Effect of snail extract for seedpriming on the growth and yield of indigenous chili of Katokkon (Capsicum chinense Jacq)

This study aims to determine the best response for growth and yield of 3 variants of indigenous katokkon chili to seedpriming treatment using snail extract, and to determine the best concentration of golden snail extract in katokkon chili seed immersion treatment. This research was conducted in Tallangsura Village, at an altitude 900 m asl, Regency of Tana Toraja of South Sulawesi Province. The research was arranged in a Split Plot Design experiment which consisted of 2 factors, the first factor as the main factor was the katokkon seed variant (g) which consisted of: Limbong Sampolo landrace, Leatung 1 landrace, Leatung 2 landrace. While the second factor as subplots, namely the concentration of the snail extract solution for seed priming (p) which consists of three levels, namely: control (without snail extract solution, 5 ml.L−1 and 15 ml.L−1. The results showed that the interaction between the treatment of chili varieties and the concentration of immersion did not affect the growth and yield of Katokkon chili plants. The use of the Leatung 2 Katokkon chili landrace gave the best effect on the parameters of plant height (24.62 cm), productive branches (5.53 branches), number of fruit (3.72 fruit), fruit weight harvested (8.05), and fruit length (20.22 mm). Treatment of snail extract immersion concentration of 15 ml.L−1 gave the best effect on fruit diameter parameters (17.8 mm). On the germination parameters, the concentration of 20 ml.L−1 showed the best percentage of germination, namely 67%.


Introduction
Chili is a plant that is very popular with the people of Indonesia (Flowrenzhy, 2017;Syukur et al., 2018).Chili plants are widely used as seasonings, the appeal of the spicy taste of chili among Indonesians is quite high, making Indonesia one of the largest chili consuming countries.Besides having a spicy taste on the tongue, this plant also has many other benefits such as in the health sector, chili serves as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory derived from chili carotenoids (Utami, 2011).
Katokkon chili (Capsicum chinense Jacq) is one of the local chili varieties in Indonesia with high potential in terms of economic value, yet has not been widely explored and identified.Katokkon chili is originating from Toraja, South Sulawesi.Katokkon chili has a fairly high economic value because of the level of spiciness that is higher than chili in general and has a distinctive aroma, which also makes katokkon chili quite popular with the public.Therefore, this chili has the potential to have a fairly high selling value, for example as the raw material for sauce and chili powder as well as in other processed  (Warisno and Dahana, 2010).Katokkon chilies are shaped like peppers with a smaller size of about 3-4 cm, the color is purplish green when young and red when ripe, the content of these chilies is vitamins A and C and antioxidants.This type of chili has a very spicy taste and its distinctive aroma makes this chili always sought after by people to be consumed as a seasoning, especially seasoning for Toraja specialties (Galla, 2018).
The main problems that still occur to many farmers in Katokkon chili cultivation are the difficulty of Katokkon seeds to germinate, and non-uniform germination.According to farmers, if the germination or germination of Katokkon seeds has reached 50% growth, then this is already categorized as quite high, plus low growth uniformity, this is often experienced by Katokkon farmers, and is a troublesome obstacle in the process of Katokkon chili cultivation.Therefore, in order to increase the seed sprouting and yield of Katakkon chili is through seedpriming technology.Seedpriming aims to control the rate of seed water demand during germination using a solution that has a low osmotic potential.This technique improves germination as seen in high germination rates, performance, high seedling vigor, and increased plant resistance in stressed areas (Nurjananti, 2017).Seedpriming can also increase the level of uniformity of germination, establishment and yield, thus providing a simple and inexpensive technology for farmers for better crop production.The results of Adheafa's research (2020) also showed that halopriming treatment of katokkon chili seeds with a 3-hour seed soaking treatment in 1 mL/L atonic solution gave the best results on germination with the best value of 75.00%, and vigor index with the best value of 5.60%.

Design and procedure of the experiment
The research was arranged in the form of a split plot design with randomized group design as the environmental design.The experiment consisted of 2 factors, the first factor as the main factor was the variant (landrace) of katokkon seeds (g) consisting of: g1 = Limbong Sampolo landrace; g2 = Leatung 1 landrace; g3 = Leatung 2 landrace.The second factor as a subplot is the concentration of the snail extract solution (p) which consists of three levels, namely: p0 = control; p1 = 5 ml.L -1 ; p2 = 15 ml.L -1 of water.
For the initial stage before nursery, seedpriming treatment was carried out using 5 liquid fertilizer concentrations, namely, 0 ml, 5 ml, 10 ml, 15 ml, and 20 ml.During the nursery, the chili seedlings that grew were selected based on the height and number of leaves, which then obtained the best concentration, namely p1 = 5 ml and p2 = 15 ml, and p0 = control as a comparison.All of these concentrations were selected as the treatment for the field experiment in this research.There were 3 repetitions for each treatment, making a total of 27 experimental units.The area of the experimental unit plot is a bed with a size of 1 m wide and 3.7 m long (3.7 m2).The population per bed is 13 holes, with a spacing of 50 cm x 60 cm, and the number of seedlings is 1 plant per planting hole.

Measurement and analysis of data
The parameters observed in this study are as follows: germination time, number of normal sprouts, germination power, seed vigor index, plant height, number of fallen fruits, number of fruits per plant, weight of fruit per plant, diameter and length of fruit.
Analysis of Variance was employed to analyze the observation data.When an effect of treatment was identified after the analysis of variance, further tests to distinguish the mean between treatments were performed using the Least Significant Difference Test (LSD) at the 95% of confidence level.

Germination
Observation on percentage of germination of the 3 Katokon variants with the immersion treatment of 5 snail extract concentrations of Liquid Organic Fertilizer at the age of 9 days after sowing is shown in figure below.Figure 1 shows that the highest germination percentage for the Limbong Sampolo variant (g1) was achieved by the control (98%) and the lowest at a concentration of 20 ml (88%).for the Leatung 1 variant (g2) the highest germination was achieved in the 5 ml and 10 ml treatments which both were 88.75%.While the lowest germination result was found in the control (68%).Leatung 2 variant (g3) had the highest germination at a concentration of 20 ml (29%) and the lowest germination at a concentration of 5 ml (6%).

Height of plant (cm)
The results showed the plant height and its variance as in Table 1.Katokkon variants (landraces) had a significant effect on the observation of plant height at the age of 14 and 28 days after planting but at the age of 42 days after planting the treatment of chili variants and the concentration of immersion treatment in snail extract of liquid organic fertilizer as well as their interactions had no significant effect.

Number of fruit (fruit unit)
Results of the analysis of variance with Split Plots Design showed that the Katokkon chili variants had a significant effect on the number of fruit parameters, but the treatment of snail extract liquid fertilizer concentration had no significant effect on the number of fruit parameter.The results shows that the treatment of several chili variants gave the highest average value of the number of fruits which was achieved by variant g3 (3.72 fruit units) and was significantly different from variant g2 and variant g1.

Harvested Fruit Weight
The results of the analysis of variance with split plot design showed that the treatment of chili variants had a significant effect on the parameters of harvested fruit weight, but the treatment of snail extract liquid fertilizer concentration had no significant effect on the parameters of harvested fruit weight.The result shows that the treatment of several chili variants gave the highest average harvested fruit weight in Katokkon variant of g3 which was 8.05g and significantly different from variant g2 and g1.

Conclusion
Results of the research concluded that the concentration of snail extract bio-seedpriming of 20 ml.L -1 gave the best germination of 67%.The interaction between the Katokkon chili variants and snail extract liquid fertilizer concentration did not significantly affect the growth and yield of Katokkon chili plants.The variant of Leatung 2 gave the best effect on plant height (24.62 cm), number of fruits (3.72 fruit units), harvested weight (8.05), and fruit length (20.22 mm).

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Germination percentage of the 3 Katokkon chili variants and liquid fertilizer extract concentration.
Katokkon chili grows well in the tropical highlands of Tana Toraja and Enrekang districts, South Sulawesi 2food industries.

Table 1 .
Plant height at 14, 28 and 42 days after planting at different Katokkon chili variants.
Note: dap=day after planting; Numbers followed by unequal letters in the same row are significantly different according to the 95% LSD test.

Table 2 .
Number of fruit of Katokkon chili at 63 days after planting in at different Katokkon chili variants and snail extract liquid fertilizer concentration.: Numbers followed by the same letter in the column mean not significantly different in the 95% LSD further test.Figures in parentheses are data before transformation. Note

Table 3 .
Average fruit weight of Katokkon chili harvested at 87 days after planting at different Katokkon chili variants and snail extract liquid fertilizer concentration.
Note: Numbers followed by the same letter in the column mean not significantly different in the 95% LSD further test.Figures in parentheses are data before transformation.