The potential and the quality of several open pollinated chili varieties seed production

Seed availability is very important in supporting the sustainability of agriculture in a country and maintaining the existence of a variety. Therefore, seeds of OP chili varieties are produced by the Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute through the seed certification process. Identification of the potential and character of seed production of each chili variety needs to be known for effective seed production planning. Seed production of seven varieties was carried out in a screen house in two locations (Lembang-West Java and Brastagi-North Sumatera). Observations were conducted at every stage of production from tillage to seed quality testing, including the length of harvest time, number and weight of fruits, seed weight, seed yield, and seed quality. The number of fruits, weight of fruits, and seeds produced differed between chili varieties. Tanjung-2 chili is the earliest variety to start harvesting (12 weeks after planting) compared to other varieties. Ciko has the shortest harvest period (9 weeks). Lembang 1 has the highest seed potential compared to others (4.86-6.65%).

Until 2022, there are about 412 breeding varieties registered for seed distribution in Indonesia.Most of the varieties belong to private sectors and only a few belong to the government.The information in the variety description includes plant morphology, advantages, and adaptation areas.In addition to this 1230 (2023) 012186 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012186 2 information, seed producers as variety users require other information including the seed production potential of the varieties to be produced and sold.
Chili varieties are divided into 2 types: hybrid varieties and open-pollinated varieties (OP) [21].Hybrid chili seeds are produced by conducting artificial crosses between the female parent and the male parent, and its F1 seeds cannot be used as a seed source for the re-seeding process.Meanwhile, OP chili seeds are produced by letting the population of the variety pollinates freely, and the offspring can be used as a seed source for the re-seeding process.To maintain the purity of OP chili seeds, seed production should be carried out in a screen house to prevent crosses with other unwanted varieties.Information related to the potential production of OP chili seeds in the screen house is important for OP chili seed breeders, especially regarding seed yield.
Information related to seeds of various chili such as Habanero chili and Katokkon chili (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) [22,23], Ancho and Guajillo chili (Capsicum annuum L.) [24][25][26], Capsicum frutescens L. [27,28], Capsicum baccatum [29] have been reported.Likewise, reports related to seed productions of local chili varieties (Odeng, Lanyoe, Super Amando, and Lamando Lapaben from Aceh [30]; Katokkon chili from Sulawesi [23]; Pulau Timor [31]) or nasional varieties (IPB CH1, IPB CH2, IPB CH3, IPB CH4, IPB CH5, IPB CH6, IPB CH25, IPB CH28, and IPB CH50 varieties owned by IPB University [32]; UNIB C H73, UNIB C H65, and UNIB C H13 varieties owned by Universitas Bengkulu [33]; CK5 variety owned by Universitas Padjadjaran [31]; PM999, Kiyo [34], or Arimbi [35] varieties owned by private companies have also been reported.Information related to the potential and quality of seeds owned by the Ministry of Agriculture already exists but there are still few who report as a whole related to the potential productions and seed qualities [36][37][38][39][40].The character of chili fruit and seeds between varieties can differ [38,40].The character of chili fruit and seeds between lots in a variety can be different or not significantly different [37,40].Meanwhile, the quality of chili seeds between lots in a variety can be significantly different [36] and also not significantly different [40].However, information related to the length of harvest time and seed yield potential is rarely found.It is necessary to write a report related to the potential and quality of seeds of chili varieties owned by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia.

Materials and methods
This research was conducted in two locations, namely Lembang, West Java, and Brastagi, North Sumatra from April to December 2021.Planting was done in each screenhouse [41][42][43][44] with the size and population as shown in Table 1.Seeds of seven open pollinated (OP) chili varieties owned by the Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute (IVEGRI) namely Lembang 1, Tanjung-2, Ciko, Kencana, Prima Agrihorti, Rabani Agrihorti, and Carvi Agrihorti were used as planting materials.Lembang 1 and Kencana are curly chili types.
Land processing is carried out by clearing grass and previous crops, then the soil is rotated with a plow to turn the soil.Then proceed with making beds and basic fertilization.The basic fertilizers were used 30 tons/ha of chicken manure, 1.5 tons/ha of dolomite, and 450 kg/ha of NPK 16-16-16.The beds were then covered with plastic mulch [41,[45][46][47][48][49] and left for 3 weeks.
Seed sowing using sterile soil to avoid soil-borne diseases.Seeds were spread on the seedling media and covered with black plastic to accelerate germination.After the first leaf appears, the seedlings were planted and left for 1-2 weeks.In 3-4 weeks after sowing, the seeds were planted in beds with a spacing of 70 cm x 50 cm (double row) for big and curly chili varieties or 50-60 cm x 150 cm (single row) for cayenne chili varieties.Each variety was planted in one screenhouse.
Supplementary fertilization was given once every ten days at 15 days after planting (DAP) until 55 DAP with solution of NPK: boron fertilizer = 2: 1 in 100 liters of water.Followed by solution of NPK : KNO3 = 2 : 1 in 100 liters of water at 65, 75, and 85 DAP [10].The fertilizer solution was poured over the planting media containing chili plants as much as 250 ml per plant.At 30 DAP until harvest, MKP (leaf fertilizer) (40g/18 liters) was sprayed on the leaves every 10 days [50].
Watering plants were carried out once or twice a day depending on the weather [45].Pesticide control was carried out according to the plant needs.During the production, water buds (big and curly chili chilies), the intercrops, diseased/virus-infected plants, or a mixture of other varieties were rogued by the production staff.
The fruit harvesting was done on ripening fruits.Physiological ripeness is characterized by full red fruit on the entire surface of the fruit.Only health fruits were harvested.Fruits were extracted using the wet method [51,52].The fruits were sliced longitudinally and soaked in water while the seeds were removed and rinsed several times with water.The last rinse of water mixed with NaOCl, then seeds were soaked for 5-10 minutes [53].The seeds were drained in a seed drying chamber at 30-35°C for 5-7 days until the seed moisture content is below 7%.After drying process, the seeds were sorted to separate pure seeds from seed impurities (chili fruit peels, broken seeds, etc.).Then seeds were packed in aluminium foil and stored in a seed storage room with a temperature of ± 15°C and then tested for seed qualities (moisture content, germination, and physical purity) in an accredited laboratory for chili seed quality testing.The variables observed during harvesting and processing included the production time frame of each chili variety; fruit weight, number of fruits, and net seed weight per area/screenhouse.All the data were taken from the first harvest to the last harvest of all plants in each variety in each screen house.From those data, the potential fruit weight, seed weight per plant, seed yield percentage and seed quality achieved were calculated.Data were tabulated and presented descriptively.

Results and discussion
From the results of seed production records and tabulations in the field, each variety has its own characteristics for start, peak, and harvest time ranges (Figure 1).The fastest start time for harvesting was the Tanjung-2 variety at 12 weeks after planting (WAP) and the longest were the Kencana, Rabani Agrihorti and Carvi (16 WAP) varieties.This is in accordance with the results of Ayala-Villegas et al. which states that each variety has a different harvest time [54].The right time to harvest chilies is when they are fully red, indicating that the fruit is physiologically ripe.
The fastest peak harvest was Tanjung-2 (17 WAP) and the longest was Lembang 1 and Prima Agrihorti (24 WAP).The shortest harvest time range was Ciko (9 weeks) and the longest was the Lembang 1 variety (16 weeks).The shape of the curve for weight and number of fruits is close to the normal curve.Slightly increased at the beginning then reached its peak point before finally sloping.Table 2 showed the number, fruit weight, and total seed production.Each variety showed some variations.The highest number of fruits per planting area was achieved by Rabani Agrihorti (111,083 fruit) while the lowest was Carvi Agrihorti (14,055).The biggest fruit weight per planted area was owned by Tanjung-2 (276,860 g) and the smallest was Lembang 1-1 (66,511 g).The highest seed production per planted area was achieved by Tanjung-2 (8.160 g) and the smallest was Lembang 1-1 (3.235 g).Table 3 showed that the number of fruits per plant, the total fruit weight and the yield of seeds varies between varieties.The highest and the lowest number of fruits per plant were respectively owned by Lembang 1 and Carvi Agrihorti with 312-349 and 32 fruits respectively.The highest fruit weight per plant were Lembang 1 varieties at 911 -983 g and 44-65 g respectively, while the lowest were Kencana 260 g and 7 g per plant.Seed yield is the number of fruitful seeds produced compared to the fruit harvested.The highest and lowest seed yields are respectively owned by Lembang 1 (4.86-6.65%)and Tanjung-2 (2.51-2.95%).
According to Sembiring et al., Tanjung-2 is the preferred variety by traders.Meanwhile, farmers and household sectors prefer the Carvi Agrihorti variety [55].The preferences of each group are different.They choose based on their need for the product.Farmers choose a variety based on fruit yield.Households choose based on the color of the chili fruit skin.While traders choose based on the shape of the chili fruit [55].However, this study only evaluated three chili varieties owned by IVEGRI.So that in the future it is also necessary to evaluate all IVEGRI chili varieties to find out the potential of each variety from the point of view of chili variety user and stakeholders (farmers, traders, households).Each planting area consists of one or more lots.These lots are seeds that are still in the same harvest period.Seed quality can be measured from three observational variables, such as germination, moisture content, and physical purity of the seeds.From all the lots tested, all lots had 100% seed purity.This indicates that the seeds had been sorted properly, between pure seeds and seed impurities.The seed moisture content of all lots were below 7%.This meant that the seeds had been dried sufficiently for the seeds to be stored and distributed.The lower the water content, the longer the shelf life of the seeds.
Germination is influenced by many things, including genotype/variety [25,56], the physical condition of the plant, age/time of harvest [24,57,58], method of seed extraction [51,52,58], capsaicin content [24], etc.The germination percentage of each variety or lot in this study was different.This is in accordance with the results of research by Sanjuan-Martínez et al. which states that each variety has different germination abilities [25,56].However, from the results of previous studies, for the same variety as tried in this study, seed germination was statistically not affected by differences in varieties [36] even though the germination percentages were different.This is possible because genetically, the varieties tested/compared are not that far related.The germination capacity of each lot in this experiment showed the class of seed type Breeder Seed (BS) except for one lot of seed including the class of Extension Seed (ES).This result showed that the field conditions during chili seed production were good.Seeds were categorized as seed types if the germination rate was above 80% for cayenne chilies and 85% for large and curly chilies (Table 4).
The right harvest time can increase the germination of chili seeds.Furthermore, fruit harvested overripening gives the best germination power compared to morphologically ripe or physiologically ripe fruit [58].Chilies that are harvested later (over ripening) do not require fruit storage, while fruits that are harvested earlier (physiologically ripe) need to be stored first to increase germination [24].
Barchenger and Bosland stated that capsicum that has high levels of capsaicin tends to have low germination.This capsaicin can reduce or delay seed germination [24].The extraction technique used in this experiment is the wet method.According to Krestini et al., wet extraction method can be used to increase the germination of chili seeds [51,52,58].The seeds which had been washed with water and treated with NaoCl in this experiment probably removed the capsaicin attached to the placenta and the chili seed coat so that the germination rate of all seed lots tested in this experiment was high (> 75%).Capsaicin is most abundant in the placenta compared to chili fruit skin or chili seeds and this capsaicin is responsible for the spiciness of chili [28].

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Range of harvesting of each variety.

Table 2 .
Number and weight of fruit and total seed production of each variety.

Table 3 .
Productivity of fruit, seed and seed yield of each variety

Table 4 .
Seed quality and seed weight per lot of various OP chili varieties