Morphological characterization of three types of Asam gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis) at three altitude in North Sumatra

Asam gelugur fruit has economic value. The government’s reforestation program empowers farmers through planting asam gelugur seeds at 3 altitudes, The problem is that not all of asam gelugur trees produce fruit. Characterization of morphology needs to be carried out to obtain basic data for selecting prospective mother trees as a source of seed supply that guarantees reforestation trees bear fruit. This study aims to characterize the morphology of asam gelugur based on classification of local wisdom of farmers of North Sumatra, namely classifying Asam gelugur based on the success or failure of the pollination process followed by the formation of fruit at 3 altitudes. This study was conducted in three altitudes: lowlands 1-<400 m above sea level (asl), medium (400- < 800 m asl and highlands (800- 1300 mdpl), exploration using survey method with IPGRI Descriptor guide and purposively sampling. The results found three types of asam gelugur in North Sumatra: Female, Male and Shemale (muzzy) at the three altitudes. There is no effect of altitude on the morphological characters of the three types of asam gelugur, except for the sharpness of the leaves color of the shoots.People namely Female asam gelugur tree, if pollination is successful and produces fruit. the tree routinely produces fruit. The name of a tree that has never been successfully pollinated and never bears fruit is called a male tree.The shemale tree is called a tree whose pollination occurs sometimes successfully. There were five striking differences in the characteristics of the three types asam gelugur based on local wisdom. The different characteristics were the Character shape (canopy), the petal’s color, the shape fruit, the Color of the young leaves, and the thickness of the leaves.


Introduction
Asam gelugur (Garcinia atroviridis) is one of the families of Gutiferae.It is a native plant to northern Sumatra.It is proven that this Plant grows wild in the protected forest area of Leuser [1]).Asam Gelugur is used as a mixture of traditional cuisines by the Batak Toba tribe [2] and by ethnic Acehnese [3].The content of natural hydroxycitric acid (HCA) in asam gelugur, whose function is proven to reduce body weight [4,5] , and it becomes this commodity sell well to the export market [6].
Asam gelugur is one of the government's choices as a source of reforestation trees in North Sumatra.Farmers prefer to plant asam gelugur, because beside from being easy to care for, the fruit sells well in the market, and the fruit is safe from monkey pest attacks.Monkeys as the main pests of fruit plants do not like to eat asam gelugur fruit, because the taste is very sour.Farmers' income can increase from the sale of asam gelugur fruit, from this program.Reforestation program by empowering farmers through giving asam gelugur seeds to the community at 3 altitudes, namely in the lowlands (1-< 400 m asl), in the middle (400 -< 800 m asl) and the highlands (800-1400m asl).To facilitate the distribution of asam gelugur seeds, the provision of seed breeding was carried out at three altitute locations, namely the lowlands where the parent trees were sourced from local locations Selecting prospective mother trees for the purpose of propagating plant seeds is one of the regulations for selling legal plant seeds in Indonesia.Sources of mother trees can be obtained from various locations with different altitudes.Therefore, it is necessary to know the morphological characterization of the plants at the three elevation levels to determine the source of the mother tree for plant propagation.
Morphological Characterization of plants has several purposes, first for the classification of plants, which is shown based on the differences in the types.In North Sumatra in three elevation there is also the classification or naming of the asam gelugur tree type based on the Character of the tree capable of producing fruit or not (bear fruit or Not).People namely Female asam gelugur tree, if the tree routinely produces fruit.Male was the name for trees that never bear fruit even though they produce flowers are called male.Shemale tree for the other trees that produce fruit sometimes, or do not routinely bear fruit.
The second purpose of plant morphological characterization is to make marker morphology that can measure the magnitude of plant diversity based on phenotype Characters, both in the vegetative and generative phases.The morphological Character in the vegetative phase is aimed at observing stems and leaves, while in the generative phase, through flowers, fruits and seeds.Qualitative characteristics include Color and shape which was controlled by simple genes (one or two genes) and slightly influenced by the environment [7].
The third objective of morphological Characterization is to reveal some differences and similarities [8].Followed by molecular marking test.It is useful for future gene manipulation or plant improvement of cultivated species [9].
Problem formulation: Activities of morphological Characterization that previous researchers have done, the results of the classifications of Asam gelugur were different.In Thailand, the classification of Asam gelugur divided into two groups : hermaphrodite and female [10].While [11] the classification is based on the flowers: those seen by the diffrence porside of the flower, the size of the flower (large, medium, small), the difference in the Color of the sepals (3 classifications), and differences in petal color.
The other classification of asam gelugur is based on the local wisdom of North Sumatran farmers.Observing morphological Characteristics related to the Character the ability to produce asam gelugur fruit.They Classify asam gelugur into 3 large groups : i.e., asam gelugur routine or productive fruiting ( hermaphrodite) named Female Asam gelugur tree.Male Asam gelugur trees (never bear fruit, but flowering), and asam gelugur Shemale tree sometimes bear fruit.Morphological observations have never been reported.such as the classifications based on of North Sumatran farmers' wisdom.
The observed morphological Character can be the Character a whole plant (leaf shape, fruit shape, Color and so on), an agronomic Character (harvest age, plant height, stalk length and so on), or its biochemical Character.The morphological Character of a plant is sometimes a Characteristic of its chemical content [12].The result of morphological Character continued with Naming varieties of already Characterized plants will also make it easier to communicate in trade, and scientific forums.By mentioning the name of the variety one will already imagine the morphology of the Plant.Characterization activities are usually continued to explore the benefits of these local varieties from their content [13], carry out crosses of varieties that are far apart in character [14].It even became the basis for carrying out more modern breeding activities [15][16][17][18][19].
This study aims to Characterize the morphology of asam gelugur based on the classification of local wisdom of North Sumatran farmers who classify asam gelugur trees based on the ability of fruit-bearing, at three level elevations (lowland, medium and high).

Materials and methods
Morphological Characterization activity of asam gelugur trees, was started by a desk study, a Focus Group discussion [20].with farmers and breeding seedlings.It was carried out from October 2021 to September 2022, at three level altitudes.The survey method with purposive sampling technique, has been carried out in three strata locations, namely lowland areas (1-200 m above sea level=asl), medium plain areas (200 -800 m asl), and high (> 800-1200 m asl).The location lowlands were located in Dogang Village, Gebang District, Langkat Regency.The location of the medium plain was in Bulu Hawar village, Sibolangit District, Deli Serdang Regency.Highland location in Gurgur Aek raja Village, Tampahan District, Toba Regency.

Morphological character of asam gelugur plant
The results of the FGD and interviews with North Sumatran farmers, in all three elevations of elevation, all farmers classified based on the ability of trees to produce asam gelugur fruit.Based on fruiting ability, asam gelugur trees are more commonly found in the lowlands than medium and highlands (Table 1).In the lowlands, farmers grew asam gelugur in relatively fertile land, namely locations where they usually farm other crops, such as coconuts, vegetables and others.Meanwhile, in medium and high plains, farmers generally plant on marginal land that is less fertile, empty land that is underutilized by them Classification for asam gelugur trees is given by farmers based on the ability of plants to produce fruit.Female asam gelugur for the type that produces fruit, and male asam gelugur for e fruitle.The shemale tree group is the group it sometimes bears fruit.This group of in the Bahasa bencong tree of asam gelugur.The fruit size was bigger, but only small number in the tree.
The group of shemale trees is scientifically called the gynodioecious group [10].Other report [10] was told that asam gelugur is a plant of the Facultative apomixis group.Meanwhile,Groups of trees that regularly produce fruit are classified as hermaphroditic group [10].In North Sumatra farmers called it the female asam gelugur tree.The group of treees that does not bear fruit but produced blooms are scientifically called female (Female), but by farmers it is called male.Opposite naming.(contradiction).Asam gelugur type Camboge Pink Sumut BRIN (P-SB), most dominantly found at all altitudes in North Sumatra (Table 2).This is closely related to the appearance of morphological characters in Table 6.The Camboge Pink Asam gelugur variety of North Sumatra BRIN has a higher anthocyanin content than the other two varieties which is indicated by the presence of a red color on the leaf tips.This shows that it will be more resistant to abiotic stresses such as drought resistance, the same thing can be found in other researchers [21][22][23] The results of observations of the morphological Characterization of asam gelugur based on the ability to bear fruit are similarities and differences in the morphological Character.The striking differences in the Characteristics of the three are the Character of the Heading shape (canopy), the petal color, the shape fruit, the Color of the young leaves, and the thickness of the leaves (Table 3,4,5,6,7.).
The petal color of shemale trees was Vivid red.which bears fruit sometimes.It is named Red (R) flower asam gelugur.Meanwhile,asam gelugur, whose flowers are pink is a type of asam gelugur that bears fruit every year is named pink ( P) flower asam gelugur.Asam gelugur a tree that never bears fruit, is named leaf asam gelugur Leaf (L).
In the international market, the naming of Asam gelugur derived from Garcinia atroviridis and Garcinia Cambogia is called Cambogia.To make it more familiar this asam gelugur, this type of Asam gelugur is called Camboge.The color of the petals on the fruiting asaam gelugur tree is used as the initial basis for naming the tree type.So Camboge R for asam gelugur trees, the petal color was vivid red, and camboge P for asam gelugur's tree which the petal color is pink.Asam gelugur tree that does not produce fruit, is called asam gelugur Leaf=L (producing leaves (leaf) or Camboge.The classification is based on the local wisdom of North Sumatran farmers which classifies asam gelugur based on the ability of the plant to produce fruit, at three elevation elevations (lowland, medium and high).proposed names to be Camboge R Sumut BRIN (gynodioecious group), Camboge P Sumut BRIN (Hermaphrodite group) and Camboge L Sumut BRIN (female Group) Table1.The next naming in this paper uses that name, Camboge P Sumut BRIN and C amboge L Sumut BRIN.The naming in this paper uses that name.Table 3. image of fruit shape of 2 types of asam gelugur at 3 altitudes of the planting area.The morphological shape of the fruit is related to morphological shape of seeds.If the morphological shape of the fruit is flat, it will produce a morphological form of flat-sized seeds as well.The Number of seeds in asam gelugur is as much as the Number of indentations of the fruit.The Number of seeds is 11-14 per fruit.The viability of these asam gelugur seeds has not been tested.Shemale Asam Gelugur tree in this paper is called Gamboge R Sumut BRIN and Male Asam gelugur tree is called Gamboge L Sumut BRIN).This type shows the male infertility of the sporogen type where stamens are formed but there are no pollen grains.Why can it sometimes bear fruit, the answer is that the sex organs attract pollinating insects to female flowers, so fruit can be formed [24].This is the cause sometimes of the asam gelugur tree bear fruit.
Usually, the type shemale or Camboge R Sumut BRIN of asam gelugur has large ovaries.Whereas those Camboge L Sumut BRIN who never bear fruit have a smaller ovary size, the chances of being pasted pollen from other trees become smaller in the case of hermaphroditic type asam gelugur plants, pollen grains are small in size and stick with their own antheral walls by sticky exudate.On this basis, pollen will not be wasted by abiotic pollinators such as wind dispersal or gravity.Thus, visitors will come into contact with stigmas and anthers, when they come to flowers exudate can support them to attach to the body of biotic pollinators, and the fruit occurs.There are reportedly 5 types [25] of Asam gelugur heading in Malaysia.It is even mentioned that there is irregular.In the IPGRI Descriptor the Spherical form combines the piramidal, conical, oblong and irregular forms.The irregular form occurs because there is interference from the environment, such as being cut down or trimmed, too close to other plants, so the shape adapts to rival plants to get space.The shape of the canopy and the cohesion of stems and roots of Asam gelugur plants became the source of choice for greenery plants.
The red to purple-red-black Color found on young twigs or leaves in the asam gelugur tree indicates the presence of anthocyanins [26,27].The appearance of the leaf color getting redder and even dark purple is a sign of the higher anthosianin content.The concentration of the presence of anthocyanins on the leaves is a Characteristic of a variety [28,29].The same is obtained in the leaves of Caladium [30].Varieties Camboge Pink Sumut BRIN (hermaphrodite) and Camboge L Sumut BRIN (Female) the leaf shoots are redder, medium level than in lowlands, and redder even more in the highlands.The red Color of anthocyanin shootstip of asam gelugur leaves gets stronger noticeably with increasing height of the place.Table 6.The color of young leaf shoots of 3 types of asam gelugur at 3 altitudes of the planting area.Plant shootips easily induce anthocyanins [31].The red color of anthocyanin at an altitude of 1000 meters above sea level, the color of the shoots is actually very red when compared to those in low and medium levels [32].This happens because the higher the altitude, the colder the air temperature, this condition induces an increase in anthocyanins) [33,34].The more contain of anthocyanin in a variety indicates the variety is increasingly resistant to abiotic stress [35][36][37].The rate of transpiration internally depends on the water content occupying the tissues on the leaves reflected by the thickness of the leaves.Leaf thickness is inversely proportional to the rate of transpiration [38][39][40].Camboge L Sumut BRIN (female) has the thickest leaves compared than the other two.This suggests this species is more able to store water than thinner leaves, Camboge R and Camboge P Sumut BRIN.Leaves increase in thickness with increasing height of the place where they grow [41] 3.2.Equation of Morphological Features of asam gelugur Plant: Plant parts are the same At three elevations (low, medium and high land), the same morphological Characters of the three groups asam gelugurs Camboge R Sumut BRIN, Camboge P Sumut BRIN and Camboge L, Sumut BRIN are: 3.2.1.Plant form: Plant shape, vigor tree, tree height, Rod shape, the shape of the base stem, Header shape Branching density, Tree height (m), Branching pattern, Rod shape, Texture of the bark of the surface of the trunk, Main stem bark color.

Leaf.
Petiole color, Color of the upper adult leaves, Adult leaf color below, The Color of the bones of the lower leaves, Leaf arrangement, Leaf shape, The shape of the base of the leaves, The shape of the tips of the leaves, Fringe edges of the leaves, Texture of the upper surface of the leaves, Texture of the lower surface of the leaves, Adult leaf blade length (cm), Leaf blade width (cm), Petiole length (mm), Petiole diameter (mm), Grooves on petioles, The appearance of leaf bone strokes, Leaf type.Seed color: The presence of a sticky gummy seed coat on the hands, Attachment of cotyledons with seed coat or seed coat, Attachment of the seed coat to the flesh of the fruit, The position of the seeds on the fruit.

Conclusions and suggestions
Classification of the morphological characters of the asam gelugur tree in the growing area at three altitudes in North Sumatra, according to local wisdom, are: a. female tree type (hermaphrodite: successful pollination, bear fruit regularly every year), b. male trees type (pollination has never been successful and never bears fruit, and c.Shemale trees type (pollination is sometimes successful, fruit is not regular).The morphological characters of the asam gelugur trees of the three types are the same even at the three different heights, except for the character of the color of the leaf tips.The higher the elevation of the planting area, the sharper the red color of the leaves will be.
The difference among the three types of asam gelugur is in the character of the crown shape, the color of the flower petals, the shape of the fruit, the color of the young leaves and the thickness of the leaves.
The morphological characters of other tree parts among the three types are the same, namely plant shape, leaf shape, petiole, leaf size, flowers, fruits and seeds.

Table 4 .
Image of color of petal flowers of 3 types of asam gelugur at 3 altitudes of the planting area.

3. 2 . 3 .
Flower.Abundance of flowers, Flower position (flower position), Color of flower petals, the center of the flower, Number of flowers per frame (inflorescence), The length of the main axis of the flower (cm), Flower Stalk Length (mm), The Color of flower stalks, Sepal length (mm), There are flower florets (perianth).

3. 2 . 4 .
Fruit.Fruit bunch pattern, Cupat (middle base of the fruit), Color of the cupat (middle base of the fruit), The shape of the middle base of the fruit (cupat), indentations on the fruit, Number of indentations per fruit, The size of each curve in the fruit, The width of the curve of the central part of the fruit (mm), Width of the upper indentation of the fruit (mm), Width of the lower indentation of the fruit (mm).a.Fruit Size: The surface of the skin of a ripe fruit, Fruit stalk length (cm), Fruit stalk diameter (mm).b.Fruit Peel:Thickness of the skin of the fruit, The color of the skin of the fruit begins to ripenripe, The Color of the tissues of ripe fruits, Glitter on the skin of ripe fruit, Glitter on the skin of young fruits.c.Fruit Stalks: A clear (striking) boundary between pedicel and peduncle), Fruit stalk length (mm), the Color of the fruit stalk, Diameter of the fruit stalk (peduncle)(mm), Attachment of fruit stalks, The position of the stalk on the fruit, The shape of the fruit stalk, The Inside of the Fruit, Aril texture, Quality of aril (combination of taste, aroma, juice content, etc.), aryl quality (Combined of taste, flavor, juiciness etc.), aryl aroma, aryl flavor, juice content, aryl color d.Fruit Evaluation: percent of consumable fruit (%), the Shelf life of ripe fruit at room temperature (days)3.3.Morphological character of asam gelugur seedsAt three elevations (low, medium and high land), the same morphological Characters of seeed of the three groups asam gelugurs Camboge R Sumut BRIN, Camboge P Sumut BRIN and Camoge L, Sumut BRIN are: Seed: Seed form, Seed coat color, Seed weight and seed coat (g), Seed coat length (aryl) (mm), Seed coat width (aryl) (mm), Seed coat thickness (aryl) (mm).

Table 1 .
Classification of asam gelugur by local wisdom of Farmers at 3 elevations in North Sumatra.

Table 2 .
Percentage of Population Distribution of each type of Asam gelugur Camboge R-SB, Camboge P-SB and Camboge L-SB in areas at three elevations in North Sumatra.

Table 5 .
Image of the Canopy Form of 3 Types of asam gelugur at 3 altitudes of the planting area.

Table 7 .
Leaf thickness of the three varietas local asam gelugur at 3 altitudes of the planting area.