Financial feasibility of introduced rice cultivation technology on tidal type B (case of Belanti Siam Village, Pandih Batu District, Pulang Pisau Regency)

The Food Estate program in the tidal swampland of Central Kalimantan was implemented to anticipate the food crisis in Indonesia. To obtain information on the financial feasibility of introduced rice cultivation technology on tidal type B, dissemination was carried out in Belanti Siam Village, Pandih Batu District, Pulang Pisau Regency, Central Kalimantan Province, covering an area of 12 hectares in dry season 2021. The introduced rice cultivation technology package which called Panca Kelola consists of water management, land preparation, amelioration and fertilization, adaptive varieties, and management of plant-disturbing organisms. The results of the dissemination showed that the introduced cultivation technology increased the production of high yield inbred rice by 39.20% (1,044.3 kg ha−1) and 48.5% (1,782.6 kg ha−1) of high yield hybrid rice compared to farmer’s technology. Economically, rice cultivation technology using hybrid rice varieties with transplanting systems and inbred rice varieties with direct seed planting systems were profitable and efficient. Rice cultivation technology using hybrid rice varieties with transplanting systems can be developed on a wide scale. Farmer’s perception of introduced rice cultivation technology was positive.


Introduction
The Indonesian government implemented a food estate or food barn program as an effort to anticipate a food crisis.This program was implemented, among others, in the swamplands of Central Kalimantan which was designed to create an advanced, independent and modern food production system through the use of the latest technological innovations in an integrated manner in a package of cropping technology, land and crop management.
The total swampland area in Indonesia is 34.93 million hectares or 18.28% of the total land area in Indonesia which is spread over Sumatra 12.93 million ha, Java 0.90 million ha, Kalimantan 19.99 million ha is potential land for agricultural purposes, the remaining 14.93 million ha is not potentially developed into agricultural land [1].
Rice productivity in tidal swamp rice fields is not optimal and is still low due to it has physical constraints and constraints in implementing technology in the field.Tidal rice fields are classified as infertile due to soil acidity, high levels of pyrite, aluminum, iron and organic acids, poor basic cations such as Ca, K, Mg and high attack of plant-disturbing organisms [2].The low productivity of swampland is also caused by (1) farmer's subsistence motivation, (2) farmer's barriers in capital and manpower and (3) farmer's barriers in dealing with risks due to climate change [3].
Farmers generally plant local rice once a year, but in some locations twice a year.Local rice production ranges from 2.5 -3.5 ton ha -1 while high yielding rice is 3.17 ton ha -1 [4,5].The productivity of high yield rice varieties on tidal type B could be increased through the application of appropriate cultivation technology with yield of 5.9 -6.3 ton ha -1 [6,7] and 2.7 -5.3 ton ha -1 on burnt peatlands [8].
The concept and demand for sustainable agricultural development in tidal swamp rice field relates to many aspects, including aspects of productivity, production efficiency, resource and environmental sustainability to farmer welfare.In tidal swamp rice field agro-ecosystems, these four things are closely related to land, water and soil management which in turn requires appropriate and site-specific water management technologies, nutrients and fertilizers and ameliorants.Al and Fe toxicity affect several agronomic and physiological characters of rice crops, thereby disrupting plant growth and reducing yields [9].Therefore it is necessary to manage water in rice fields to overcome this problem.
Water management in the field does not only function as a supply of water but also as a regulator of soil pH and flushing of toxic nutrients.Flooding with the addition of organic matter for 6 weeks in rice planting in acid sulphate soils can increase soil pH to >5.0 [10].Supply of sufficient water and inundation time also determines rice production in tidal swamp rice fields.Good drainage can increase rice yields by 1.47 t ha -1 , from 3.0 t ha -1 to 4.47 t ha -1 [11].In addition to efforts to improve soil properties and water management, efforts to manage tidal swamp rice field also need to be carried out simultaneously through the use of tolerant varieties and control of plant pests, so that land productivity can be further increased.
One of the programs for disseminating technological innovations and increasing the knowledge of farmers and agricultural extension workers is to carry out demonstration farms on farmer's land.Several Balitbangtan innovation technologies for rice cultivation need to be implemented intensively and evaluated for their performance in tidal swamp rice fields in the Food Estate area of Central Kalimantan.The technological advantages of an applied package must be considered by farmers with the technology they are currently using.
Participation of farmers in food crop production activities is important for the development of innovative, relevant and productive technologies.Farmer's participation is strongly influenced by their perceptions, while their perceptions are influenced by psychological factors including: experiences, expectations, motivation, moods and attitudes.This experience will shape farmer's attitudes towards farming innovations introduced by agricultural extension workers.Experience is one of the factors that influence the attitudes in addition to other factors such as other people who are considered important, the mass media, educational institutions and religious institutions, as well as emotional factors in individuals [12].
This study aims to obtain information on the financial feasibility of introduced rice cultivation technology in tidal type B.

Methodology
The demonstration plot was conducted on a 12 hectare farmer's rice field involving 8 farmers in Belanti Siam Village, Pandih Batu District, Pulang Pisau Regency, Central Kalimantan in MK 2021.The package of introduced rice cultivation technology is presented in Table 1.

Chemically
Water management.Micro water management includes regulation and management of water in the quarter canals and paddy fields according to the requirement of the plants.Water management is designed with an elbow and pumping system.Water management begins with the normalization of secondary and tertiary canals.Normalization is carried out by cleaning the wild plants around the secondary and tertiary canals, and removing sediment that settles at the bottom of the canal, so that its function returns to normal.Meanwhile, to regulate water entering and leaving the paddy fields, gutters and elbow pipes are installed in the farmer's fields.Water that enters through the irrigation canals into the rice fields was distributed in one direction and then exits through the drainage canals.
Land preparation and planting.Land preparation used 2-wheeled tractors and even 4-wheeled tractors.The use of agricultural machinery is determined by the cost capability of the land owner and machinery availability.Processing of this land requires small amount and sufficient of water.Paddy planting was carried out using the transplanting system and the direct seed planting system using the farmer's planting tool called gledek.This tool is pulled by human power to facilitate and save planting time.Planting spacing uses both a tile system and 2:1 Legowo system.Amelioration and Fertilization.Fertilization is defined as adding or applying nutrients to the soil to improve soil properties so that they can support plant growth.Fertilization is applied in a balanced manner and according to the nutrient status of the soil with a sowing system.Based on soil nutrient status, the recommended fertilization at the demonstration plot was 250 kg/ha kg NPK Phonska, 50 kg/ha Urea, 100 kg KCl/ha, 1.0 ton/ha agricultural lime and 1 ton/ha rock phosphate.Urea was applied twice times and follow-up N fertilizer using the Leaf Color Chart.Rock phosphate was applied before liming time, meanwhile urea, NPK and KCl were applied at the age of 0 -10 days after planting.
Adaptive Varieties.The rice varieties used were Inpari 3, Inpara 2, Argo Pawon, and Hybrids.The Argo Pawon variety is a local rice variety from Ketapang which has become a national high yielding rice variety.The description of Argo Pawon is that it has a yield potential of 6.47 t/ha, resistant to blast and tungro diseases and has an amylose content of 19.04%.
Integrated Pest and Disease Control: Pest and disease control is directed at the use of resistant varieties and natural enemies, where the use of pesticides is the last alternative.The main rice pests are brown plant hopper, stem borer and rats.While the important diseases are blast, bacterial leaf blight, and tungro.Pest and disease control is carried out by planting simultaneously, using resistant varieties, biological control, bio-pesticides, physical and mechanical.
This study used a survey method.Primary data sources were obtained from respondent farmers who were grouped into two, namely cooperators and non-cooperators as a comparison.The number of respondents was 8 cooperator farmers who implemented the introduced technology and 8 noncooperator farmers who were selected at simple random.Data was collected by means of interviews using a structured questionnaire.
The collected data consists of both primary and secondary data.Secondary data were obtained from related agencies or library sources.Primary data collected includes: (a) resources owned by farmers such as land area and productive man power, (b) farming systems as planting patterns and cultivation technology, (c) input-output rice farming and (d) farmer's perceptions towards the introduction of rice cultivation technology.
Data were collected through interviews with farmers using a structured questionnaire.Technological indicators that are measured are relative advantage, suitability of technology to the needs of farmers, ease of implementation, possibility of being tried, and possibility of being observed.
Respondents were asked to provide an assessment of all questions using a Likert scale [13], with a score of 1 = strongly disagree, 2 = disagree, 3 = doubtful /don't know, 4 = agree.and 5 = strongly agree.The data obtained is tabulated and presented in tabular form, then then analyzed financially with the following steps: 1. Farming efficiency was assessed by comparing total revenue and cost [14], as follows: R/C = Comparison between revenue and costs TR = Total Revenue (Rp) TC = Total Cost (Rp) Decision rule: R/C ≥ 1 is an efficient business from an economic point of view RC < 1 is an inefficient business from an economic point of view 2. The economic feasibility of the technology was calculated using the Marginal Benefit Cost Ratio (MBCR).MBCR value > 2 indicates that the recommended technology is feasible to be developed on a large scale [15].3. Farmer's perceptions of introduced rice cultivation technology were analyzed using a scoring approach [16,17].The score value for each cell (box) was searched by multiplying the number of respondents who gave a choice for the i-th row statement in the j-th column (n_ij) by the j-th column statement score (s_j) divided by the total number of respondents (N).The formula for determining the score value of each cell (box) is as follows.

Soil chemical properties
The type of soil at the research site in Belanti Siam Village was mostly acid sulphate soil with tidal type B. Tidal type B is flooded by water tide only during spring tide.Soil chemical properties of the initial soil are presented in Table 2.The acidity of the soil in the tilled layer (0-20 cm) was acidic with a pH value range of 4.44-4.58,while iron concentration was 1,170-1,947 ppm.The high iron concentration is the result of the oxidation of pyrite which is released into the soil solution.Based on these results and related to soil fertility, it indicates that the application of inputs will adjust to soil conditions and plant needs.Settlements are arranged in one complex while the rice fields are in the form of expanses.The farmer's yards are planted with vegetables, bananas and coconuts.Most of them also raise livestock including chickens and fish such as catfish, Channa striata and Pangasianodon hypophthalmus.Rice is cultivated twice a year during the rainy season (October -March) and the dry season (April -August).Rice cultivation by farmers uses hybrid and non-hybrid high yield rice varieties, tractors for soil tillage, transplanting systems and direct seed planting and combine harvesters for harvesting.In terms of harvesting, farmers use the Bawon system 8: 1 (7 shares for the land owner and 1 share for the combine harvester owner).Although they have used cultivation technology, farmers still face problems in rice cultivation including attacks by plant-disturbing organisms, water management, lacking in capital, lateness in the availability of inputs and difficulties in obtaining high quality rice varieties.

Farmer characteristics
The characteristics of cooperator and non-cooperator farmers are presented in Table 3.The age of farmers is generally classified as productive age, with an average of 45 years for cooperative farmers and 43.5 years for non-cooperator farmers.Education is a learning tool that will instill a favorable attitude towards using more modern agricultural practices.The education level of cooperator and noncooperator farmers is generally in junior high school.The higher of the education of the farmer, the higher his ability to receive, filter, and apply the technology given to hm.The level of education also determines the level of a person's courage in deciding to manage a farm [18,19].Age and education level influence technology adoption and farmer's ability to implement inn ovation [20].The average farming experience of cooperator farmers was 18 years in the range of 5-39 years, while non-cooperator farmers was 16.5 years in the range of 10-30 years.Farming experience on tidal swampland is essential because the longer the experience, the farmers more understand the condition of tidal swampland, especially about how to maintain the soil fertility.According to [21] that the longer the farmer's experience, the more efficient he is in managing his farming due to his having better knowledge in managing farming.
Land is one of the factors of production in farming.Farmers who have good performance will maximize land utilization.The average land area owned by cooperator farmers was 3.25 ha per family head and non-cooperator farmers was 4.25 ha per family head.According to [22] land area has a significant effect on the production of farming.Productive manpower owned by farmer ranges from 2-4 people per head of family.Lacking of manpower can be overcome by using agricultural machinery such as hand tractors, glebek planting tools and combine harvester.

Rice production
The rice yield by cooperator farmers using hybrid varieties with transplanting system was 5.5 ton ha -1 in the range of 4.8 -6.1 ton ha -1 and inbred rice varieties with direct seed planting system was 3.7 ton ha -1 in the range of 3 .0-5.2 ton ha -1 .Whereas for non-cooperator farmers was 3.7 ton ha -1 in the range of 2.7-4.0 ton ha -1 with hybrid varieties and transplanting systems and 2.7 ton ha -1 in the range of 2.1 -3.4 ton ha -1 with inbred varieties and direct seed planting systems.These data indicate an increase in rice yield obtained by cooperator farmers compared to non-cooperators with hybrid varieties of 48.5% (1.8 ton ha -1 ) and inbred varieties of 39.20% or 1.1 ton ha -1 .The use of inbred varieties included Inpara 2, Inpari 3 and Agro Pawon.These results are in line with the results of research by [6] that the application of Panca Kelola cultivation technology in tidal type B, that the yield of the 5.53 ton ha -1 Agro Pawon variety range from 4.5 to 6.47 ton ha -1 in dry season 2019 and 5 .25 ton ha -1 in the range of 5.10 -5.55 ton ha -1 in wet season 2019/2020.[23] stated that farmers like the Inpara 2 rice variety because of plant morphology, resistance to pests and diseases, quality of grain and rice and the taste of rice.The yields of Inpara 2 and Inpara 3 varieties in swamps are relatively stable between 4.12-6.20 ton ha -1 [24].
Intensive pest control caused blast disease and planthopper pests did not appear in Inpara 2, Agro Pawon, Inpari 3 and Hybrid varieties as well as iron toxicity except for Inpari 3 varieties (Table 4).Heavy rain and strong wind ahead of the harvest time which damage rice crop and rat attacks were the main causes of suboptimal rice production.Fumigation and mouse traps that are applied have not been able to control rat attacks.

Cost and revenue analysis
The results of the analysis of costs and income of hybrid rice varieties farming with transplanting system are presented in Table 5.The profit value of rice farming with the transplanting system for cooperator farmers was higher than for non-cooperator farmers, respectively IDR 9,598,872 ha -1 and IDR 3,853,228 ha -1 .The low value of profits obtained by non-cooperator farmers was due to attacks by rats and falling by wind.Nevertheless, these two farms are efficient as indicated by the R/C value > 1.The technology of introduced rice cultivation by cooperator farmers using hybrid varieties and transplanting systems can be developed on a large scale because it shows an MBCR value of >2.
The analysis of inbred rice varieties farming using a direct seed planting system by cooperator and non-cooperator farmers is presented in Table 6.Table 6 shows that the profit value of inbred rice varieties farming with the direct seed planting system obtained by cooperator farmers (IDR 2,791,460 ha -1 ) is higher than non-cooperators (IDR 2,588,467 ha -1 ).Economically, rice farming, both cooperator and non-cooperator farmers, is profitable and efficient.

Perceptions of farmers on introduced technology
The introduction of technology for rice cultivation in the demonstration farm area by the farmers of Belanti Siam village includes water regulation, land preparation, amelioration and fertilization, use of high-yielding varieties, and control of plant-disturbing organisms.Based on the results of interviews with farmers on the characteristics of introduced rice cultivation technology such as relative advantage, suitability with needs, ease of trying and implementing, the overall perception of farmers is positive.With an average value of farmers' perceptions of technological characteristics of 4.16 greater than 3 and even a value of 4.41, which means that all the variables determined show a positive value.Farmers have the highest perception of the relative advantage item with a score of 4.41 because according to them the varieties planted such as Sembada, Supadi provide high production of inbred rice varieties (Inpara 2, Inpari 3 and Agro Pawon), thereby providing benefits.The lowest score on technological characteristics is ease of implementation with a score of 3.88.This is because the inputs used, such as rock phosphate, are expensive and not available on site.Availability of production inputs and marketing facilities is an important factor in increasing farmer's perceptions of innovation [12].
Farmer is member of farmers groups so that communication among members causes the distribution of information obtained and creates a common perception of the technology being demonstrated.Farmer's perceptions of a technology are determined by the characteristics of the technology and individual personal traits [25].The characteristics of these technologies are related to 10.02 million ha, Sulawesi 1.05 million ha, Maluku and North Maluku 0.16 million ha and Papua 9.87 1230 (2023) 012196 2 million ha.Of the swampland area,

Table 1 .
Introduced rice cultivation technology

Table 2 .
Soil chemical properties of the initial soil in the demonstration plot of Belanti Siam Village 3.2.Farming systemResidential settlements and rice fields in Belanti Siam Village are located in separate areas.

Table 4 .
Pests, diseases and natural disturbances in farmer's rice field

Table 5 .
Analysis of costs and income of 1 hectare transplanting system farming for cooperator and non-cooperator farmers in Belanti Siam Village in 2021

Table 6 .
Analysis of costs and income of inbred rice varieties farming with direct seed planting system of 1 ha for cooperator and non-cooperator farmers in Belanti Siam Village in 2021

Table 7 .
Scores of farmer's perceptions of introduced rice cultivation technology in Belanti Siam Village in 2021