Male Magelang Duck’s Performance on Grower Period Fed by Probiotics Bacillus amiloliquifaciens And Jengkol Peel Extract

This research was conducted to find out the effect of probiotic bacteria Bacillus amiloliquifaciens and jengkol peel extract (Archidendron jiringa) on the productivity of male Magelang ducks. The treatments in this study were given through water consists of four treatments and five replicants. The treatments in this study were: P0 = Water (without the addition of probiotics and jengkol peel extract, P1 = Water with the addition of 0.5% probiotics + 0.05% jengkol peel extract, P2 = Water with the addition of 1% probiotics + 0.1% jengkol peel extract, P3 = Water with the addition of 1.5% probiotics + 0.15 jengkol peel extract, and P4 = Water with the addition of 2% probiotic + 0.2% jengkol peel extract. Data obtained were analyzed by ANOVA and continued by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test if the results were different. The results showed that the administration of Bacillus amiloliquifaciens and jengkol peel extract had no significant effect on feed intake, water intake, daily weight gain, body weight, and feed conversion of male Magelang ducks (P>0.05). It is concluded that administration of probiotics Bacillus amiloliquifaciens did not improve the performance of male Magelang ducks. Further research is needed on the effectiveness of probiotic bacteria in the intestinal of male Magelang ducks.


Introduction
Local poultry, one of which is the Magelang duck, has developed due to the high demand for local poultry products, either the meat or eggs.The development of Magelang ducks as local livestock is still not optimal because of the efficiency of digestion of feed that is less efficient compared to other poultry.One of various ways to improve the digestive efficiency of local poultry rations is to utilize feed additives such probiotics [1] and phytobiotics from plants [2].Probiotics can be used as single-species application or combined with other species of bacteria.Probiotics can also be used as fermentation agent in feed such brown rice polish to improve the quality of the feed [3].Probiotics that are used in this research is Bacillus amiloliquifaciens and phytobiotics from Archidendron jiringa extract.Utilization of these feed additives is expected to improve feed consumption, water intake, body weight gain, body weight, and feed conversion of male Magelang ducks.Probiotics are reported to have a positive effect on poultry productivity if given in the right amount [4].These probiotic bacteria can be a lactic acid bacteria or proteolytic bacteria as Bacillus amiloliquifaciens.The positive impacts of probiotics can be seen from the improvement of the livestock performances [5].Probiotics produce acids that can decrease the pH of the digestive tract, so that pathogenic bacteria cannot 1230 (2023) 012070 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012070 2 grow, thus improving the animal's health [6].In addition, probiotic bacteria are also known to be able to help digestion by producing enzymes [7].The combination of acids, antibiotics, and enzymes produced by probiotic bacteria is expected to increase the productivity of Magelang ducks.Bacillus amiloliquifaciens is a proteolytic bacterium that will help digest protein-sourced feed [8].Protein-source feed is of particular concern because it is expensive, and protein plays a vital role in animal's feed.On the other hand, phytobiotics from plant extract are reported to have a role in increasing the growth of poultry [9].Phytobiotics can be contained from flowers, fruits, roots, leaves, and fruit peels [10].Jengkol peel has high antioxidants and can be called as phytobiotics [11].The combination of probiotics and phytobiotics is expected to improve the growth performance of Magelang ducks.This study aims to determine the productivity of male Magelang ducks in the grower phase given the probiotic Bacillus amiloliquifaciens and jengkol peel extract.Productivity observed included feed and water consumption, body weight, body weight gain, ration efficiency.

Material
This study used Bacillus amiloliquifaciens bacteria and male Magelang ducks from breeder farmers in Magelang district and jengkol peel from Magelang district.The tools used in probiotics production are scales, autoclaves, Erlenmeyer flasks, cotton cloth, aluminum foil, test tubes, incubators and incubation containers for probiotics using glass bottles.The materials used in the probiotic's productions are Bacillus amiloliquifaciens from the PAU laboratory at Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, and NA (Nutrient Agar) media which is used to culture the bacteria Bacillus amiloliquifaciens and fish meal as a growth medium for Bacillus amiloliquifaciens.2.2.Methods 2.2.1.Bacillus amiloliquifaciens culture.The bacteria that had been obtained from the Pusat Antar Unit Laboratory (PAU) Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta cultured using Nutrient Agar, one ounce of Bacillus amiloliquifaciens was streaked onto NA media which had solidified in a petri dish and incubated for 24 hours.Media that has Bacillus amiloliquifaciens bacteria is stored in the refrigerator before use.

Bacillus amiloliquifaciens Probiotics Preparation.
A total of 50 grams of fish meal and 10 grams of sugar dissolved in one liter of distilled water, then heated to boiling, and sterilized using an autoclave.After cooling, 10 ml of liquid fish meal was put into a petri dish, then shaken until the layer of Bacillus amiloliquifaciens bacteria colony detached from the media.The media which already contained bacteria was then put back into the sterile fish meal media, then incubated for 24 hours to get the amount 10 6 bacterial cells in the media.

Male Magelang ducks rearing.
Magelang ducks used in this research were ducks in their 60-day growth period.Probiotics were given in the morning and evening while providing the water drinking.Observations were made at the age of growth response during rearing after three weeks of kept, including feed and water drinking consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion of Magelang ducks.

Administration of probiotics Bacillus amiloliquifaciens jengkol peel extract.
The treatments for this research are: P0 = no addition of probiotics and phytobiotics; P1 = 0.05% jengkol peel extract + 0.5% probiotics; P2 = 0.1% jengkol peel extract + 1% probiotics; P3 = 0.15% jengkol peel extract + 1.5% probiotics; and P4 = 0.2% jengkol peel extract + 2% probiotics.The parameters observed in this study were feed and water consumption which is gotten by calculating the difference between the number of rations and drinking water given and the rest of the distribution; body weight gain and final body weight which was calculated using a digital scale; and feed conversion by calculating the ratio of total feed consumed to body weight gain of Magelang ducks.

Results and Discussion
Observational data on the productivity of Magelang ducks in the grower phase given the probiotic Bacillus amiloliquifaciens and phytobiotics from jengkol peel extract are presented in the table below:

Feed consumption.
The results of statistical analysis showed that the administration of probiotics Bacillus amiloliquifaciens and phytobiotics in the form of jengkol peel extract had no effect on feed consumption.This shows that the administration of probiotic Bacillus amiloliquifaciens and jengkol peel extract did not change the composition of carbohydrates and proteins in the ration of Magelang ducks.Probiotics and phytobiotics are mixed in drinking water so that it does not directly affect the amount of nutrients consumed by ducks.Feed consumption is more influenced by protein and energy content in the ration.The higher of energy content in the ration, the higher the consumption, conversely, the lower the energy content of the ration, the lower the ration consumption [12].Probiotics administered in the drinking water has been reported did not affect the consumption of poultry rations [13].This happens because the drinking water given to the poultry does not affect the palatability of the ration.Other research also reported that addition of probiotics in drinking water did not affect consumption of poultry feed [14].

Water intake
The results of statistical analysis show that the use of probiotics and phytobiotics in drinking water did not affect consumption of drinking water.This shows that the presence of probiotics and phytobiotics in drinking water does not change the palatability of drinking water.A mixture of probiotics and phytobiotics in drinking water is still acceptable for Magelang ducks.It is said that the content of probiotics in drinking water did not affect the consumption of drinking water for poultry [15].Mineral content contained in drinking water is reported to affect poultry water consumption.Poultry that were given drinking water containing sodium and potassium minerals were able to increase consumption of poultry drinking water [16].In contrast to this study, the drinking water provided was only supplemented by probiotics and phytobiotics from jengkol peel extract without the addition of certain minerals that could affect drinking water.Factors that influence drinking water consumption in poultry are temperature, humidity, and the electrolyte content contained in the drinking water consumed [17].In this study, the temperature and humidity conditions in the cage environment were the same, causing the consumption of drinking water for the control and treatment to be the same.In addition, it was explained that the consumption of drinking water is also influenced by the electrolyte content contained in drinking water.Although this study used drinking water supplemented with probiotics and phytobiotics, the electrolyte content that was not different in the control and treatment was the cause of the consumption of drinking water that was not different.

Average daily weight gain
The results of statistical analysis showed that the addition of probiotics and phytobiotics in drinking water did not affect daily body weight gain.This is due to the nutritional content given to livestock is the same.Energy and protein content of rations are the main factors influencing the daily body weight gain of poultry [18].This also indicates that the mixture of probiotics and phytobiotics contained in drinking water only acts directly in improving the condition of the digestive tract by suppressing pathogenic bacteria in the digestive tract of poultry without showing a direct difference in poultry productivity [19].Meanwhile, the amount of nutrients absorbed by poultry is determined more by the nutrient content of the ration given.Although probiotics have not been able to significantly improve poultry performance, productivity is reported to tends to be found in treated livestock [20].In addition, Results that were not different on daily body weight gain of the ducks were due to the suboptimal doses of probiotics and phytobiotics given [21].
Several studies have recommended that the appropriate dose of probiotics given to poultry is 10 ml per liter of drinking water, so results that are not different for the use of these doses were also not affecting the daily body weight gain of Magelang ducks.Studies who showed the differences in weight gain are related to the amount of energy and protein in feed.The energy and crude protein content in this study were 2,709 kcal and 20.03% respectively, while research that reported higher weight gain provided energy and crude protein 3,000 kcal and 20.5% respectively [22].The nutritional content that fed to the ducks plays vital role in live weight of poultry [23].

Body weight
The results of statistical analysis showed that the addition of probiotics and phytobiotics in drinking water did not affect the final body weight of male Magelang ducks.The final body weight of livestock is affected by ration consumption and the daily body weight gain of livestock [24].In this study, duck ration consumption was not significantly different between the control and the treatment.In addition, daily body weight gain was not significantly different between the control and treatment.Thus, this affects the final body weight of Magelang ducks.The same result was reported in research that use probiotics in poultry which did not have a significant effect on body weight of livestock [25].The use of probiotics can improve the performance of the digestive tract with the ability of probiotics to produce acids that suppress pathogenic bacteria [26].Even so, the growth performance of poultry given probiotics has not been seen, real results can be seen from differences in digestive tract conditions through a decrease in pathogenic bacteria in the digestive tract of broilers given probiotics.As for the probiotics were combined with phytobiotics, phytobiotics in the water has not been able to improve the feed intake although it has been reported it mainly works to improve the palatability of the feed [27] Body weight is strongly influenced by the effectiveness of digestion in processing nutrients in the ration.Feed conversion is a number indicating the level of feed efficiency as measured by comparing feed consumption with body weight gain obtained in a certain time duration [28]; [29].The level of feed efficiency is influenced by the relationship between feed consumption and body weight gain.The final body weight of male Magelang ducks is reported to be higher when they grow older is due to the influence of hormonal changes in the drake's body.The fast growth rate of maturing ducks is due to the presence of androgen hormones which stimulate protein anabolism and increase nitrogen retention in the body of drake [30].Productivity of Magelang ducks in body weight is a very important aspect of production and deserves attention because it is the main part of the harvest production of male Magelang ducks as meat producers.

Feed conversion
Based on the results of statistical analysis, the treatment had no significant effect on the ration conversion of male Magelang ducks.Thus, the probiotics and phytobiotics given were known to have not been able to increase the conversion of male Magelang duck rations.This result is because the consumption of rations is also not different as mentioned above, so that the utilization of the nutrients contained in the rations is not optimal.As a comparison, the addition of probiotics combined with phytobiotics from turmeric had also not been able to improve the conversion of broiler rations [31].Probiotics are reported to be able to reduce livestock ration conversion if given at the right dose [32].The performance of ducks that will be affected is merely the [33].In this case, the dose given may not be optimal, so that improvement in digestion at the level of increasing body weight and decreasing ration conversion has not been achieved.

Conclusion
The administration of probiotics Bacillus amiloliquifaciens and phytobiotics from jengkol peel extract in drinking water has not been able to improve the growth performance of male Magelang ducks.It is recommended for further research to ensure that the probiotic given is still alive during the treatment period, as well as measuring the effectiveness of the phytobiotics given in the digestive tract.

Table 1 .
Male Magelang duck performance fed by Bacillus amiloliquifaciens and jengkol peel extract.