Increased Yield of Three Shallot Varieties from Seed with Addition of Liquid Organic Fertilizer in the Highlands

Shallots are a vegetable commodity that is considered used as a spice in cooking, so the need of the consumer is high. To supply this high consumption is needed increased productivity. Productivity can be increased by using varieties suitable for the growing environment, quality seeds, and proper fertilization. One of the uses of quality seeds is from seeds, but to obtain high production from seeds, appropriate fertilization is necessary. The goal of the study is to establish the liquid organic fertilizers type and the shallot variety from true shallot seed (TSS) can increase yield in the highlands. This research was conducted in IP2TP Berastagi, with a height of 1340 m asl and andisol. This study was conducted from May to September 2018. The Randomized Block Design factorial was used as a research design with 3 replications. The first factor is liquid organic fertilizer (LOF): Without LOF, Rabbit manure LOF, Fish fertilizer LOF, and Fish LOF. The second factor is shallot varieties from seed: Bima, Trisula, and Tuktuk. The results showed that the growth of shallots had no effect in giving liquid organic fertilizer to the seeds. The Trisula shallot variety can adapt to grow and produce well in highlands, while the Tuk-tuk variety is only adapted for growth and the Bima variety is less adaptive for growth and yield. The Trisula shallot variety with rabbit manure liquid organic fertilizer was able to give the best results compared to other treatment combinations (increased the yield by 13.70 – 65.10%.). The Trisula variety can be recommended for planting in highlands by utilizing LOF of rabbit manure.


Introduction
Shallot is one of the horticultural crops that have a good economic worth and nutritional content, and they are prevalent in the culinary world, as a cooking spice (flavor), vegetables (pickles and salads), and processed products (fried onions) [1].Shallot varieties in Indonesia that are adaptable to the highlands include the Bima, Maja, Manjung, Pikatan, Tajuk, Katumi, Mentes, Pancasona, and Bauji varieties [2], as well as Trisula and Tuk-tuk [3].The shallot varieties Bima [3], Trisula [4], and Tuk-tuk [5] are capable of producing high production.Aside from environmental factors, the adaptability of varieties to the environment is influenced too for plant productivity.Variety adaptation tests are needed to obtain types with high growth and yields capabilities under definite site condition [6].Shallot has wide adaptation because it can grow up and yield bulbs from lowlands to highlands on former rice fields, dry land, and grounds [7].
The increase in shallot productivity is also influenced by the use of quality seeds.Plant productivity is strongly influenced by seeds.Apart from using bulbs, shallot plant propagation can also use true shallot seed (TSS) as a seed source.The use of shallot botanical seeds is an alternative technology that has the potential to be developed to obtain quality shallot seeds [8].The use of TSS has several advantages compared to the use of seed bulbs, namely the volume required for TSS is lower (3-4 kg ha - 1 ) than seed bulbs (1 to 1.5 ton ha -1 ), storage and transportation of TSS is simple, and not expensive, yields healthier plants [9].In general, seeds of seed produce small bulbs and the number is still relatively low, so technology is needed in research that can break down the bulbs so as to produce a high number of bulbs and production.Some actions that can be taken to break up bulbs and increase productivity are the use of appropriate varieties and the handling of fertilization.The use of shallot varieties from the right seeds and combined with proper fertilizer application is expected to increase the production of shallots in highlands [8].
Fertilization is an important effort to increase the yield, even now it is considered the dominant factor in agricultural production [10].Chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers can be used for Fertilization [11].Organic / natural fertilizer is fertilizers produced from plant, animal, and human residues such as green manure, compost, manure, or waste from animal and human [12].Organic fertilizers can improve the soil properties such as the biological, physical, and chemical properties [13].In general, the role of organic fertilizers is high than the chemical fertilizers although their contained relatively low [14].
The role of organic fertilizers in the soil's chemical properties is (1) can supply the macro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) and micro (Zn, Cu, Mo, Co, B, Mn, and Fe) nutrients, (2) increase the Cation Exchange Capacity, and (3) can neutralize the toxic metal ions (Al, Fe, and Mn) become not toxic.Its role in soil physical properties includes (1) Soil structure is improved by absorbing soil particles so that the aggregate is more stable, (2) allocation the pore size of soil is improved so that holding capacity of water and air movement in the soil becomes better and (3) reduce the soil temperature fluctuations.The organic fertilizer's role in soil biological properties is as an energy and food resource for microfauna and mesofauna of the soil.When the organic matter is sufficiently available the organisms' activity increases so which can increase the nutrient availability, soil nutrient rotation, and the forming of the soil micro and macro pores by macro-organisms such as earthworms, termites, and collembola [14,15].
Organic fertilizers are available in solid and liquid forms.Solid forms are usually applied through the soil, whereas liquids are generally applied through the leaves.Liquid organic fertilizer is an important component in natural agriculture because contains many macros, micros, hormones, and amino acids which are needed for plants.Liquid organic fertilizer has some benefits, among them being able to reduce the chemical fertilizers using [16].Liquid organic fertilizer can increase the growth and yields of tomato [17,18], mustard [19,20] leek [21], soybean [22], and sweetcorn [23].Giving liquid organic fertilizer from the raw materials of kirinyu and manure of rabbits can produce the growth and yields of cabbage high [24].
The LOF was used as the main material utilizing native ingredients such as manure of rabbit, fertilizer from fish, and coconut water.The LOF content is nutrient essential and ZPT which are plants needed for their growth and is very effective in the efficiency the synthetic fertilizers which are not environmentally friendly.So that it can maintain the quantity yield and also quality of vegetable [24,25].
Manure from Rabbit has high nitrogen and mucosa compared the another animal so that has to bind the available nutrients [26].Fish fertilizers aside from being a source of nutrients are also capable of inducing the groups of Rhizobacteria and Actinomycetes which produce the growth hormones around the roots [27].Coconut water act as a synthetic root stimulant such as PGR, this is supported by research resultsy [25] resulted in the use of coconut water can increase the growth of tin seedlings The aim of the research was to establish the type of LOF and shallot varieties of seed origin in increasing yields in the highlands.The research implication is the growth and yields of shallots will increase in the highlands if there is an interaction between the type of fertilizer and the variety.

Methodology
The research was arranged at the Berastagi experimental farm, Karo Regency, with an altitude of 1340 m asl, rainfall of 2500 mm/year, and andisol soil type.This research was arranged start from May until September 2018.The randomized block design factorial was used as the study design, with 3 replications.The first factor was the type of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) with 4 treatments, namely without LOF, rabbit manure LOF, fish fertilizer LOF, and fish LOF.The second factor was seed varieties of shallots consisting of 3 varieties namely Bima, Trisula, and Tuk-tuk.The total treatment combinations were 12 treatments and each treatment consisted of 50 plants.
The implementation procedure is in the form of sowing the seeds in seedbed trays with mixed media of soil, sand, and manure (volume ratio=1:1:1).After 4 weeks of age from the seedlings, the seedlings were transferred to the field.Made the experimental plots 1 m x 2 m in field.The traetments distance is 0.6 m and the distance between repetitions is 1 m.On top of the beds as high as 15 cm, organic fertilizer is sown at a dose of 1.5 kg/m2.The inorganic fertilizers given were N 250 kg Ha -1 , P2O5 108 kg Ha -1 , and K2O 100 kg Ha -1 .Fertilizer of P2O5 is given as basic fertilizer, while N and K2O fertilizer is given 2 times when the plants are 2 and 4 weeks after planting (WAP).Then the bed is raised to 25 cm and mulched.Then the seeds are planted with a spacing of 0,2 x 0,2 m.Maintenance includes weeding, watering, LOF fertilization, and pest, and disease control.Apply liquid organic fertilizer one times a week, begining from 2 WAP to 10 WAP by spraying.The dose given is 75 ml l -1 of water.Pest and disease control uses pesticides with active ingredients Cypermethrin 50 g l -1 , Spinetoram 120 g l -1 , Pyridaben 135 g l -1 0.5 -1.0 cc l -1 water, azoxystrobin 200 g l -1 , difenoconazole 125 g l -1 0.5 -1 ml l -1 water, and Chlorothalonil 2 g l -1 water.Harvest the bulb is done at the three months after planting.Sample plant consist of 5 shallot plants were leave number, plant height, leaf length, the diameter of the clump observed at 4, 6, and 8 WAP, tillers number observed at 8 WAP, number of leaves, leaf diameter, percentage of flowering plants, fresh weight and number bulbs per plant, bulbs diameter and length and yield per plot (observed at harvest).The diameter of the clump was observed by measuring the overall diameter of the clump 5 cm from the ground, the length of the bulbs was gauged from the base to the tip of the bulbs, and the bulbs diameter was gauged by the diameter of the bulbs from both sides.Analyzed data with the F test and continued with the honestly significant difference test at the 0.05 level.

Plant height and clump diameter
The liquid organic fertilizer treatment and the interaction of the two treatments had no effected significant on plant height and shallot clump diameter at 4, 6, and 8 weeks after planting (WAP), while the treatment of shallot varieties had effected a significant (Table 1).63 The mean of data followed by the same letter on the same columns is not significantly different by honestly significant difference test at 0.05 level WAP = Week after planting Shallot from the TSS variety Bima had significantly different plant growth from those of the Trisula and Tuk-tuk varieties at the age of 4, 6, and 8 WAP.The Bima variety has a lower growth height and clump diameter than the other two varieties, respectively 31.63 cm, and 1.15 cm; 37.51 cm and 1.77 cm; 39.31 cm and 1.32 cm.This indicates that the varieties of shallots from seeds that are more adaptive to growth in highlands are the Trisula and Tuk-tuk varieties.
According to [7] showed that different varieties (Maja, Bima, and Tuk-tuk) did not make a difference in shallot growth in the lowlands.While the according to research by [28] showed that the Bima variety produce plant height growth, which was higher and significantly different from Tuk-Tuk and Trisula in the dry land area of South Sulawesi, Bantaeng Regency.This shows that the climatic conditions and the altitude where shallots are planted strongly affect the growth of all varieties.

Number and Dimeter of Leaves, Tillers Number, and Flowering Percentage per Plant
The number and diameter leaves, tillers number, and the percentage of flowering per plant were not significantly affected by LOF application and the interaction of the two treatments, but the number and diameter leaves, tillers number per plant given LOF produced higher values than without application.liquid organic fertilizer.Meanwhile, the percentage of flowering was higher without LOF than in the other treatments (Table 2).The Trisula variety produced a significant number of leaves more than the Bima and Tuk-tuk varieties (17.78 leaves).While leaf diameter and number of tillers were generally not significantly different between shallot varieties.Seed-origin shallot plants produce a high percentage of flowering, whereas the Trisula and Tuk-tuk varieties produce a significantly higher percentage than the Bima variety.
This shows that the Trisula and Tuktuk varieties are more adaptive to producing flowers in highlands.In accordance with the research of [29] that different shallot clones or varieties will show differences in adaptability to their environment.

Number, diameter, and length of bulbs per plant
The number, diameter, and length of bulbs per plant were affected significantly by the variety of treatment, while the LOF treatment had no significant effect (Table 3), but in general, the LOF treatment produced in a higher bulbs number than without liquid organic fertilizer application.The variety treatment significantly affected the number of bulbs, where the Trisula variety was significantly higher than the other varieties of 5.10 bulbs.Bulb size was also influenced by shallot varieties, where higher diameter and bulb length were found in the Tuk-tuk variety, followed by the Trisula and Bima varieties.Where the difference in bulb size can be influenced by the genetic factors of each variety (Figure 2).According to [30] that various varieties are planted on the same land, and the size of the bulbs produced by each variety is also different.

Weight of Bulb per Plant and Yield per Plot
The interaction of the two treatments LOF, and shallot varieties from seed had an effected significantly on bulb weight and yield (Tables 4 and 5).Giving the LOF treatment produced bulb weight and the yield was not different significantly without fertilizer on the Bima and Tuk-tuk varieties.Meanwhile, for the Trisula variety, liquid organic fertilizer treatment was significantly different with without fertilizer and the highest LOF was obtained from rabbit manure application.27,07 The mean of data followed by the same letter on the same columns is not significantly different by honestly significant difference test at 0.05 level The shallot varieties produced bulb weight and yield which was not different significantly without LOF for Bima and Tuk-tuk varieties, but Trisula variety was significant different in another treatment.Each treatment of LOF resulted that the Trisula variety being significantly different from the Bima and Tuk-tuk varieties.The highest bulb weight per plant and yield per plot was obtained for the Trisula variety from seeds with application the rabbit manure LOF of 66.78 g and 3.01 kg/2 m 2 .27.14 The mean of data followed by the same letter on the same columns is not significantly different by honestly significant difference test at 0.05 level Table 5 showed that shallots from seeds of the Trisula variety are more adapted to produce bulbs in highlands and the addition of LOF rabbit manure will result in higher production.Where this is supported by research by [31], that giving the rabbit manure liquid organic fertilizer can increase the weight of the bulb per plant (49.21%), yield per plot (48.35%), and length of the bulb (12.83%) compared to without giving LOF in carrots.

Conclusion
The growth of shallots had no effect in giving liquid organic fertilizer to the seeds.The Trisula shallot variety from TSS can adapt to grow and produce well in highlands, while the Tuk-tuk variety is only adapted for growth and the Bima variety is less adaptive for growth and yield.The Trisula shallot variety from seeds with rabbit manure liquid organic fertilizer was able to give the best results compared to other treatment combinations.The Trisula variety from seed can be recommended for planting in highlands by utilizing LOF of rabbit manure.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Plant growth and breakdown of shallot bulbs from seeds (TSS)

Table 1 .
The effect of liquid organic fertilizer and shallot varieties from seeds on plant height

Table 2 .
The effect of liquid organic fertilizer and shallot varieties from seeds on the number and diameter leaves, tillers number, and percentage of flowering per plant

Table 3 .
Effect of LOF and shallot varieties from seeds on the number, diameter, and bulbs length per plant.

Table 4 .
Interaction between liquid organic fertilizer and shallot varieties from seeds on bulb weight per plant

Table 5 .
Interactions between liquid organic fertilizer and shallot varieties from seeds with yields per plot.