Physical quality of KUB chicken carcass supplemented with turmeric

Public interest in kampung chicken (Ayam Kampung) must be balanced with the carcass’s quality. Providing healthy and antibiotic-free Ayam Kampung carcasses is a challenge for farmers. As a natural additive, turmeric could promote chicken growth performances. This research aimed to evaluate the effects of turmeric supplementation on the physical quality of KUB chicken carcasses. The study was conducted at the AIAT Bengkulu Postharvest Laboratory Unit from January to December 2021. About 20 KUB chickens (75 days old) were involved in this experiment. There were five treatments in this study, specifically: (1) without turmeric supplementation as control, (2) 2.5% turmeric supplementation, (3) 5% turmeric supplementation, (4) 7.5% turmeric supplementation, and (5) 10% turmeric supplementation. Each treatment was replicated four times. The observation of carcass quality included live weight, carcass weight, total carcass percentage, carcass part percentage (thighs, chest, and wings), heart weight, and abdominal fat percentage. The result showed that turmeric supplementation significantly reduced the abdominal fat of KUB chickens. However, the supplementation treatments did not influence KUB chicken’s carcass yield.


Introduction
As a native chicken, kampung chicken (Ayam Kampung) have a special place in Indonesian cuisine, mainly due to its unique flavour, savoury taste, and specific texture of meat [1,2].Cultivating kampung chickens is also quite popular with farmers because it is very adaptive in tropical environments, has a simple management system, does not need particular feed, and has a high selling price.Unfortunately, kampung chicken has low egg production [1]; thus Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) produced a new superior breed called KUB chicken [3].It was claimed that KUB chicken has better egg and meat productivity than native kampung chicken [4].In addition, this KUB chicken meat has a similar taste and texture to the native kampung chicken, which matches the Indonesian majority's preferences.
KUB chickens have been introduced to farmers in almost all Indonesian provinces.The main challenge for KUB chicken farmers is maintaining chicken growth performance and productivity without adding antibiotics, considering its residue issues in the final products.Although antibiotics in animal feed in Indonesia are still allowed in specific doses, it has been prohibited in Europe since 2006 [5].Therefore, many researchers and feed industries keep trying to investigate alternative substances for 1230 (2023) 012157 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012157 2 animal growth improvement and disease prevention.In this circumstance, natural additives in animal nutrition have gained much attention since their bioactive compounds are beneficial for animal growth [5].Moreover, it has been reported that herbal supplementation to animal diets improves immunity, prevents diseases, and helps speedy recovery in livestock [6,7].
Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is one of the natural alternatives commonly used as additives in animal diets to support animal growth.This rhizome plant native to southern and southeastern Asia contains a valuable bioactive compound called curcumin that has multiple beneficial effects on humans and animals .It was already well-characterized that turmeric's curcumin content has antioxidant activities that play a prominent role as an anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, and immunomodulator [8-10].Turmeric has been proven safe for human consumption; thus, it can be used as a feed additive to stimulate livestock growth [10].Numerous studies have investigated the effects of turmeric supplementation in livestock diets.However, the results have not been consistent.Some research reported positive impacts on broiler chicken growth performance, indicated by body weight gain and carcass yield improvement [6,7].
Meanwhile, others stated that there was no significant improvement in t h e growth performances of broiler chickens [5].In addition, there was limited information about turmeric supplementation in dietary feed or drinking water of KUB chickens.Thus, this present study attempts to evaluate turmeric supplementation's influence on the physical quality of KUB chicken carcass.

Methods
The research was carried out in AIAT Bengkulu from January to December 2021.KUB chickens were reared in floor pens, where feed and drinking water could be accessed freely.A complete randomized design was employed as an experimental design with turmeric supplementation as a treatment.Turmeric powder at five levels (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10%) was mixed into KUB chicken's drinking water.Each treatment was replicated four times.This experiment involved 20 KUB chickens for each treatment.
At 75 days old, the chickens were previously weighed for live body weight data collection and then slaughtered.The feathers, head, neck, legs, and internal organs were removed to obtain the whole carcass.The entire carcass was weighed before being divided into several parts.The breast, thigh, wings, liver, and abdominal fat were collected and considered separately.The parameter observed included carcass and its cut parts, liver, and abdominal fat percentages.Each parameter was calculated as the percentage of live body weight [5,11].
Statistical analysis operation used SPSS 20.0 software with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedure at a 95% confidence level.Further observation to evaluate different means between treatments employed a Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT).

Results and discussions
Table 1 shows that turmeric supplementation in the drinking water of KUB chicken has no impact on the carcass attributes (p>0.05),both whole and cut parts (breast, thigh, and wings).This result is consistent with an earlier study of turmeric powder supplementation on broilers [5,12].Another research on KUB chickens also stated that carcass yield was unaffected by the feed diets' enzyme supplementation and nutrient density [4].
Equivalent to the carcass yield, turmeric treatments did not affect liver percentage in KUB chickens (p>0.05).A similar study also revealed that herbal supplementation did not alter liver percentage in kampung chickens [11].This condition indicates that turmeric supplementation is safe and has no adverse effect since there is no alteration in the liver tissue of KUB chickens.Liver shrinkage or enlargement shows abnormalities that could hamper detoxification functions in the liver [8,13].A previous study stated that the curcumin compound has antioxidant properties that can protect the liver [14].
Meanwhile, turmeric supplementation significantly decreased the abdominal fat percentage of KUB chickens (p<0.05).The reduction of abdominal fat due to turmeric supplementation has also been reported in broiler chickens [5,10,12].An earlier study stated that curcumin reduces the plasma lipid and hepatic profiles.Moreover, it also regulates lipolysis and lipogenesis gene expression.All of those functions are essential in abdominal fat reduction [15].Another study informed that curcumin's capability to reduce body fat is associated with its ability to stimulate pancreatic bile secretion and release the lipase that breakdown triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol [16].

Table 1 .
The effect of turmeric supplementation on the carcass, abdominal fat, and liver of KUB chickens at 75 days old Turmeric supplementation did not affect KUB chicken carcass percentage.However, adding turmeric into the drinking water of KUB chickens significantly reduced abdominal fat.This finding emphasizes that turmeric supplementation effectively reduces fat deposition in the abdomen area of KUB chickens without altering carcass attributes and liver percentage.1230 (2023) 012157 Khodadadi M, Sheikhi N, Haghbin Nazarpak H and Nikbakht Brujeni G 2021 Effects of dietary turmeric (Curcuma longa) on innate and acquired immune responses in broiler chicken Vet Anim Sci 14 100213 [11] Raheem M A, Jiangang H, Yin D, Xue M, Rehman K, Rahim M A, Gu Y, Fu D, Song X, Tu J, Khan I M, Tipu M Y and Qi K 2021 Response of lymphatic tissues to natural feed additives, curcumin (Curcuma longa) and black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa), in broilers against Pasteurella multocida Poult Sci 100 101005 [12] Kinati C, Ameha N, Girma M and Nurfeta A 2022 Effective microorganisms, turmeric (Curcuma longa), and their combination on performance and economic benefits in broilers Heliyon 8 e09568 [13] Dewi G A M K, Nuriyasa I M and Wijana I W 2017 Production of chicken carcass and non carcass of kampung chickens who received rations skin dragon fruit flour (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) fermented The 7th International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production pp 244-50 [14] Abdullah B, Kusumanti E, Atmomarsono U and Abdullah.B. E K dan U A 2015 Pengaruh penambahan tepung temukunci (Boesenbergia Pandurata ROXB.) dalam ransum terhadap bobot hidup, kadar SGOT SGPT dan kondisi ayam broiler Animal Agriculture Journal 4 41-6 [15] Xie Z, Shen G, Wang Y and Wu C 2019 Curcumin supplementation regulates lipid metabolism in broiler chickens Poult Sci 98 422-9 [16] Rahayu I and Budiman C 2008 Pemanfaatan tanaman tradisional sebagai feed additive dalam upaya menciptakan budidaya ayam lokal ramah lingkungan Lokakarya Nasional Inovasi Teknologi Pengembangan Ayam Lokal pp 126-31 * percentage of live body weight;Values with different letters in the same row are significantly different (p<0.05)4.Conclusion