Mechanical evaluation of sustainable concrete production from porcelain waste

Concrete has witnessed a great development in recent years, representing the production of reliable types of concrete to withstand the applied loads, high durability, and ease of implementation, as the preparation of concrete has become from remnants (sustainable materials) due to its availability and cheapness in addition to ridding the environment of these materials. This research demonstrates the use of porcelain tailings as a fractional substitute for coarse aggregate, Studying effect adds partial replacement on mechanical properties such as flexural testing, tensile strength, and wet density and then compares them with the reference mixture. In this research, the percentage of replacement of coarse aggregate with porcelain waste from weight is 25%, 35%, 50%, and maintaining the ratio of water to cement at 40% it observes that produces concrete with high tensile and flexural strength at replacement percent 50%.


Introduction
Many researchers seek to produce concrete with good specifications by using materials that may be added or as a partial replacement for one of the components of the guard to obtain high-quality concrete and achieve an economic level.The focus of this research was on the use of porcelain residues resulting from its use as a finishing material in buildings, such as covering facades and floors, because of its beautiful nature, due to its durability, and ease of cleaning.When using porcelain, it results in waste resulting from cutting the porcelain to suit the dimensions of some pieces and angles to prevent a build-up of porcelain in the environment, it can be used as a substitute for materials in concrete.

The aim of the study
x The main objective is to use porcelain waste in concrete and finds the optimal proportion of porcelain addition as an alternative to coarse aggregate and compare it with the reference mixture.x Evaluation of wet density, tensile and flexural strength by adding the sustainable material.

Area of the study
x The goal of this project is to make sustainable concrete from porcelain tailing as a substitute for coarse aggregate and study the effect of addition on concrete mechanical features.
x The percentage of porcelain waste with replacement rates of 25% and 50% as a replacement for coarse aggregate, and compared with the reference.

Literature review
Brito and et al [1] studied the mechanical behavior of non-structural concrete made with recycled ceramic aggregates for the creation of 50 mm thick pavement slabs was conducted.specific density ceramic aggregate cement as well as mechanical properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, and abrasion resistance were evaluated in several fresh concrete tests.The waste ceramic utilized in the study was acquired from a Portuguese factory where it was crushed to form 50 mm slabs of thick pavement in place of the customary coarse aggregate.The study looked at four distinct concrete compositions with various proportions of replacement common aggregate, including 0, 0.33, 0.66, and 1 by mass.Denesh and Gunaseelan [2] employed 25%, 50%, and 75% Using porcelain tile instead of coarse aggregate and compared the results of M30 grade porcelain tile concrete's qualities to those of regular concrete while the concrete was both fresh and cured.Compressive strength could be raised by as much as 29.09% by replacing coarse aggregate with porcelain waste which is 50% more than usual.Waste porcelain tile was found to increase the concrete's rupture modulus by up to 23.5 percent when used to replace coarse particles.
Ndambuki and et al [3] granite of maximum particle size of 12.5 mm was used as a partial substitute for two types of aggregates, both fine and coarse, with percentages of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, as well as its impact on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete was studied.The maximum flexural strength and split tensile strength were obtained by individually substituting coarse aggregate and fine aggregate for 100% of the natural aggregate.As the replacement fraction of aggregates from nature grew, the mechanical characteristics of CWA concrete improved.Sathya and et al., [4] focuses on the experimental investigation of concrete strength and the best replacement percentage for cement in M25 grade concrete using ceramic waste which is produced at end of polishing and finishing of ceramic tiles at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% replacement rates.Several concrete mixtures were created, and tests for compressive, tensile, and flexural strength were conducted.The outcomes were contrasted with typical concrete.As a result, the strength increased by up to 20% when the ceramic powder was used in place of cement in concrete.Another experimental examination of cement mortar strength and the ideal replacement percentage using ceramic waste in the ratio of 0%, 10%, and 20% is also covered in this paper.Mortar combinations were created, tested, and compared to the standard.
Mohammed [5] tested properties of concrete are affected by utilizing crushed porcelain as a partial substitute for fine aggregate in concrete.porcelain crushed filler was utilized in this study.The weight of the fine aggregate is replaced to a percentage of (0, 10, 20, 30, 40).The results demonstrate that the use of porcelain crushed filler has had an impact on the properties of concrete, causing a reduction in concrete density of up to 6.07% at a replacement percentage of 40% and reducing its water capacity.At the same percentage, absorption decreased to 17%.Findings also show that the porcelain crushed filler has a positive effect on compressive and tensile strengths, with an increase of up to 18% at a percentage of replacement of 20% when compared to normal concrete.
Perera and Kobbekaduwa [6] tested Porcelain Waste Fine Aggregate (PWFA), a low water absorbing material, was used to replace conventional fine aggregates in the concrete of Grade 30 in the proportions of 25%, 50%, 75%, 85%, and 100%.The 75% mix was found to be the most suitable and cost-effective replacement proportion of PWFA, with a 28-day compressive strength of 54.31 MPa, which is 50% greater than the compressive strength of the control mixture.Because of its higher strength, the 75% PWFA Grade 30 mix can be used as Grade 45 concrete, saving up to 10% of the cost.

Materials
Materials used in concrete

Coarse aggregate
In this research, crushed gravel from the Al-Nabai quarry was used, with a maximum size of 20 mm.coarse conforms to the specification IQS 45 [7].Aggregate that is used shown in Figure 1.

Porcelain tile
Waste porcelain is widely available, particularly in countries of the Middle East.Some Arab nations, like Iraq, rely only on the importation of porcelain in huge quantities to meet consumer demand [8] Porcelain waste resulting from building finishes used in flooring or wall cladding was used, with a maximum size of 19 mm as illustrated in 'fig.2'porcelain tile and confirm to specification IQS 45 [7].Table 1 shows the chemical analysis of the used porcelain.

Fine aggregate
Sand is a phrase used in the construction sector. a term used to describe a fine-grained material with particles less than 5 mm.The whole building sector uses sand.It is a crucial raw material for providing infrastructure and houses all around the world.figure 3 shows the sand used in the mixture Standards demand sand.possessing qualities as an example limited particle distribution, inertness, density, hardness, water absorption limit, metal type, endurance, and absence of toxic chemicals Laboratory-treated fine aggregate from Najaf quarries was used with a maximum size of 4.75mm is confirmed IQS 45 Zone 2 [7].Sand used in the mixtures is shown in Fig. 3. Table 2 explains chemical and physical properties of sand used in mixes.

Tests of concrete 2.3.1 Wet density
The density of fresh concrete can be found by calculating the weight of concrete compacted in a container of known dimensions to the volume of the container according to the specification.BS EN 12350-6 [13].

Tensile strength (MPa)
an indirect tensile strength test for concrete was conducted for an average of three models for each proportion with dimensions of the tube (100 * 200) mm for 28 days ages and according to the specification BS EN 12390-6 [14].Examination is shown in Figure 4.    6, decrease in the density of concrete upon replacement results in lighter weight concrete, and therefore porcelain has a heavier weight compared to gravel in the traditional mixture.Porcelain aggregate has a lower density, which is advantageous in this country where soil-bearing capacity is low in most construction sites Saleh [16]

Tensile strength
The addition of porcelain waste as an alternative to coarse aggregate led to an increase in tensile strength DENESH [2], by 8%, 20%, when adding 25%, 35% respectively, and by an increase of 26% when adding 50%, as shown in Table 7.  6, shows the results of the bending test, where the increase rate was 45% when the replacement rate was 50%.reason for improving the resistance to flexural strength is due to the bonding strength provided by the porcelain when it is broken, as it produces when broken, plates with elongation and edges that ensure the overlap between the components of the mixture Qasim and et al., [17] Figure 6.demonstrates the flexural strength results for concrete mixes at 28 days of age

Conclusions
After calculating the fresh density of concrete, we notice a lower weight concrete with a continuous increase in the percentage of porcelain, which results in lighter weight concrete compared to the reference mixture.
x Increase in tensile and bending resistance values, as the highest values were recorded at a 50% replacement ratio compared to the reference mixture.x Through the results obtained, it is possible to produce lightweight concrete using sustainable materials, to reduce accumulation of these materials in the environment, and to obtain concrete with flexural and tensile strength higher than the traditional one at 50%.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. concrete sample under test tensile strength

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Concrete sample under test flexural strength

Table 1 .
Chemical analysis for porcelain

Table 2 .
[11]ical and physical analysis of sand Iraqi Sulphate Resistant Cement that is used in mixes Table3, and Table4, show chemical and physical properties of cement, respectively, and confirm to IQS 5.CEM I 42.5SR[11].

Table 3 .
chemical analysis of cement

Table 4 .
[12]ical properties of cement2.1.5.WaterBecause it actively takes part in the cement chemical reaction, water is a crucial component of concrete[12].Since it gives cement concrete its strength, it necessitates a very careful examination of the quantity and quality of water.Acids, alkalis, sugars, salts, oils, and hazardous organic materials are not present in tap water.Its PH value of 7.01 satisfies IS 456-2000's specifications.Additionally, it is utilized for specimen curing and mixing concrete.

Table 6 .
results of wet density for concrete mixes

Table 7 .
tensile strength of concrete mixes at 28 days of age