Growth and production of superior rice varieties in freshwater swampland at the Alabio Polder, Hulu Sungai Utara

The freshwater swampland is one alternative as a source of food production in Indonesia because it is quite fertile and vast about 25.20 million ha. Several limitations of this area includes unpredictable water regime, floods in the rainy season, and drought in the dry season. The objective of this study is to evaluate new high yielding varieties and planting system in the freshwater swampland. The experiments were carried out in the freshwater swampland of the Alabio polder area, Teluk Cati Village, Hulu Sungai Utara Regency covering an area of 5 ha, in the dry season in 2013 and 2014. In 2013 there were two kinds of treatment: planting system (2:1 and 4:1) and varieties (Ciherang, Inpari-1, Inpari-17, and Inpari-19). In 2014, the treatment were varities (Ciherang, Inpari-1, Inpari-17 and Inpari-30) and planted by jajar legowo planting 4:1. The treatments were implemented by randomized block design with 10 replication. This study indicates that high-yielding varieties can increase rice productivity and farmer income. Rice productivity in the two growing seasons ranges from 4.46 to 7.12 t ha−1 dry grain. The study concluded that at freshwater swampland, jajar legowo (2:1 and 4:1) was not significantly different. The new superior varieties of rice like Inpari-1, Inpari-17 dan Inpari-30 can increase the productivity and income of farmers at Teluk Cati Village. In 2013 n 2014, the yield of inpari varieties (1, 17, 19, 30) were higher than ciherang, average yield 5,91 t/ha. Rice farming on freshwater swampland is profitable (RC−1 3.09 and 2.78) and feasible (BC−1 2.09 and 1.78).


Introduction
Sub-optimal lands such as swamplands (tidal swampland and freshwater swampland), dry lands (acidic drylands and drylands with a dry-climate), and degraded/abandoned lands (sleeping land, former mines) needs to be explored for agriculture because of decreasing number of arable lands in the island of Java.The total swampland area is about 34.12 million ha, consisting of 8.92 million ha of tidal swampland and 25.20 million hectares of freshwater swampland [1].The large enough swampland has a considerable prospect and role as an alternative to being used as an agricultural production area to support achieving rural development goals and objectives.
The limiting factors of freshwater swampland are (i) unpredictable water regime, (ii) flooding in the rainy season and drought in the dry season, and (iii) poor physicochemical properties and soil fertility, and diverse micro-hydro topography [2,3], therefore crops can not grow well.According to Sudana [3], Growth and production of superior rice varieties in freshwater swampland at the Alabio Polder, Hulu Sungai Utara Puspita Harum Maharani 1 , Aidi Noor 1 , Muhammad Yasin 1 , Rina Dirgahayu Ningsih 1 , and Nurmili Yuliani 2 1230 (2023) 012217 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012217 2 technically, frehwater swampland experiences relatively high water regime fluctuations, namely floods in the rainy season and droughts in the dry season, especially in shallow freshwater swampland.Other obstacles include inadequate supporting infrastructures, such as roads and drainage channels.Socioeconomic problems in frehwater swampland are land ownership, limited farming capital, farmers' knowledge of the characteristics of frehwater swampland, supply of production facilities, post-harvest, and marketing of products.
If the frehwater swampland uses the right cultivation technology innovations, the balance of development and suitability of management with the characteristics, properties, and behaviour of lands.Then frehwater swampland can become productive, sustainable, and environmentally sound agricultural land [4,5].The use of varieties and planting system is one of the technological innovations that can increase rice productivity [6,7,8].
Hulu Sungai Utara Regency (HSU) has the most extensive freshwater swampland in the province of South Kalimantan.The area of HSU Regency is about 89.270 ha, mostly flooded swampland areas, covering an area of 87,916 ha.Polder Alabio is a swampland area surrounded by the Negara river, Babirik river, and Alabio river, elevation of 3.25 m above sea level with flat topography and rainfall of 2,158 mm/year and covers an area of about 6,000 ha located in four districts, namely: Babirik, Sungai Tabukan, Sungai Pandan, and Danau Panggang.Polder Alabio's planning is an irrigated frehwater swampland agricultural area that relies on a pumping system for high control of water levels both during floods in the rainy season and water shortages during the dry season [9].The implementation of 3 programs to support the successful development of integrated swampland agriculture in the Alabio Polder area is related to facilities and infrastructure, namely: (1) Optimization of agricultural land use, (2) Development and optimization of the use of macro water systems and roads, and (3) Development of post-harvest and marketing infrastructure [9].The study aims to determine the adaptation of the new superior varieties and jajar legowo planting system to farmers in the freshwater swampland.

Time and Location Activity
The demonstration activity was carried out in the Alabio polder area, at Teluk Cati village, Sungai Tabukan district, Hulu Sungai Utara regency, South Kalimantan Province.The total area used in this experiment are 5 ha with ten farmers.The experiments were conducted between April-September (in dry season 2013 and 2014.

Study Area Description .
The experiment were conducted at Teluk Cati vilage.The rainfall at the assessment site is relatively high, between 1,700-2,400 mm year -1 , with wet months (>100 mm month-1 ) ranging from 6-7 months and dry months 5-6 months.The wet months are from October to April.The dry months are from in May to September.In 2013-2014, the annual rainfall in the Alabio polder area was higher than in the previous ten years (2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009).In the last three years, the rain in the dry months has been relatively high.In other words, the dry season has become short, and the inundation period is longer.
The farm land of the village of Teluk Cati was about 170 ha, mainly by the middle and shallow freshwater swampland.Freshwater swampland is generally only planted with rice once a year using the Ciherang variety.Farmers central problem is that the water is slow to recede, so the planting time becomes backward (late planting).The pests faced are mainly gold snails at planting time and rats when they are late in planting.The planting system of farmers generally uses the number of rice seedlings per hole >5 plants, and the age of rice seedlings is older (>25 days after sowing).
The freshwater swampland in Teluk Cati village is quite fertile because of the overflow of water every year that brings mud from the surrounding rivers.The soil in Teluk Cati Village has a slightly acidic pH (5.51), with nutrient levels of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg classified as medium-high with loam clay textures (Table 1).This area is potential for rice crops and other crops such as palawija and vegetables.Survey results on 100 hectares of land covering 20 observation points showed: based on the height of inundation or groundwater level, the Teluk Cati village freshwater swampland consists of a typology of shallow freshwater swampland covering an area of 35.21 hectares, middle freshwater swampland of 43.18 hectares, and deep freahwater swampland in 21.50 hectares (Figure 1).Shallow frehwater swampland land is a swampland whose waterlogging height is 25-50 cm for 3 month, the middle frehwater swampland is waterlogging 50-100 cm for 3-6 months, deep frehwater swamplands is waterlogging 100-200 cm for >6 months, and very deep freshwater swampland is water logging > of 200 cm for >6 months.Survey areas showed the height of waterlogging or water levels varied between 70 cm to >200 cm [11,12].
Fertilizer application based on soil nutrient status, soil analysis results: nitrogenous element (N) soil of medium category, phosphate (P) parts are available are medium, and Potassium (K) elements are generally low.Then the fertilization dose is Phonska 200 kg ha -1 and Urea 100 kg ha -1 .Phonska given at the age of 8 days of the plant.As for the application of urea at the age of plants 30 days.Seedlings aged 25 days after sowing treated 2-3 plants per hole, implement control of plant-disturbing organisms in integrated pest control.
Observations in the vegetative phase and on harvest are data on plant height, the maximum number of saplings, panicle length, amount of grain per panicle, weight of 1000 grains, and yield.The data were analyzed using SAS (Statistical Analysis System) program version 9; the analysis was continued with a middle-value difference test to determine the difference between treatments [10].To find out the feasibility of using technology, a simple analysis of farming is calculated Revenue Cost ratio (RC -1 ) and Benefit Cost ratio (BC -1 ).  2 and 3.The analysis results showed no interaction between varities and planting system.Planting system of jajar legowo 2:1 is not significantly different from jajar legowo 4:1 for all parameters.The types of planted varieties showed differences in observing the number of panicles per hill (Table 2), the amount of grain per panicle, and the grain yield (Table 3).

Result and Discussion
The average grain yield on jajar legowo planting 4:1 is 6.10 t ha -1 dry grain and jajar legowo 2:1 is 6.28 t ha -1 dry grain.Inpari-17 gives higher results than other varieties, namely 6.80-7.12t ha -1 dry grain, while the Ciherang variety provides grain yield about 6.00-6.24t ha -1 , Inpari-1 (6.00-6.32t ha -1 dry grain), and Inpari-19 (5.36-5.68t ha -1 dry grain).Average yield of Inpari-17 varieties (6.96 t ha -1 ) is higher than Ciherang variety (6.13 t ha -1 ), Inpari-1 (6.17 t ha -1 ), and Inpari-19 (5.52 t ha -1 ).The number of panicles per hill of Inpari-1 and Inpari-17 is higher than that of Ciherang and Inpari-19.Water conditions are always stagnant (water level reaches 50 cm) because of the average rainfall of >150 mm per month, and the land does not exist to experience a dry period, making the growth of tillering not optimal.According to [14,15], there are two ways plants survive of flooding.Plants are indeed tolerant of flooding and plants that can extend.Elongation during the flooding, is a way of plants to keep the top leaves above the surface of the water.[16,17,18].When flooded, plants are tense due to a large amount of water entering plant tissues, so the turgor pressure of guard cells increases drastically and causes many stomata to open [19].The growth of submerged rice is hampered due to photosynthesis and inhibited respiration [20].It is because the diffusion of gases in water is 104 times slower than in air [21], and plants can accept the low penetration of light [22].Flooding can interfere with the respiration system of plant roots due to reduced oxygen content in the soil, so the growth and development of plants are unstable and hypoxic states will cause poisoning in plants [23,24].
Discussions and interviews with farmers showed they liked the Inpari-17 variety.The reason is that the Inpari-17 type has many tillering, large stem, resistance to falling, a slender grain shape, and the age of rice is not too far from the Ciherang variety.Farmers do not like rice that is too short in a period like the Inpari-19 variety because when it is too late to plant, the age of rice seedlings becomes older, and the yield becomes low.

The Dry Season of 2014.
The results of observations of plant growth and yield in the dry season of 2014 are presented in Table 4. Varieties differences affect the growth parameters, grain yield, and rice yield components.Inpari-30 variety plant is taller than other varieties.Panicles number per hill of Inpari-1 was the highest but is not significantly different from Inpari-17 and Inpari-30.Inpari-17 and Inpari-30 showed the longest panicle, and a highest filled grains number per panicle.The highest weight of 1000 filled grains was obtained by Inpari-30.
The dry grain yield of the Inpari varieties (1, 17, and 30) was higher than that of Ciherang, although there was no difference between (three) Inpari varieties.(Table 4).The plant height of the 4 varieties ranged from 99.63 to 116.3 cm.Tall plants are prone to lodge and birds.However, low plants, the panicles will be quickly submerged when the water level increases due to increased rainfall.The longest panicles are in the Inpari-30 (27.83 cm) and Inpari-17 (26.51 cm).The difference in panicle length affects the grain number per panicle with a tendency to the more extended the panicle, the more the grain formed to support the high production yield.
Indicators of plant growth include: panicles number, panicle length, the grain number, and 1000 filled grains weight.The large number of panicles, and the long panicles were expected to produce more grain, and can support high production.Inpari 1, Inpari 17 and Inpari 30 trend to have more number and length of panicles than Ciherang.The productivity of these varieties were higher than Ciherang (Table 4).The tillerings number will be maximum if the plant has good genetic traits coupled with favourable environmental conditions or is suitable for plant growth and development [25].Rice tillering that grow in the vegetative period have the hope that all productive produce panicles.It is because productive tillers significantly affect the high-low grain yield [26,27].Long panicles have the potential to have a higher number of grains per panicle.Analysis results showed that the Inpari 30 panicle was longer and the grain number of Inpari 30 was higher than the Ciherang variety.The cause of the difference in the amount of grain per panicle of each type by genetic factors [28], and environmental factors.Sunny weather conditions can increase the rate of photosynthesis by using light energy to remodel water and change charcoal acid gas into food.They will store the photosynthetic results in the tissues of the stems and leaves, then it will transfer to the grain.Emptiness significantly affects rice production, and grain quality is not good.The most unfilled grains number grain per panicle is in the Inpari-30 (23.63 grains), Ciherang (20.27 grains), and Inpari-17 (17.87 eggs), and the lowest in the Inpari-1 variety (14.64 grains).The most empty grain per panicle is Inpari-30 variety (23.63 grains ), this is low and did not affect the yield.The weight of 1000 grains is also one factor affecting the yield.[29].Weight of 1000 grains of Inpari-30 (28.93 g) and the highest yield.The adaptability of Inpari-30 is better than other varieties, as indicated by the weight of 1.000 grains and the highest product of Inpari-30.Inpari-30 is a Ciherang sub-one, a Ciherang variety resistant to submerged because the Sub-1 gene has inserted it.The Sub-1 gene is the gene that makes rice plants resistant to submerged for 14 days during the vegetative period.Rice yields of Inpari-1, Inpari-17, and Inpari-30 varieties give higher results than Ciherang (Table 4).It means the adaptability of Inpari-30 is better than other varieties.The Inpari-30 is a Ciherang Sub-one, a Ciherang variety resistant to submerged because the Sub-1 gene has inserted it.The Sub-1 gene is the gene that makes rice plants resistant to submerged for 14 days during the vegetative period.
Gold snails are a pest disease that is quite a problem in the vegetative period: stem borer pests and leaf folder (Cnaphalocrosis Medinalis Guenee) in the entering generative phase.The way to overcome rice stem borer pests is by seed treatment.So stem borer pests are absent when the formation of tillerings.However, after the end of the vegetative, pest attacks appeared again.In this activity, pests and diseases do not cause a decrease/reduction in yield.
The results of Table 5 show that rice farming in frehwater swampland has a good prospect in terms of increasing the productivity and income of farmers.The RC -1 value is 3.09 and 2.78, the value of BC - 1 is 2.09 and 1.78, indicating that the new superior varietas rice farming business is worthy of the effort.Therefore, some obstacle including stagnant water and small land ownership in this are need to be solved.Increasing the intensity of crops by growing vegetables/crops other than rice and duck or chicken livestock business is expected to increase farmers income.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The Typology Map of The Frehwater Swampland at The Teluk Cati Village [13].

3. 1 .
Rice Growth and Yield.3.1.1.The Dry Season of 2013.Plant growth, yield, and yield components of the dry season (DS) 2013 are presented in Tables

Table 2 .
Rice Yield Components of Demonstration Technology Innovation Activity in Teluk Cati Village in dry season 2013

Table 3 .
Yield And Rice Yield Components of Demonstration Technology Innovation Activity in Teluk Cati Village in dry season 2013 Physiological and morphological damage can occur due to lack of water or excess water in rice plants, although naturally, rice can grow well in watery land.The damage can occur in vegetative and generative phases

Table 4 .
Yield And Rice Yield Components of Demonstration Technology Innovation Activity in Teluk Cati Village in dry season 2014 Means with the same letter in each column are not significantly different at the Least Significant Difference (LSD)test of 95% confidence level

Table 5 .
Analysis of Rice Farming in The Frehwater Swampland of Teluk Cati Village in Dry Season, 2013 and 2014