Adaptation and farmer’s preferences on rice and steamed rice quality of several varieties in Tidal Swampland (case study in Sei Jangkit Village, Central Kalimantan)

The tidal swampland has the potential as a production source and a rice barn, but some obstacles are high acidity and toxic elements resulting in low rice yields. To increase productivity, adaptive and tolerant superior rice varieties are needed. This study aims to obtain adaptive and tolerant rice varieties in the tidal swampland, Sei Jangkit village in Central Kalimantan. The activity was carried out from September 2021 to April 2022. The varieties planted, namely, Inpara-2, Inpari-32, Inpari Nutrizinc, and Baroma. They covered an area of 4 ha and involved eight cooperative farmers. The technology applied in farming is tidal management, which includes water management, ameliorant applicant, balanced fertilization, and control of pests and diseases. The results showed that Inpara-2 gave the highest grain yield (5.12 t/ha), Inpari-32 gave 4.48 t/ha, Inpari Nutrizinc 4.58 t/ha, and Baroma 4.98 t/ha. Farming analysis using the B/C ratio of the varieties planted ranges from 1.28 – 1.57, with Inpara-2 giving the highest B/C ratio (1.57). The Baroma and Inpari-32 varieties are preferred over other types. These two varieties are close to the rice quality of the local variety based on farmers’ preferences.


Introduction
The need for food continues to increase with the increasing population of Indonesia.On the other hand, the source of food production in fertile lands on Java is decreasing due to the conversion of agricultural land to non-agriculture.One of the great opportunities for agricultural development in the future is to utilize tidal swamp land optimally.
Swamp land in Indonesia, with an area of 34.12 million ha, consisting of 8.92 million ha of tidal swampland and 25.20 million ha of freshwater swampland, is an alternative to overcoming the shrinking of fertile lands on Java due to conversion.Tidal land in Kalimantan, covering an area of about 2.99 million ha, has the potential for rice development [1].The extent of rice fields in Central Kalimantan is around 393,919.4 ha, with the largest district being Kapuas Regency with 124,306 ha and Pulang Pisau Regency with 93,723 ha [2], which are generally dominated by tidal swampland.Rice productivity in tidal swampland is usually still low at around 3.5 t/ha.The low productivity and index of rice cultivation 1230 (2023) 012202 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012202 2 in tidal land are due to the constraints of high soil acidity, high and toxic Al and Fe, inadequate water management, and lack of farmers' knowledge in managing tidal land.
In acidic soils (pH < 5.0), Al toxicity rapidly inhibits root growth and subsequently affects the uptake of water and nutrients in plants [3].Al toxicity in plants severely limits crop production [4,5].Iron toxicity in rice is one of the limiting factors for rice production in paddy fields, which can reduce rice yields by 12 -100% [6, 7].
To increase rice productivity in acid soils is necessary to improve land quality by providing ameliorant material [8][9][10][11][12].Balanced fertilization [13] and improved varieties that are adaptive or tolerant to environmental stresses [7,14,15].The results of research by [16], the use of tolerant variety (Inpara-2) gave a grain yield of 3.32 t/ha, higher than IR 64 sort, which was intolerant of Fe (grain yield of 2.10 t/ha).Using adaptive or tolerant varieties is the most economical way and is easily applied by farmers.In addition to high productivity, farmer/consumer preferences for rice quality and cooked rice taste also determine the variety planted by farmers.
The research results showed that tidal swampland, considered sub-optimal or marginal land, can be converted into productive agricultural land.Management of tidal swampland should be carried out explicitly depending on the problems in the field.Solving the problem also cannot be done partially but integrated using appropriate commodities and cropping patterns, tolerant varieties, and improving the environment for plant growth.

Time and location
The demonstration activity was conducted in Sei Jangkit village, Bataguh sub-district, Kapuas district, Central Kalimantan, included in the Central Kalimantan Food Estate development area.The location of the activity is tidal land with overflow type B, with the pH of the soil varying between acid -very acid (4.4 -4.7).Implementation of demonstration activities starting from coordination, determining locations and farmers, preparing the land, planting, and harvesting.Collected data began in August 2021 and continued until April 2022.

Scope and Implementation Procedure
Implementation of a ± 4.0 ha rice technology innovation demonstration involved six cooperative farmers with varieties grown, namely Inpara-2, Inpari-32, Baroma, and Inpari Nutrizinc.Each type was planted at 25 days in an area of 1500 m 2 , repeated six times with farmers as replication -the spacing used of 25x25 cm, 2-3 clumps per tiller.Fertilizer was added according to the recommended dose at one week (half dose) and four weeks after planting (remaining dose).The activity also involved researchers and extension workers from South Kalimantan AIAT and field extension workers from BPP Bataguh.
The technology applied in the rice farming activity is tidal management which includes 1) water management, 2) ameliorant application (Dolomite 0.5 -1.0 t/ha depending on soil acidity, given one week before planting or during the second tillage), 3) use of new superior varieties (VUB), 4) balanced fertilization based on soil test and previous research (fertilizer given by Phonska NPK 300 kg/ha, urea 100 kg/ha) 5) control of pest and diseases according to the conditions of pest attack.
Water management is carried out in tertiary channels and on farming land or rice fields.Around the farmland, each farmer's land made a perimeter channel with a depth of about 30 cm and a width of about 30 cm.Watergates of the tertiary channel are opened or closed according to the plant's needs.If water is needed in the planting land, then the water gates of tertiary channels and channels in the farming land are opened at high tide, and water is allowed to enter the planting land.If the water in the planting land is excess or too high, the water gate of the tertiary channel is opened at low tide, and water is allowed to come out of the rice planting by opening the water channel in the rice field.

Collecting data
The grain yield data was observed using a sample of 2.5 x 2.5 m.The components of rice yields, namely the number of panicles/clumps, panicle length, number of filled grains per panicle, and number of empty grains per panicle, were observed by taking samples of 5 clumps in each type of rice and replication.
Testing preferences for rice and steamed rice tested farmers' preferences for new superior varieties (VUB).The tested types include two other varieties widely known, cultivated, and consumed in the community.Rice assessment parameters consist of color, form, and aroma.As for steamed rice, the assessment parameters consist of color, texture, aroma, and taste.The scale for the assessment is (1) dislike, (2) rather like, (3) like, and (4) like very much.

Data analysis
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to determine the effect of varietal treatment on agronomic observation, followed by an average difference test with LSD (Least Significant Difference) at a 95% confidence level using the SAS version 9.0.At the same time, the data of farmers' preferences were analyzed statistically with Kruskal Wallis and continued with the Mann-Whitney test at the 5% level if there was a real difference.The tool for analysis used was SPSS ver 23.

Rice yield
Rice yield in the rainy season (MH) 2021/2022 showed that Inpara 2 rice variety gave higher yields (5.12 t/ha harvested dry grain (GKP)) than Inpari 32 (4.48 t/ha), Baroma (4.98 t/ha) and Inpari Nutrizinc (4.58 t/ha), as shown in Table 1.Inpara 2 is a type of rice intended for tidal swampland, and it is more adaptive than other varieties.The Baroma, a relatively new variety not specifically for tidal swampland, is quite adaptive and gives higher yields than Inpari 32 and Inpari Nutrizinc.Tidal swampland generally has low rice productivity, mainly due to low soil fertility and the presence of elements that can poison plants, such as Fe and Al, and make plant growth become stunted.Using superior varieties not tolerant of tidal swampland causes farmers to choose a local type that is more tolerant of the environmental condition.According to research by [17,18], using sensitive rice genotypes can cause iron toxicity and, in some instances, can even result in crop failure.Aluminum content in tidal swampland is high, although aluminum toxicity is rare in a paddy in tidal swampland.Aluminum is a severe growth limiting factor in rice grown on acid soils [19,20].
The research results of [15] in the tidal swampland of Barito Kuala, Inpari Nutrizinc, gave a higher grain yield of 6.19 t/ha in the rainy season and 5.18 t/ha in the dry season.Not different from the Inpara 8, which gave a grain yield of 5.33 t/ha in the dry season and 4.86 t/ha in the rainy season.These results indicate that Inpari Nutrizinc, which is not intended for tidal land, can adapt quite well.Likewise, the Baroma, also not intended for tidal land, gives a result that is not much different from the Inpara 2. Research results in tidal fields of Barito Kuala showed that varieties tolerant to Fe toxicity, namely Inpara 1, 2, 3, and 4, gave higher grain yields (4.13 -5.55) than Ciherang, which were intolerant (1.59 t/ha) [14].

Farming Analysis
The result of the farming analysis showed that the benefit-cost ratio (B/C ratio) of several rice varieties planted in tidal swampland ranged from 1.28 -1.57, with the Inpara-2 variety having the highest B/C ratio (B/C=1.57),followed by Baroma (B/C=1.51)as seen on Table 2. From Tabel 2, we can see that the Inpara-2 planted on acid tidal swampland provides the highest productivity and provides high income (IDR 14.065.500),higher than Baroma (IDR 13.480.500)and Inpari Nutrizinc (IDR 11.725.500).The lowest income was Inpari-32 variety (IDR 11.305.500).The B/C ratio of rice planted in tidal swampland in Central Kalimantan is lower than the result of research by [8] in the tidal acid sulfate area of Kuttanad (India), with a pH of 4.6 -5.0.The control treatment gave a rice yield of 4.31 t/ha (B/C = 1.62).Adding 600 kg/ha increased rice yields by 6.46 t/ha with B/C = 2.3.According to the recommendations, the research results by [12] Inpari-1 rice varieties planted in tidal swampland of Barito Kuala (South Kalimantan) with NPK fertilization provided the farmer with an income of IDR 17.395.000(B/C = 2.02).

Farmer's Preference for Rice and Steamed Rice
Data on farmers' preferences for new superior rice varieties were obtained based on several physical characteristics of the rice and steamed tested, including color, form, aroma, texture, and taste.The farmer's preferences for rice and steamed rice are presented in Table 3 and Table 4.  Based on the Kruskal Wallis test on the three parameters of rice, there were significant differences (P<0.05) in farmers' preferences for each variety.Further tests with Mann Whitney showed the mean value of farmers' preferences ranges from 1.27 -3.6 (dislike-like) for the color parameter.The color of rice is a characteristic that can be assessed directly and can influence the preferences of farmers and other consumers towards rice.Generally, consumers prefer rice that has a pure white color [21,22].Several factors that can affect the color of rice include temperature, humidity, grain moisture content, and storage time.From Table 3, farmers' preferences for the color of Inpara 2, Inpari Nutrizinc, and Inpari 32 are not significantly different but are substantially different from other varieties.Based on the data, the local variety of Siam Mayang is the most preferred by the farmers.Mann Whitney's other test results on farmers' rice preferences showed that the most preferred variety (3,67) was Siam Mayang local variety, which is significantly different from other varieties.Meanwhile, farmers disliked the form of the superior varieties, Inpara 2 and Inpari 32.For the Baroma variety, which was not significantly different from Supadi 89, the farmers' preference criteria were instead to like the form of the rice.The form of rice favored by farmers, especially those of the Banjarese ethnicity, is long and slender.
The aroma of the rice determines the preference of farmers to like or not the rice varieties.Farmers or consumers generally prefer rice with a fragrant aroma over unscented rice.Mann Whitney's further test for the rice aroma parameter showed that farmers liked the aroma of the Baroma rice variety, which was indeed a variety for aromatic rice, not significantly different from the level preference for local types Siam Mayang and Supadi-89.
Kruskal Wallis test for farmers' preferences of steamed rice showed no significant difference in aroma and taste parameters from several varieties tested.Still, in the texture and color parameters, there were substantial differences in the level of farmers' preferences.Further tests with Mann Whitney (Table 4) showed that the color of steamed rice from Inpara 2 was not significantly different from Inpari Nutrizinc but different from other varieties.The preferred superior varieties of steamed rice color were Baroma and Inpari 32.Still, the most preferred was from local Siam Mayang, which was not significantly different from Supadi-89, likewise with the texture of steamed rice, where the preferences of farmers were like the texture of Siam Mayang, which is not significantly different from Baroma.Overall, farmers' preferences for rice and steamed rice are preferred in the local variety of Siam Mayang.Still, the superior varieties Baroma, Inpari 32, and Supadi-89 can be an alternative because farmers also like and accept them.Therefore, disseminating new superior rice varieties should refer to farmers' preferences in cultivating this rice so that farmers and the market quickly receive them.

Conclusion
Rice yield in the rainy season 2021/2022 showed Inpara-2 variety gave the highest grain yield, approximately 5.12 t/ha, followed by Baroma 4.98 t/ha, Inpari Nutrizinc 4.58 t/ha, and Inpari-32 4.48 t/ha.Farm analysis (B/C ratio) from several varieties used in this demonstration technology rate from 1.28 to 1.57.The highest B/C ratio is given by Inpara-2 (1.57) and followed by Baroma (1.51).Farmer's preference for new superior varieties (VUB) showed that the Baroma and Inpari-32 varieties are preferred over others.The Baroma has a fragrant aroma and the delicious taste of steamed rice.At the same time, Inpari-32 is selected in addition to the taste of steamed rice and has a white color, more precise than other varieties.

Table 1 .
Yield and Rice Components of Demonstration Technology Innovation Activity in Sei Jangkit Village, Bataguh, Kapuas, Central Kalimantan (Rainy Season 2021/2022) aMeans with the same letter are not significantly different at the LSD test 95% confidence level

Table 2 .
Analysis of Rice Farming Income In tidal Swampland Area of 1 Ha

Table 3 .
Means of farmer's preferences for rice = The same letter in the same row behind the mean value showed no significant difference (P>0,05)