Growth and production of shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.) applied by Trichoderma harzianum fungus Tithonia diversifolia compost

Red onions are such a demanding horticultural product that farmers have to grow them intensively. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of composting applications of Trichoderma harzianum and his Tithonia diversifolia on shallot growth and production. This research was conducted from October 2021 to January 2022 in Sekkang, Mattiro Sompe, Pinrang, South Sulawesi. The study was conducted by experiment using split plot design in a randomized complete block design which consisted of 2 plot factors such as the Trichoderma harzianum fungus as a main plot with 4 levels of doses, and the sub-plots using Tithonia diversifolia compost with 4 levels of doses. The research was done in three main steps: preparing the media and the material, maintenance and examining the result. The results showed that there was an interaction between the treatment of Trichoderma harzianum 15 g with Tithonia diversifolia compost 3 kg per plot, which gave the best results for plant height (41.78 cm). Then, the application of Trichoderma harzianum 10 g with Tithonia diversifolia compost 3 kg per plot gave the best results on the of tuber fresh weight (89.89 g), tuber dry weight (74.61 g) and production per hectare (18,65 ton).


Introduction
Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) is one of the horticultural commodities that get the most attention from the public community and government.It has many benefits such as seasoning, nutrition, and medication [1] which is why it also has a high economic value and good market prospects.The consumption of shallot in Indonesia nowadays is rising, as [2] states that the consumption of shallots in Indonesia is around 2.83 kg/capita each year and that is fulfilled by importing shallots.Then, [3] also stated in 2018 to 2019 the shallots import is increased from 11,482 tons to 17,432 tons.This proves that the increase in shallot production must be pursued intensively in order to meet the national shallot demand.The high demand for red onions is not balanced by the unstable production.As [4] states that even though each year the production of shallots is increasing, the productivity of the shallots themselves is decreasing from 10.06 T.ha -1 in 2015, 9.67 T.ha -1 in 2016, and 9.29 T.ha -1 in 2017.The reason for 1230 (2023) 012197 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012197 2 the production degradation is the technical culture system in its cultivation is not running optimally.From on that situation, the further step to increase the production is to develop the quality of the seeds and their cultivation, and one of the ways that can be applied is by using a booster like biocontrol agents such as Trichoderma harzianum and compost such as Tithonia diversifolia.Trichoderma harzianum is one type of antagonist fungus that is commonly applied to control soil borne pathogens, decomposing organic matter and as a plant growth stimulant [5 -7].It produces auxin in the form of IAA on the surface and tips of plant roots that can stimulate root elongation, initiation of secondary roots, formation of root fibers, and increase root response in plants to increase the role of roots in the absorption of nutrients and water from the soil [8].Also, the effectiveness of its application on red onion is proven by [9] research that showed its application with a dose of 10 grams/hole, showed the best results on observations of plant height, wet, and dry weight.Compost is one of the plant-derived organic fertilizers that acts as a source of nutrition for plants and can also improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil, so innovation in using compost is needed [10].It is an excellent source of nutrients and vitamins for plants, and as a nutrient source for microorganisms, it restores soil fertility, raises soil pH from acidic to neutral, and increases the availability of nutrients in soil., is more effective in improving soil quality and crop yield than plants without compost [11].One plant with high composting potential is Tithonia diversifolia.Tithonia diversifolia is an annual weed with a wet biomass of 9-11 T.ha -1 in the dry season and 14-18 T.ha -1 in the wet season.As a plant N, P, K fertilizer source, Tithonia diversifolia contains 3.50-4.00%N, 0.35-0.38%P, 3.50-4.10%K, 0.59%, and 0.27% Mg [12].Applying Tithonia divasifolia to shallots at a dose of 19.75 T.ha -1 , adding 7.14 T.ha -1 cow dung compost + 9.88 T gives a dry bulb weight of 14.29 T.ha -1 .Tithonia diversifolia produced 16.01 T.ha -1 dry tubers [13].In addition, combination of Trichoderma harzianum and Tithonia diversifolia compost is intended to reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers and positively affect the soil's fertility.Furthermore, it will be able to affect the growth and production of the shallots.This study aims to analyze the effect of the application of the Trichoderma harzianum and Tithonia diversifolia compost on the growth and production of the shallots.

Location and Research Design
The research was conducted by experiment in Sekkang, Massulowalie village, Pinrang, South Sulawesi, precisely at around 3°51'6" S 119°32'48" E longitude coordinate and 50,9 m asl, and it started from October 2021 to January 2022.The main materials that used in this research are shallot tubers of the Tajuk variety, Trichoderma harzianum, and Titonia diversifolia compost.Then, to optimize the research some materials are added, such as cow dung, bran, EM4, brown sugar water, rice washing water, shrimp paste, furadan, urea, herbicides, and pesticides.This experiment was conducted using a split plot design in a randomized complete block design, where the main plot is Trichoderma harzianum on rice media (T) which consist of 4 levels, such as 0 g/planting hole (t0), 5 g/planting hole (t1), 10 g/planting holes (t2), 15 g/planting holes (t3).Then, the subplot is Titonia diversifolia compost (P) which consist of 4 levels, such as 0 kg/plot (p0), 1 kg/plot (p1) 2 kg/plot (p2) 3 kg/plot (p3).These research experiments will be repeated 3 times for each treatment, so there are 48 experimental units.

Research Implementation
The experiments begin with preparing the land or the soil by cleaning it by processing it by hand tractor 2 times and applying herbicides.Along with that, 100 kg of Tithonia diversifolia compost was composted for 3 weeks with 30 kg of cow dung, 10 kg of bran, 1 bottle of EM4, 2 liters of brown sugar water, 2 liters of rice washing water, and shrimp paste.Then, before the shallots are planted, compost was applied a week earlier in each plot and with the specified dose.
Then, before the Trichoderma harzianum was applied, the plot is first outlined using a ruler to make them tidier and planted according to treatment doses, such as nothing for t0, 5 grams per hectare for t1, 10 grams per hectare for t2, and 15 grams per hectare for t3.After that, the shallots are starting to be planted with a spacing of 20 x 20 cm 2 so that 50 plants were obtained per plot.The maintenance was done by doing things like replanting, watering, fertilizing, weeding, and controlling pests and diseases.Finally, when the plant reaches the 60-70% soft stem neck (harvest criteria) and shows signs like yellowing and falling leaves, some tubers are visible on the soil surface, and with a reddish color then the plant is ready to be harvested.Furthermore, to do the research after the harvesting process, the next steps are drying it for 2+ weeks and doing the weighing the tubers (components of production).

Observation Parameters
Before we do the analysis, some parameters need to be concerned of and done in each trial pot, such as plant height, the tuber fresh weight and the tuber dry weight (the tuber that have been cut off the plant after the tube have been dried for 2+ weeks), and production per hectare (tons).The analysis used is the of variance (ANOVA).If there is an effect of treatment, further tests are done to distinguish the mean between treatments using the Least Significant Difference Test at a 95% confidence level.Lastly, the data will be collected every 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 WAP (Weeks After Planting) in the graphs and tables

Result
The results showed that a dose treatment of Trichoderma halzianum with compost from Tithonia divasifolia had a significant effect on the growth and production of shallots.

Plant Height (cm).
The plant height graph presented in Figure 1 shows that there was an increase in plant height in each treatment of Trichoderma harzianum and Tithonia diversifolia compost, at each age of observation, namely 2 WAP to 6 WAP .The highest average plant height was in the treatment of Trichoderma harzianum 15 g per planting hole and Tithonia diversifolia compost 3 kg per plot, with an average plant height of 2 WAP -6 WAP, respectively, 13.97 cm; 24.43 cm; 30.56 cm and 41.78 cm.The average plant height 2 WAP to 6 WAP is presented in Figure 1.The results of dispersion indicated that there was an interaction between the treatment dose of 4 Trichoderma harzianum and the dose of Tithonia divasifolia compost, which significantly affected plant height.It has a very large effect on the height of the plant.Average plant heights of 6 WAP are shown in Table 1.
LSD test results showed that the growth height of shallots treated with 15 g Trichoderma harzianum was treated with 3 kg Tithonia divasifolia compost per plot (t3p3) had the highest yield of plant height of 41,78 cm and significantly different with the dose treatment of without Trichoderma harzianum and without Tithonia diversifolia compost (t0p0)

Fresh weight of tubers (g).
The results of dispersion showed that there was an interaction between the treatment amount of Trichoderma harzianum and the dosage of Tithonia divasifolia compost, which significantly affected the fresh weight of tubers.The amount of Trichoderma harzianum treated did not significantly affect the fresh weight of tubers.Dose treatment with Tithonia divasifolia compost had a highly significant effect on the fresh weight of tubers.The average fresh weight of tubers is shown in Table 2.
The results of the LSD test showed that fresh weight of shallot bulbs treated with Trichoderma harzianum 10 g per planting hole with Tithonia diversifolia compost 3 kg per plot (t2p3) had the highest yield of fresh tuber weight of 89.89 g and significantly different with the dose treatment of Trichoderma harzianum 10 g per planting hole and without Tithonia diversifolia compost (t2p0).

Tuber Dry Weight (g).
The results of the variances indicated that there was an interaction between the treatment dose of Trichoderma harzianum and the dose of Tithonia divasifolia compost that significantly affected tuber dry weight, indicating that the treatment dose of Trichoderma harzianum had a significant effect on tuber dry weight.Dose treatment with Tithonia divasifolia compost had a highly significant effect on tuber dry weight.The average dry weight of tubers is shown in Table 3. LSD test results showed that the dry weight of shallot bulbs in the treatment of Trichoderma harzianum 10 g per planting hole with Tithonia diversifolia compost 3 kg per plot (t2p3) had the highest tuber dry weight yield of 74.61 g and significantly different with the dose treatment of Trichoderma harzianum 10 g per planting hole and without Tithonia diversifolia compost (t2p0).

Production per hectare (tonnes). The results indicated that there was an interaction between
Trichoderma harzianum treatment dose and Tithonia diversifolia compost dose, significantly affecting shallot production per hectare.It has a big impact on production.per hectare.Average production per hectare is shown in Table 4.
The results of the LSD test are production per hectare of shallots treated with Trichoderma harzianum 10 g per planting hole with Tithonia diversifolia compost 3 kg per plot (t2p3) had the highest yield per hectare of 18.65 ton and significantly different with dose treatment of Trichoderma harzianum 10 g per planting hole and without Tithonia diversifolia compost (t2p0).

Discussion
Based on statistical analysis, there was an interaction between treatment combinations with multiple doses of Trichoderma harzianum and Tithonia divasifolia compost, with parameters plant height, tuber fresh weight, tuber dry weight and production per hectare.had a great impact on Plant height 6 WAP analysis of variance showed that the highest plant height was found in the combined treatment of Trichoderma harzianum 15 g/planting hole and Tithonia divasifolia compost 3 kg/plot (t3p3).This is evidenced by the combination of dose treatments of Trichoderma harzianum and compost from Tithonia diversifolia that can promote vegetative growth in the form of increased shallot plant height.The increase in plant height was due to the increased dosage of Trichoderma halzianum with Tithonia divasifolia compost, the higher the dosage given, the more nutrients became available.In accordance with the opinion of [14] that a deficiency of phosphorus nutrients can cause disturbances in plant metabolism, including inhibiting growth.Trichoderma harzianum as a producer of auxin growth regulator, helps provide nutrients for plants through the process of decomposing organic matter that can be absorbed by plants.This is following the statement of [8] which states that Trichoderma harzianum produces auxin in the form of IAA on the surface and tips of plant roots which can stimulate root elongation, initiation of secondary roots, formation of root fibers, and increase root response in plants so that it can increase the role of roots to absorption of nutrients and water from the soil.Furthermore [15] in [16] stated that the administration of Trichoderma sp. can increase plant height because it can maintain soil fertility, increase the activity of native microbes, and break down nutrients previously unavailable from organic and inorganic matter.The application of Tithonia diversifolia compost into the soil can also increase growth in the vegetative phase which is closely related to onion plant height.This is because Tithonia diversifolia compost contains complete organic N, P, K, and C nutrients which function to improve soil fertility physically, chemically, and biologically so that it can stimulate physiological processes and optimal vegetative growth.This is supported by [17] who state that paitan weed (Tithonia diversifolia) contains N, P, and K nutrients in the proportion of 3.3 -5.5% N, 0.2 -0.5% P, and 2.3 -5.5% K. Tubers are parts of plants that store the products of photosynthesis (photosynthesis) in the form of carbohydrates.Tuber formation is affected by the plant's ability to distribute the results of photosynthesis to the plant's tubers and leaves.The results of the statistical analysis showed the interaction between the combined treatment with multiple doses of Trichoderma harzianum and Tithonia divasifolia compost on the parameters of fresh tuber weight, dry tuber weight and yield per hectare.showed that there is The increase in fresh and dry weight of tubers was due to the ratio of Trichoderma harzianum and Tithonia diversifolia compost throughput.The fungus Trichoderma harzianum can be applied to the soil to increase the fresh and dry weight of shallot bulbs.This is because the fungus Trichoderma harzianum produces the hormone-enhancing substance auxin, which helps plant roots absorb the macro and micronutrients the plant needs to produce bulbs.Furthermore, according to studies [18,19], Trichoderma spp.plants can be stimulated to produce the hormones gibberellic acid (GA3), indracetic acid (IAA), and benzylaminopurine (BAP).Therefore, plants grow more optimally, more fertile, healthier and stronger, ultimately affecting plant resistance.Gibberellins and auxin hormones are involved in root and stem elongation and fruit (tuber) growth, promoting plant growth.
The application of Tithonia diversifolia compost gave a good response to the yield components of shallots.In addition to containing high levels of N, P, and K nutrients, Tithonia diversifolia compost can also increase the availability of sufficient organic matter in the soil so as to stimulate soil microorganism activity, improve soil physical, chemical and biological properties and increase plant ability to absorb water and nutrients.so that the need for water and plant nutrients for physiological and photosynthetic processes can be met to support the growth and formation of shallot bulbs.This is in accordance with [20] research which states that tuber weight is influenced by perfect tuber formation where tuber formation requires high K nutrients.

Conclusion
Based on the study results, it can be concluded that there was an interaction between Trichoderma harzianum and Tithonia diversifolia compost treatments that had the best effect on shallot growth and production.Furthermore, the combination of Trichoderma harzianum 15 g/planting hole and Tithonia 1230 (2023) 012197 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/0121977 divasifolia compost 3 kg/plot yielded significant results with the plant height parameter (41.78 cm), Trichoderma harzianum 10 g/planting hole and Tithonia divasifolia compost 3 kg/plot yielded significant results for each plot, the best results were obtained for the parameters fresh tuber weight (89.89 g), dry tuber weight (74.61 g) and production per hectare (18.65 tons).

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The average plant height of shallots in 2 WAP-6 WAP (cm) in the treatment of Trichoderma harzianum and Tithonia diversifolia compost

Table 1 .
Shallot plant height 6 WAP (cm) in the treatment of Trichoderma harzianum and Tithonia diversifolia compost Note: Numbers in columns (a,b) and rows (x,y) followed by different letters means significantly different in LSD test 0.05%

Table 2 .
Shallot tuber fresh weight (g) in the treatment of Trichoderma harzianum and Tithonia diversifolia compost

Table 3 .
Shallot tuber dry weigt (g) in the treatment of Trichoderma harzianum and Tithonia diversifolia compost Note: Numbers in columns (a,b) and rows (x,y) followed by different letters means significantly different in LSD test 0.05%

Table 4 .
Shallot production per hectare (ton) in the treatment of Trichoderma harzianum and Tithonia diversifolia compost