Characteristics of morphology and response of several soybean varieties to pests and diseases in South Sulawesi, Indonesia

South Sulawesi has long been known as the largest soybean-producing province in Indonesia and one of its supporters is the emergence of several soybean varieties that have responsiveness and adaptability to various agroecosystems and are tolerant to pests and diseases. Several soybean varieties that have been developed by farmers and brought South Sulawesi to be known as the largest soybean producer in Indonesia include Wilis, Mahameru, Anjasmoro, and Argomulyo. The Wilis variety emerged as a superior variety in South Sulawesi in the era of 1986-1989. This variety has higher responsiveness and adaptability as well as productivity (1.60 t ha−1) than Orba and Galunggung (1.50 t ha−1). Then in 1990-2012, the Mahameru variety appeared which was most favored by farmers at that time. The Mahameru variety has several advantages, including larger seeds (16.0-17.0 g) than Wilis (10.0 g) per 100 seeds. In addition, this variety is resistant to fall, resistant to leaf rust, and has higher productivity (2.0-2.5 t ha−1) than Wilis (1.6 t h a −1). From 2013 to 2018, the Anjasmoro and Agromolyo varieties emerged which have brought the name South Sulawesi known as the largest source of soybean seeds in Eastern Indonesia. This variety has several advantages over Mahameru, including being older, being more mature and adaptive to various agroecosystems, and being tolerant of pests and diseases. In 2019-2021 several soybeans have appeared, including the Derap-1, Deja-1, Dega-1, Detap-1, Devon-1, and Dena-1 varieties. This variety has several advantages compared to Anjasmoro and Argomulyo, including earlier age, larger seeds, higher productivity, resistance to fall, and more tolerance to pests and diseases. This variety also has high adaptability and response to various agroecosystems, including in paddy fields and dry land.


1.Introduction
Soybeans in South Sulawesi are generally planted by farmers in paddy fields, both rain fed and semiintensive paddy fields.The level of productivity achieved by soybean farmers is largely determined by the types of varieties planted by farmers.Each variety has different morphological characters.There are varieties that have large, medium, and some are small.In addition to seed size, other morphological characters such as flower color are white and purple, seed colors range from yellow, light yellow, dark yellow, green yellow, light brown, brown, dark brown, and black [1].The type of seed size greatly influences the behavior of farmers in selecting varieties.In addition to the morphological characters that differ for each variety, there are also several varieties that are tolerant of acid, dry, and tidal soils.There are also several varieties that are tolerant to shade and tolerant to flooding [2].
Pests and diseases in soybean plants in South Sulawesi is a problem that is difficult for farmers to solve.Several types of pests that often cause losses to soybean farmers in South Sulawesi include the Spodoptera litura armyworm, Nezara viridul pod sucker, Riptortus linearis, Etiella zinckenella pod borer, Aphis sp, and the whitefly Bemisia tabaci.Types of soybean diseases that often harm farmers include leaf spot, root rot, striped virus, anthracnose disease, rust disease, and purple spot disease [3].One way to reduce the level of damage and yield loss due to pests and diseases of soybeans, researchers have produced several types of varieties that are tolerant to pests and diseases.Some soybean varieties are tolerant to pests and diseases, including Tidar varieties resistant to seed flies, Wilis tolerant to leaf rust and striped virus, Argomulyo, Burangrang, Mahameru, and Anjasmoro varieties tolerant to leaf rust disease, Ijen variety is somewhat resistant to armyworms, Rajabasa is resistant to leaf rust, and the Dering-1 variety is resistant to pod borer [4].

Morphological characteristics and response to pests and diseases of several superior soybean varieties developed by farmers in South Sulawesi before 1990
Several soybean varieties that had been developed by soybean farmers in South Sulawesi before 1990 included: Orba, Galunggung, Wilis, Tidar and Lompabang varieties.

2.1.Varieties of orba
The Orba variety was released in 1974.According to the Description of Soybean Varieties, [5], the Orba variety has a semi-determinate growth type, purple hypocotyl color, green stem color, purple fur color, purple flower color, skin color yellow seeds, dark light brown pod color, helium color black brown, flowering age 35 days, harvest age 85-90 days, seed size is medium (12-14 g), protein content 37.0%, oil content 18%, and average -average seed yield 1.5 t ha -1 .Orba variety is resistant to lodging and moderately resistant to leaf rust and viruses.This variety is widely planted by soybean farmers in South Sulawesi on dry land and rainfed paddy fields.This variety many farmers choose to plant because it has a medium seed size.The same thing was conveyed by [6], on the island of Java the varieties that were planted by many farmers before 2000 were Orba and Galunggung [7], the Orba variety has higher productive nodes and productive branches than the Anjasmoro variety.Furthermore, [8], the Orba variety (25 Gy) is more tolerant to drought than Menyapa (0 Gy).

Galunggung variety
Galunggung variety was released in 1981.This variety has a determinate growth type, green hypocotyl color, green stem color, white hair color, white flower color, shiny yellow seed coat color, straw yellow old pod color, light brown helium color, flowering age 35 days, harvest age 85-90 days, medium seed size (12.5 g), protein content 44.4%, oil content 19.9%, and average seed yield 1.5 t ha -1 .The Galuggun variety is resistant to lodging and old pods do not break easily and tolerant to leaf rust disease [5].This variety is planted by farmers in rainfed paddy fields and dry land.However, the varieties only developed among farmers in a short time because they received less response from farmers

2.3.Wilis variety
The Wilis variety was released in 1983.This variety has a determinate growth type, purple hypocotyl color, green stem color, dark brown fur color, purple flower color, yellow seed coat color, dark brown pod color, dark brown helium color, plant height 50 cm, 39 days of flowering, 85-90 days of harvest, medium seed size (10 g), 37.0% protein content, 18% oil content, and average seed yield of 1.5 t ha-1.
Wilis variety is resistant to lodging and resistant to leaf rust and viruses [5].The Wilis variety was developed by farmers in East Java before 2000 to 2009.The Wilis variety was liked by farmers in East Java because the pods did not break easily [6].The Wilis variety has a higher root length (52 cm) than Anjasmoro (41.14 cm) so it is more tolerant of drought [9].The Wlis variety can provide the maximum number of pods (39 pods per plant) if the fertilizer needs are met [10].

2.4.Tidar variety
Tidar variety was released in 1987.This variety has a determinate growth type, purple hypocotyl color, green stem color, dark brown fur color, purple flower color, yellow seed coat color, dark brown pod color, dark brown helium color, plant height 40-50 cm, 35 days of flowering, 75 days of harvest, small seed size (7 g), 37.0% protein content, 20% oil content, and average seed yield of 1.4 t ha-1.Tidar variety is somewhat resistant to seed flies and somewhat resistant to leaf rust disease [4].The Tidar variety includes early maturing varieties (70-79 days) with medium seed sizes [11].

2.5.Lompobatang variety
Lompobabang variety was released in 1989.This variety has a semi-determinate growth type, purple hypocotyl color, white (gray) fur color, purple flower color, greenish yellow seed coat color, brown helium color, plant height 60-75 cm, flowering age 37 days, harvest age 85-87 days, medium seed size (10 g), protein content 38.0%, oil content 18%, and average seed yield 1.7 t ha-1 [4].Lompobatang tolerant to leaf rust disease.Has a high yield of tofu and good year quality.The Lompobatang variety was only planted for a short time by farmers in South Sulawesi, because seed production was lower (0.18 g per ton) than Wilis (0.48 g per ton) [12].

Argomulyo variety
Argomulyo variety was released in 1998.This variety has a determinate growth type, purple hypocotyl color, brown fur color, purple flower color, yellow seed coat color, bright white helium color, plant height 40 cm, flowering age 35 days, harvest age 80-82 days, large seed size (16 g), protein content 39.4%, oil content 20.8%, and average seed yield 1.8-2.9t ha-1.The Argomulyo variety is resistant to damping and tolerant to leaf rust disease.Suitable for raw milk and tempe.The Argomulyo variety gave high seed yields (0.23 g per ton) compared to Wilis (0.16 g per ton) when intercropped with segon trees at the age of 6 years [13].The Argomulyo variety will give higher seed yields (14.5 g per ton) compared to Biosoy (13.80 g per ton) when given optimal fertilizer [14].Furthermore, [15] stated that the Argomulyo variety gave a higher seed yield per plant (18.37 g) compared to the Grobogan variety (17.07 g)

Burangrang variety
Burangrang variety was released in 1999.This variety has a determinate growth type, purple hypocotyl color, yellowish brown fur color, purple flower color, yellow seed coat color, bright white helium color, oblong leaf shape and pointed tip, plant height 60-70 cm, flowering age 35 days, harvest age 80-82 days, large seed size (17 g), protein content 39.4%, oil content 20.8%, and average seed yield 1.9-2.9t ha-1 [4].Burangrang variety is resistant to lodging and tolerant to leaf rust disease.Suitable for raw milk and tempe.According to [16] the Burangrang variety can provide seed yields of around 2.52-3.02t ha-1 if the water needs are met in rainfed paddy fields.The Burangrang variety is more tolerant of leaf-eating pests and aphids than the Anjasmoro variety [17].

Kaba variety
Kaba variety was released in 2001.This variety has a determinate growth type, purple hypocotyl color, brown fur color, purple flower color, yellow seed coat color, brown hilum color, plant height 64 cm, flowering age 35 days, harvest age 85 days, size medium seed (10.37 g), protein content 44.0%, fat content 13.0%, and average seed yield 1.6-2.4t ha-1.Kaba variety is resistant to lodging, pods do not break easily and tolerant to leaf rust disease.Adaptive and suitable for planting in paddy fields [5].
According to [18], the Kaba variety had a seed yield of around 2.0 t ha-1 and was not significantly different from the Burangrang seed yield (2.05 t ha-1), while the attack intensity of the armyworm pest S. litura was around 15.43% and Burangrang around 14.85%.The Mahameru variety is resistant to lodging, the pods are not easily broken and tolerant to leaf rust diseases [5].According to [6], the Mahameru variety was preferred by farmers in South Sulawesi in 2009 because it has large seeds, pods do not break easily, has a good market share because it is liked by tempe producers and the seed yield is higher (1.69 t ha-1) than Wilis (1.436 t ha-1).

3.5.Anjasmoro variety
The Anjasmoro variety was released in 2001.This variety has a determinate growth type, purple hypocotyl color, white fur color, purple flower color, yellow seed coat color, brownish yellow hilum color, oval leaf shape, plant height 64-68 cm, flowering age 35.7-39.4days, harvest age 82.5-92.4days, large seed size (14.8-15.3g), protein content 41.9-42.1%,fat content 17.2-18.6%,and average seed yield 2.0-2.9 t ha-1.The Anjasmoro variety is resistant to lodging, the pods are not easily broken and moderate to leaf rust disease [4].According to [19], the Anjasmoro variety had a higher seed yield per plant (18.06 g per ton) than Grobogan (17.03 g per ton) with the attack intensity of the armyworm pest S.litura higher on Anjasmoro (31.65-35.22%)than Grobogan (23.96%) %-26.53%).According to [20], the yield loss rate of the Anjasmoro variety due to attack by the S.litura armyworm on soybean leaves was around 8.97%.According to [21], the Anjasmoro variety in Jambi gave a seed yield of 1.70 t ha-1

3.10.Dering-1 variety
Dering-1 variety was released in 2012.This variety has a determinate growth type, purple hypocotyl color, white brown stem hair color, oval leaf shape, plant height 57 cm, purple flower color, yellow seed coat color, dark brown hilum color, flowering age 35 days, 81 days of harvest, medium seed size (10.7g),34.2% protein content, 17.1% fat content, and average seed yield 1.8-2.6 t ha-1 [4].According to [24], the dry seed yield per plant achieved by the Dering-1 variety was higher (24.64 g) than the Anjasmoro variety 23.59 g.The Dering-1 variety was resistant to leaf rust disease, resistant to pod borer (E.zinckenella) susceptible to armyworms (S. litura).Tolerant of drought during the reproductive phase.Adaptive to paddy fields and dry land.

Morphological characteristics and response to pests and diseases of several superior soybean varieties developed by farmers in South
Sulawesi from 2013-2021.

4.4.Deja-1 variety
Deja-1 variety was released in 2017.This variety has a determinate growth type, purple hypocotyl color, brown fur color, oval leaf shape, plant height 52.7 cm, purple flower color, yellow seed coat color, oval seed shape, light brown hilum color, flowering age 39 days, harvest age 89 days, medium seed size (12.9 g), protein content 39.6%, fat content 17.3%, and average seed yield 2.0-2.80 t ha-1.Variety Deja-1 is somewhat resistant to lodging, not easily split into pods, moderately resistant to leaf rust (P.pachirhyzi Syd), moderately resistant to armyworm (S. litura.F) and resistant to podsucking pests (R. linearis).Very tolerant of water saturation stress from 14 days until the cooking phase [5].

4.5.Detap-1 variety
The Detap-1 variety was released in 2017.This variety has a determinate growth type, purple hypocotyl color, white fur color, slightly rounded leaf shape, plant height 68.70 cm, purple flower color, yellow seed coat color, round seed shape, yellow hilum color, flowering age 35 days, harvest age 78 days, seed size large (15.37 g), protein content 40.11%, fat content 16.16%, and average seed yield 2.5-3.50 t ha-1.Variety Detap-1 is somewhat resistant to lodging, not easily split into pods, moderately resistant to leaf rust disease (P.pachirhyzi Syd), resistant to armyworm pest (S. litura.F), resistant to pod borer (E.zinckenella) and resistant to pod-sucking pest (R. linearis) [5].According to [29] stated that the lowest population of N. viridula was found in Detap-1 (0.83 individuals) and the highest was in Deja-1 (1.42 individuals).Furthermore, it was said that the lowest B. tabaci population was found in Detap-1 (1.75 individuals) and the highest was in the Deja-1 variety (3.25 inviduals).

Conclusion
Indonesian researchers have found several superior varieties of soybeans and released by the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture for use by farmers.However, only a few of these varieties have been adopted by farmers to be planted on their farms.There are several factors that are considered for using or adopting a soybean variety, including : These varieties are resistant to pod splitting, have large seed sizes, are resistant or tolerant to pests and diseases, and these varieties provide high seed yields and are profitable for farmers.Large seed size is an indicator for farmers in choosing soybean varieties in South Sulawesi, because large seed soybeans are favored by tempe entrepreneurs so the price is higher than medium or small seed sized soybean varieties.
[5]n variety was released in 2003.This variety has a determinate growth type, purple hypocotyl color, brown fur color, purple flower color, yellow seed coat color, brown hilum color, oval seed shape, plant height 51 cm, flowering age 32 days, harvest age 83 days, medium seed size (11.23 g), Rajabasa variety is resistant to damping, resistant to leaf rust disease.Somewhat tolerant of acid stress and adaptive to acid dry land and tides[5].
[5]iara-1 variety was released in 2010.This variety has a determinate growth type, purple hypocotyl color, white brown stem hair color, pointed leaf shape, height 46.8 cm, purple flower color, yellow seed coat color, black hilum color, flowering age 30 days, 82 days of harvest, large seed size (23.2g),proteincontent37.7%, fat content 13.8%, and average seed yield 2.0-2.80 t ha-1.The Mutiara variety is rotting resistant, resistant to leaf rust disease, resistant to brown leaf spot/blight (Cercospora sp) and moderately resistant to CMMV.Resistant to shoot borers.Adaptive to dry dry land and paddy fields[5].
Dena-1 variety was released in 2015.This variety has a determinate growth type, purple hypocotyl color, brown fur color, oval leaf shape, plant height 53 cm, purple flower color, yellow seed coat color, oval seed shape, hilum color brown, age flowering 29 days, harvest age 69-73 days, large seed size (22.98 g), protein content 37.78%, fat content 17.29%, and average seed yield 2.50-3.80t ha-1