Supply chain analysis and cocoa certification partnership patterns in East Kolaka District

This study aims to analyze product flow, financial flow and information flow of certified and non-certified cocoa supply chain in East Kolaka Patent District. The method used in determining the sample is rendom sampling the number of company-assisted certified farmers in East Kolaka Regency spread across 2 sub-districts (Aere and Lambandia) with a population of 763 people and non-certified cocoa farmers in 4 sub-districts (Aere, Lambandia, Poli-Polia and Rate-Rate) with a population of 328 people, then using the snowball method to determine other prospective respondents. The research method used is qualitative descriptive. The certified and non-certified cocoa supply chain in East Kolaka Regency has 3 (three) streams, namely product flow, financial flow and information flow. The flow of certified cocoa products flows from farmers, traders, collectors and exporters. Financial flows flow from exporters to farmers. And a stream of information flows from exporters to farmers. While non-certified cocoa product flow flows from farmers, traders, collectors and other companies. Financial flows flow from collectors to farmers and information flows from collectors to farmers.


Introduction
Cocoa is one of the strategic leading commodities of plantations that plays an important role in the Indonesian economy, namely as a source of state foreign exchange, a source of income for farmers, job creation, encouraging domestic agribusiness and agroindustry, environmental preservation and regional development [1].Along with the demands of the world market that increasingly pays attention to quality.The development of cocoa plants in the future must be prioritized in efforts to produce high-quality cocoa bean products in order to increase community income [2].
Indonesia has cocoa plantation centers spread across several provinces, including: Sulawesi (63.8%),Sumatra (16.3%),Java (5.3%),East Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara and Bali (4.0%), Kalimantan (3.6%), Maluku and Papua (7.1%).The data shows that Sulawesi is the largest cocoa producing province compared to other provinces and it shows that the development of cocoa in Sulawesi plays an important role in the development of cocoa in Indonesia now and in the future [3].
Supply chain is a system where organizations distribute their production goods and services to their customers.The supply chain model is a description of the chain relationships of these actors that can form like links that are connected to one another.One of the key factors to optimize the supply chain

Results and discussion
3.1.Characteristics of Respondents.The characteristics of respondents are useful to find out the background picture and condition of farmers who are the sample of this study.Respondents in this study were certified and non-certified cocoa farmers.The identity of respondents consists of gender, age, education level, farming experience, land area.

Gender.
The gender of respondents can indirectly affect cocoa farming.Farmers with the female gender tend to be less optimal in carrying out their farming activities because women's physical abilities are lower than men's.Data on respondents' gender can be seen in table 1.  1 shows that the sex of certified cocoa farmers who are male is 32 people and those who are female are 10 people.Meanwhile, non-certified farmers with male sex numbered 33 people and female ones numbered 6 people.

Age.
The age of respondents affects the physical ability to work and think, for young people have greater physical abilities and are innovative than those who are older.The age of respondents varies from one another, some are young and some are old.For more details, the age of respondents can be seen in table 2. In Table 2, it can be seen that certified cocoa farmers aged 30-40 years are 14 people, certified farmers aged 41-50 years are 9 people and certified cocoa farmers aged 51-60 years are as many as 19 people.While non-certified cocoa farmers aged 30-40 years are as many as 10 people, non-certified farmers aged 41-50 years are as many as 14 people and certified cocoa farmers aged 51-60 years are as many as 15 people.Based on table 4 above, it shows that certified farmer respondents aged 51-60 years are in the productive category and non-certified farmer respondents aged 51-60 years are in the productive category.

Education level.
Education is one of the factors that can affect respondents' knowledge in processing their farming.The education level of respondents can be known from the data obtained as shown in table 3. Based on Table 3, it shows that the highest percentage of certified farmers is SMP as much as 47.62% of 20 people and in non-certified farmers the highest percentage is SMP as much as 28.20% of 11 people and SMA as much as 28.20% of 11 people.

Farm experience.
Farming experience means that the length of time farmers carry out various farming activities that affect the success of their farming.The higher the farming experience will help success because the higher the farming experience, they are used to facing risks and know how to overcome problems if they experience difficulties in farming.

Exporters Collecting Traders Farmers
Based on Table 4, it shows that certified farmers who have 30-39 years of farming experience are 20 people with a percentage of 47.62%.And non-certified cocoa farmers who have 30-39 years of experience as many as 14 people with a percentage of 35.90%.
3.1.5.Land size.The respondent's land area is the entire area of land owned by respondents who are managed by themselves.The land area is measured in hekrtar units (Ha).To find out the respondent's land area, see table 5. Based on table 7, it shows that certified farmers who have a land area of 1-1.5 Ha are 17 farmers and non-certified farmers who have a land area of 1.6-2 Ha are 25 farmers.Meanwhile, non-certified farmers who have a land area of 1-1.5 are 26 farmers and non-certified farmers who have a land area of 1.6-2 Ha are 13 farmers.

Cocoa supply chain pattern certification.
The certification cocoa supply chain flow has product flow, financial flow and information flow.The supply chain structure describes the parties involved in the certification cocoa supply chain.The parties involved in the cocoa supply chain are certified cocoa in East Kolaka Regency who are farmers, collecting traders and exporters.
The structure of the cocoa certification supply chain that occurs in East Kolaka District can be seen in Figure 1.  2.About the flow of cocoa products, certification indicates that finance flows from collecting merchants with payment systems made in cash.Cocoa beans produced by farmers must be in accordance with quality standards set by exporters, both in terms of bean size and moisture content.If farmers produce cocoa beans with the quality desired by the exporter, farmers will be given a premium or incentive of IDR.600 / kg.Certified cocoa beans are priced at IDR. 30,000/kg, the price is the price that has been determined by the exporter.

Information flow.
Information flow is a flow that occurs from farmers to exporters and vice versa exporters to farmers.The information flowing is related to the quality standards of cocoa beans presented to farmers through counseling.In addition, other information such as price developments, cultivation technology are also conveyed to farmers through regular extension activities.

Non-certified cocoa supply chain pattern.
The non-certified cocoa supply chain pattern is the same as the certified cocoa supply chain pattern where the supply chain system formed in noncertified cocoa also only involves 3 chains, namely farmers, collecting traders and other companies.
The structure of the non-certified cocoa supply chain that occurs in East Kolaka District can be seen in Figure 3.The flow of non-certified cocoa products starts from upstream (farmers) to downstream (other companies).Non-certified cocoa beans are purchased by collecting merchants, after which collecting traders are free to sell cocoa beans to companies that offer high prices.In the non-certified cocoa supply chain, farmers do not cooperate with any company.Collecting traders when buying non-certified cocoa beans do not sort beans so that only cocoa beans that meet quality standards (bean size and moisture content) can be sold.Non-certified cocoa financial flows come from collecting merchants.Noncertified cocoa beans are purchased by collecting traders at a price of IDR.25,000/kg which are then sold to other companies at a price of IDR.26,500/kg, the price difference is used by collecting traders to cover transportation costs.

Information flow.
The flow of information in the non-certified cocoa supply chain is ineffective because farmers do not receive training or information about cocoa cultivation from any company because non-certified cocoa farmers do not partner with cocoa companies.So that the quality of cocoa beans produced is also not good and the selling price is low.Collecting merchants are also free to sell cocoa beans to companies that can benefit the collecting merchants.

Conclusion
The certified and non-certified cocoa supply chain in East Kolaka Regency has 3 (three) streams, namely product flow, financial flow and information flow.The flow of certified cocoa products flows from farmers, traders, collectors and exporters.Financial flows flow from exporters to farmers.And a stream of information flows from exporters to farmers.While non-certified cocoa product flow flows from farmers, traders, collectors and other companies.Financial flows flow from collectors to farmers and information flows from collectors to farmers.

Figure 1 . 1 .Figure 2 .
Figure 1.Product flow, financial flow and information flow in the cocoa certification supply chain in East Kolaka District Information: : Product Flow : Financial Flow : Information Flow

Figure 3 . 1 .
Figure 3. Product flow, financial flow and information flow in the non-certified cocoa supply chain in East Kolaka District Information: : Product Flow : Financial Flow : Information Flow

Table 2 .
Identity of Cocoa Respondents by Age in East Kolaka District

Table 3 .
Identity of Cocoa Respondents Based on Education Level in East Kolaka District

Table 4 .
Identity of Cocoa Respondents Based on Farming Experience in East Kolaka District

Table 5 .
Identity of Cocoa Respondents Based on Land Area in East Kolaka District