport lines inside the administrative boundaries of the governorate of Baghdad.As a result, Al-Nahda garage is regarded as a regional garage for external transportation,

Data Description and Analysis
All the information needed for this investigation was gathered from: x Manual counting & video recording technique to carry out the traffic surveys x Roadside interview x Questionnaire form (150) x Get official information from ministry of transportation.Al -Nahdha Garage is the second highest vehicle volumes for all garages within Baghdad city among of (7 garages).Source: based on results x Field survey of the transport station -Al-Nahda Garage.
x Unpublished data for the Ministry of Transport, the General Company for the Administration of Private Transport Al-Rusafa Department for year 2019.x Field survey process for daily trips.
x The daily preparation of transported persons according to the capacities of the mass transit vehicles.
From the table above, it can be seen that the majority of vehicles have a modest passenger capacity of little more than 9 people, which increases the number of trips that are attracted to and generated from the garage.
As shown in tables 3,4,5 the traffic volume counts utilized in this survey are gathered for each sector at intervals of fifteen minutes during specific hours of observations.To gather information about the purposes of regional trips, a questionnaire was created and sent to the riders, drivers, and operators of regional garage lines.Table 6; Figure 4 illustrates the proportion of regional journeys made in accordance with Baghdad's entrances toward Al-Nahda Garage; Figure 5 shows the percentage of trips made by drivers on regional transportation lines.Travelers' and business owners' perceptions about the notion of moving garages outside of the city center are shown in Figure 6; User, traveler, and operator perspectives on the idea of separating internal from exterior (regional) transit lines Figure 7; Views on noise, noise pollution, and climate change Figure8 150 samples responded to the questionnaire, reaching the required number; Microsoft Excel was used to examine the sample question.Due to the current Corona outbreak, commercial travel accounts for the biggest percentage of regional trips 22-24%, followed by health travel 20%, and we observe a decline in educational travel 10%.provinces that are relatively close to Baghdad city, including Najaf, Anbar, Diyala, Hilla, Karbala, Kirkuk, and others, account for the largest percentage of regional travel, with the Hilla entrances reporting a 40% regional travel rate, followed by the Kirkuk entries at 16%.People frequently visit these provinces because to the abundance of cultural hubs, places of worship, or archaeological sites, as well as the high quality of the educational institutions for the southern areas.Before to the Corona outbreak, these numbers were different.For the far northern and southern regions, such as Basra, Maysan, Erbil, and Mosul, there are typically two to three trips per day.However, in some cases, such as when there are a lot of drivers in the garage who are committed to a specific schedule or arrangement for starting, or when there is heavy traffic on the route of the trip, or when there are a lot of stops at rest areas for the governorates located in the far south, it may only be one trip per day for one driver.
The (45) travels per day are to the provinces that are close to Baghdad's capital, including Najaf, Anbar, Diyala, Hilla, Karbala, Kirkuk, and others.6 trips per day are exceptional trips that are closer to the norm, and they have only recently occurred as a result of safety and health-related government decisions that aim to limit the number of passengers in a vehicle in order to preserve health as well as adhere to healthy distances, as well as other factors like the scarcity of drivers on this line or the close proximity of the distance to places like Diwaniyah, Mahmudiyah, or Musayyib..According to Figures 6 and 7, the majority of viewpoints (67%) are in favor of shifting the garage location outside of Baghdad's city borders, and the majority (72%) favor separating the regional external transport lines from the internal transport lines.
The factors that affect the flow of vehicles include traffic congestion, which is according to 73% of viewpoints the most significant element influencing and a big problem affecting the level of street service, as well as affecting the journey time, number of trips, and other factors.
Besides with the noise, other factors that several drivers found annoying included the abundance of slums, heavy loads, poor traffic management in some locations, and the subpar condition of the roads.6% of perspectives on noise.According to (21%) of opinions, certain weather conditions have a direct impact on drivers, passengers, and vehicles.High temperatures can also have a negative impact on some vehicles' effectiveness or performance.High temperatures can also have a negative impact on drivers' and passengers' health and effectiveness.Travel and traffic are factors in road accidents because of poor vision  1.In the near future, starting in 2023-2024, redistribution of the exterior lines and their spatial distribution in accordance with traffic flow in the main deployed transit stations in Baghdad.and designating traffic lanes for local transportation from Baghdad's entrance to the garages 2. In the Mid-term stage (2024-2028): a. Relocating the garage to a new location, which is now being examined, outside of the city of Baghdad but still within the administrative boundaries of the governorate of Baghdad.b.Creating a facility to coordinate and create modern, rapid transit buses (BRT), whose operations will fall under the purview of the planned transport stations' external transport operator [10].3. in the long-term phase (2024-2030), the following will be carried out: a.A regional integrated service garage operating inside the governorate of Baghdad is to be established.b.In accordance with population densities, new bus routes, bus-only lanes, and exterior lines of attraction to Baghdad were organized and distributed.c.Using TOD (Transit-Oriented Development) to integrate land use and transit, turning the Al-Nahda Garage's existing site into an interior public transportation station.

Conclusion
The most significant causes are the disregard for traffic laws, poor understanding of them, outdated legislation, and their incompatibility with communications and technical advancements in the transportation industry.The primary contribution of the work that is currently being presented is the heavy traffic volumes that travel through the Al-Nahda garage, the location of the parking spots and the degree of road service are both negatively impacted by the garage's presence.There is a lot of traffic in this area because of the illegally parking of certain vehicles in front of the garage, which is also a popular destination for tourists and locals alike.After analyzing the data, we discovered that when the garage's incoming and leaving traffic volumes or the number of unofficial parking lots increased, the traffic momentum decreased and the level of service increased.Since there is only one garage entry, there is congestion in the entrance area due to the limited number of garage entrances.Also due to the intersection of internal and exterior transportation routes caused by the existence of garages in the city center, there is a substantial amount of traffic congestion.An effective distribution of transit garages will enable each garage's capacity to be utilized in a way that benefits both drivers and passengers and Passengers get the wrong idea since the garage lacks essential services.Recommendation 1-Implement the research's recommendations and divide them up according to a timetable that prioritizes them based on the resources and skills the implementing authority have at their disposal.2-To maximize the capacity of the current garages and to ensure that travelers have access to all necessary conditions for safety, security, and services, there must be a periodic evaluation of the communal transport garages.3-To gain the most advantage in serving the most underserved areas in transportation and to provide the proper site for the development of garages, the decision to build a garage must be based on multiple indicators, including the daily movement pathways for the trip.4-In order to distribute daily foreign trips before entering the capital's areas, it is essential to build garages at the governorate's edge.These garages should also be organized to separate external transportation lines from internal transportation routes to prevent heavy traffic congestion and accidents.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The location of Study area Al-Nahda garage

Figure 2 .Figure 3 .
Figure 2. Entries and nearby areas of Study Area Al-Nahda Garage is surrounded by a variety of land uses, including commercial use (the Al-Nahda Stuff Market was formerly used), light industries (Shaikh Omar Area), and government institutions.Al-Kindy Hospital and Al-Kindy College of Medicine are two of the most significant landmarks in the study area.a military installation and a former neighborhood.As depicted in Figure 3,

Figure 4 .Figure 5 .
Figure 4. Percentage of regional trip according to the entrances of Baghdad toward Al-Nahda Garage

Figure 6 .Figure 7 .
Figure 6.User opinions of travelers and operators of the idea of relocating garages outside the city center

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Opinions about traffic congestion, climate change and noise

Table 1 .
Routes used by regional transport to Al-Nahda garage

Table . 2
Vehicles Numbers Operating in Al -Nahdha Garage The percentage of the vehicles volume operating on the external lines of the

Table . 3
Traffic Volume in Study area [Researcher]

Table . 4
Traffic Volume in Study area in Details [Researcher]

Table . 5
Traffic Volume in Study area in Details with regional volume Entering and leaving the garage

Table . 6
The results of the questionnaire regarding the purposes of the trip