Identification and quantification of minerals and vitamins of purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) leave

Purple sweet potato leaves are abundant in polyphenols, antisionins, flavonoids, and other nutrients that are higher than other varieties and green vegetables and are very good for health but reports on mineral and vitamin content are still very rare even in many places including Jayapura are less aware of the benefits and uses of these leaves, while around many are malnourished, especially in pregnancy. The purpose of this study, namely Identifying and measuring, and analyzing the mineral and vitamin content of purple sweet potato leaves. To extract Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn using the ICP-MS method. K, Ca, Mg, and Na using the AAS method while P, B-Carotene, and Vitamin C using the Spectrophotometric method. The results of this study were Fe (22,014.5 µg/100g), Zn (1,999.9 µg/100g), Cu (5 µg/100g), Mn (3,902.6 µg/100g), K (1,786,556 µg/100g), Ca (258,824 µg/100g), Mg (164,839 µg/100g), Na (305,531µg/100g), P (98,278 µg/100g). Vitamin C (300.845 µg/100g), B.Carotene (585.829 µg/100g). This study concludes that the minerals and vitamins of Koya Koso Jayapura purple sweet potato leaves are proven to be very high, and can be used as additional food and treatment for micronutrient deficiencies, especially for pregnant women. Suggestions for future researchers to identify more minerals and vitamins in these purple sweet potato leaves.


Introduction
Purple sweet potato leaves are an easily available green vegetable that can be grown in various climates and places, as a source of nutrients and other bioactive compounds [1].Purple sweet potato leaves are known to have higher antisionins than red, yellow, and white sweet potato leaves [2][3][4][5].and contain higher vitamins and minerals than other varieties, even with other vegetable leaves [6][7][8].
The presence of antisionins, flavonoids, and polyphenols in purple sweet potato leaves has provided health benefits including anti-cancer [9] anti-modulation [10], antimutagenic [11], antihypertensive [12], antidiabetic [13], heart and liver protection [14,15].As a phytochemicalenriched green vegetable, purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas .L) leaves are popular in many countries, but a study [8], found the fact that purple sweet potato leaves, which are abundant in polyphenols, are underutilized, while also in some countries purple sweet potato leaves are not known for their benefits and use so that these leaves are mostly discarded and used as livestock food [12,16,17] as well as in Jayapura the tubers are utilized but the leaves are not consumed and are only used as fodder, while in the community many are malnourished.Sweet potato leaves are a cheap and 1230 (2023) 012134 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012134 2 highly nutritious food [18].
When looking at the above studies, most researchers reported the results of research on purple sweet potato leaves with antisionins, polyphenols, and flavonoids, but few reported mineral and vitamin content.Vitamins and minerals in purple sweet potato leaves can increase hemoglobin [6], lower cholesterol related to cardiovascular disease [11,19] control hypotension [20], play an important role in the development of embryonic organ systems, maintain epithelial cell integrity, maintain the immune and reproductive systems [21] and maintain maternal metabolism during pregnancy [22].
Therefore, this study aims to identify, and quantify the mineral and vitamin content and analyze the benefits of each mineral and vitamin in purple sweet potato leaves.

Determination of purple sweet potato leaves
Purple sweet potato leaves were collected from community gardens in Koya Koso Jayapura by first conducting determinations, which ensure purple sweet potato leaves by digging up the tubers and then cutting to ensure the correct identity of the leaves to be examined and avoid errors in selecting and collecting the main ingredients of this study [23].

Sample Preparation.
Purple sweet potato leaves were picked, then washed and drained, and then dried in the sun for 2-3 days.After drying the leaves are made into flour using a miller and sieved with a 40-mesh [1]

Methods
The powdered purple sweet potato leaves were brought to the Makassar Laboratory Institute, where they were extracted to identify and analyze minerals and vitamins.Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn were extracted by the ICP-MS method, K, Ca, Mg, and Na were extracted by the AAS method while P, Betacarotene, and Vitamin C were extracted by the Spectrophotometric method.

Discussion
This study identified and quantified minerals and vitamins in purple sweet potato leaf flour that can provide health benefits, being a good source of nutrition.Previous research has found minerals (K, Na, Ca, µg, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn) in purple sweet potato leaves [30].In addition, previous research also found the fact that purple sweet potato leaves contained minerals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ca, K, µg, Na, P, and Vitamin C and Betacarotene [7].
The mineral and vitamin composition of purple sweet potato leaves is higher than spinach, cabbage, asparagus, broccoli, and another vegetable [24].These purple sweet potato leaves as green vegetables are rich in phytochemicals and abundant polyphenols, but in some countries even in Jayapura itself, most of them are discarded and used as animal feed because the leaves when consumed feel hard [8,[16][17][18] The mineral and vitamin composition of purple sweet potato leaves can be seen in Table 1.

Mineral content
Iron (Fe) is needed for the formation of hemoglobin and also other elements in the body such as myoglobin, cytochrome, cytochrome oxidase, peroxidase, and catalase, if iron is lacking it can cause anemia [25].The iron content in purple sweet potato leaves (22,014.5 µg/100g) is higher than in Moringa leaves (6.24 µg/100g) [26], spinach leaves (1.6 µg/100g) [24].Purple sweet potato leaves as a source of iron are very useful in pregnant women who need high iron for placenta formation and fetal growth, increased maternal blood volume, and bleeding in childbirth [27].The iron requirement of pregnant women during pregnancy is 1040 µg.Iron is also needed by breastfeeding women, adolescent girls, and generally women who lose a certain amount of blood during menstruation [6].
Zinc (Zn) is required for the synthesis of DNA and RNA involved in protein synthesis, cell formation, and growth [26].In pregnancy, it is necessary to add 1.7 µg of zinc in the first trimester, 2 µg in the second trimester, and 10.2 µg in the third trimester.If zinc levels drop, zinc supplementation of 15-20 µg/day is required [28], while the need for children (7-10 years) is 10 µg/day, 12 µg/day for adolescents, 15 µg/day for adults and 15-19 for pregnant and lactating women [6].The zinc content in purple sweet potato leaves is (1,994.9µg/100g), while A. Awol's research in [7], contained (5,647 µg/100g) and (1.2-3.2 µg/100g).If seen the need for zinc in all ages and pregnant and lactating women, then through this study the need for zinc is more than enough.
Copper (Cu) has many important functions in the human body, namely, helping to produce blood cells and resulting in the release of iron to form hemoglobin [6].In addition, copper supports the function of blood vessels, the nervous system, and the immune system, as well as bone growth [29].The copper content of these purple sweet potato leaves (is 5 µg/100g), while the copper requirement for children and adults is 1-3 µg/day [6], and for pregnant and lactating women 50 -120 µg/day [30].
Manganese (Mn) has an important role in physiological processes as a component of several enzymes and as an activator.The manganese content in purple sweet potato leaf flour (3,902.6 µg/100g).Based on the AKG manganese requirement for ages 0-10 years 0.003-1.7 µg / day, men 12-80 years 1.8-2.3µg / day and women 10-80 years 1.6-1.8µg / day while for pregnant women +0.2µg / day and breastfeeding women +0.8 µg / day [31].Purple sweet potato leaf flour can be used to fulfill manganese needs in small amounts because its nutritional content exceeds the RDA.
Potassium (K) is essential in the cells and tissues of the body, especially during pregnancy to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, transmit electrical signals to the nerves and regulate muscle contractions.In addition, potassium relieves tension on blood vessel walls, thereby lowering blood pressure.Potassium can also help reduce excess salt in the body by removing it through urine, protecting the heart and blood vessels [19], and maintaining nerve function.This study revealed potassium in purple sweet potato leaf flour (1,786,556 µg/100g).The need for potassium according to the AKG is 4500-4700 µg/ day [31], so purple sweet potato leaves are an excellent source of potassium for people with hypertension, especially pregnant women who are prone to high blood pressure before childbirth and after childbirth or the postpartum period [6,30].
Calcium (Ca) plays a role in the interaction between proteins and muscles.If blood calcium levels are low, muscles cannot relax after contraction and the body becomes stiff and cramped, this can lead to the risk of pre-eclampsia/eclampsia during pregnancy [32].Calcium also plays an important role in bone density and strength and maintains bone and tooth growth both early in life and later in life [6].The calcium content in purple sweet potato leaves (258,824 µg/100g) is higher when compared to the potassium content in spinach leaves (14.55 µg/100g), sambiloto leaves (150 µg/100g) and soybean (450 µg/100g) [33], while the calcium requirement for adult women without pregnancy is 1000-1200 µg/day and 1200-1400 µg/day for pregnant women [28,31].Thus, purple sweet potato leaves can be an excellent source of calcium to build and maintain strong bones and teeth.
Magnesium plays an important role in maintaining heart, kidney, and muscle health.A deficiency can lead to heart attacks, kidney disease, high blood pressure, and asthma attacks [32,6].In pregnant women, serum magnesium concentration decreases by 7-12%.Magnesium deficiency can cause tension in the blood vessels of the placenta and umbilical cord.Together with calcium, magnesium acts as a bone-forming element and antagonist in the regulation of nerve impulses, calcium as a stimulant, and magnesium as a relaxant.It is recommended to add 30 µg / day to meet the daily needs of pregnant women 270 µg / day [28].The magnesium content in purple sweet potato leaves (164,839 µg/100g) can be used as a supplement for the prevention and treatment of magnesium.
Sodium (Na) is an essential element needed by the body to maintain fluid balance to function for nerves and muscles and affects the pressure and increase in blood plasma volume such as in pregnancy [6].The WHO recommended dose, is not > 2000 µg / day and the dose according to, AHO is 1500 µg / day.Normal sodium levels in the blood are 135-145 Meg/L, if not balanced it will give the effect of hyponatremia and hypernatremia.The sodium content in purple sweet potato leaves (305.531µg/100g) is higher when compared to sambiloto leaves (26.05µg/100g) and soybeans (35.85µg/100g [33]. Phosphor has a role in the human DNA and RNA system, for example in the first trimester of pregnancy, phosphorus can influence the formation of the face, personality, talent, and character of the fetus and is responsible for the nervous system, brain development, and activation, the fetal digestive system and reacts to a variety of sounds and moods of the mother In addition, phosphorus can also maintain heart rhythm and rate, blood clotting and keep bones and teeth strong in pregnant women [32,28,6].The need for phosphorus according to the AKG (400-500 µg / day) + (200-300 µg) / day for pregnant women hamil [31].Phosphorus content of purple sweet potato leaves (98,278 µg/100g).The nutritional content is more than enough and can be used as a food supplement.

Vitamin content
Betacarotene (vitamin A) has an important role in the development of embryonic organ systems, maintaining epithelial cell integrity, immune function, and the reproductive system [21,28] and maintaining maternal metabolism during pregnancy [22], but keep in mind that WHO recommends routine vitamin A supplementation in deficiency endemic areas because excess can be teratogenic to the fetus.The vitamin A content in purple sweet potato leaves (585,829 µg/100g) is the minimum vitamin requirement for pregnant women of 770 µg/day.
Vitamin C reduces iron in the small intestine to facilitate absorption, so in the presence of vitamin C, iron absorption increases more than four times.Iron also plays a role in erythrocyte maturation, bone, and tooth formation, is responsible for transferring iron from plasma transferrin to ferritin in the liver, and plays a role in tissue respiration [34,35,36].Vitamin C content in purple sweet potato leaf flour (300,845µg/100g), while the vitamin C requirement for men is 90 µg/day, women 75 µg/day, pregnant women 85 µg/day and lactating women 120 µg/day but according to the LPI at least 400µg/day for all adults [37].

Conclusion and suggestions
Minerals and vitamins of Koya Koso purple sweet potato leave Jayapura Papua proved to be very high and can be used as additional food and treatment for micronutrient deficiencies of pregnant women and others.Future researchers should identify more minerals and vitamins in this purple sweet potato leaf.

Table 1 .
Minerals and vitamins of purple sweet potato leaf flour.