The potential for the development of livestock commodities in supporting the availability of animal protein in South Sulawesi

The development of region-based livestock commodities is the first step and plays an important role in formulating regional food security policies derived from animal protein, particularly from the aspect of the availability of food derived from animal protein. This paper aimed to determine the potential for the development of superior livestock commodities to support the availability of animal protein based on the level of ability or regional potential of each region/district in South Sulawesi. This information can be used as a reference in determining the appropriate regional development method for the development of livestock commodities in South Sulawesi. The research method emphasizes the analysis of secondary data obtained from BPS South Sulawesi in 2021. To find out the present status and potential for the development of livestock commodities for each district, Location Quotient (LQ) analysis is used, using indicators of population size and production of livestock commodities. The conclusion potential for the development of livestock commodities is obtained, ducks, laying hens, and goats are the best livestock commodities in South Sulawesi because they have an LQ value of > 1 spread across 14 districts (ducks) and 13 districts (laying hens, goats), beef cattle commodity found in 12 districts, then there are native chicken and horse commodity with their distributed found in 11 districts. The highest potential for the development of livestock commodities was Gowa, Maros, and Selayar Islands Regencies.


Introduction
Livestock is one of the most concerning human activities due to its significant impact on food security, environmental change, and even sustainable development [1][2][3].In recent decades, livestock production has dramatically intensified with the global population explosion and dietary changes from plant-based to animal-based foods [4,5].
The livestock sub-sector is one of the sub-sectors that contributes to the national economy and is able to absorb labor significantly so that it can be relied upon in efforts to improve the national economy.Based on the results of the 2013 Agricultural Census (ST2013) that the number of livestock households in Indonesia is almost 13 million households.In addition, the availability of livestock products will directly improve the nutritional status of the community, especially for the fulfillment of calories and animal protein.Meeting public consumption of calories and animal protein will improve the quality of human resources (HR).Indonesia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the Livestock Subsector in 2020 amounted to IDR 167.1 trillion which decreased by 0.33 percent compared to 2019.Meanwhile, South Sulawesi Province has the Gross Regional Domestic Product (PDRB) in the Livestock Subsector in 2019 and 2020 respectively IDR 5.92 trillion or reaching 2.35 percent and in 2020 it will increase by IDR 6.031 trillion or reach 2.35 percent of the total GRDP in the Livestock Subsector in 34 provinces [6].
Livestock is a sub-sector of the agricultural sector that plays an important role in the economy and whose contribution is increasing from year to year.The livestock sub-sector is directed at increasing livestock population and production as a fulfillment of community nutrition, in addition to increasing the income of farmers.On the different side, according to [7], government policies in livestock development are still top-down.Policies like this ultimately make it difficult for various parties, especially stakeholders.
One of the main objectives of the development of the South Sulawesi Livestock Subsector is directed at increasing population, livestock product production, and breeder income as well as fulfilling community nutrition.PDRB is an indicator of improving people's welfare which is a very important component in the progress of a region, so it needs to get support, especially in efforts to develop livestock commodities which will continue to increase the regional superior potential and play an important role in formulating regional food security policies originating from animal protein, especially from the aspect of food availability derived from animal protein.The diversity of animal protein food potential in each region requires food development policies that cannot be seen in general but must be based on the potential diversity of existing or available commodities.
One approach that can be used to initiate superior commodities is the Static Location Quotient (SLQ) or Location Quotient (LQ) method.Research related to the use of LQ was investigated by [8][9][10][11].
According to [12], the LQ method can identify superior commodities in an area.Meanwhile, [13] stated that the base area is a determining factor in economic development.
The Location Quotient (LQ) technique is one of the approaches commonly used in the base economic model as a first step to understanding the activity sectors that are growth drivers.LQ measures the relative concentration or degree of specialization of economic activity through a comparative approach [14].The LQ analysis used in this study was used to determine the present status and potential for the development of livestock commodities in each district using Location Quotient (LQ) analysis.The diversity of potential livestock commodities in each region requires a policy for the development of food derived from animal protein which cannot be seen in general but must be based on the potential diversity of existing or available commodities.This paper aims to determine the potential for the development of livestock commodities in each district based on the level of capability or regional potential of each region/district in South Sulawesi.From the information obtained, it is hoped that the livestock commodity development program in South Sulawesi can be more focused and on target.

Methodology
The research was carried out by emphasizing the analysis of secondary data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics for the Province of South Sulawesi in 2021.Data collection was obtained by recording secondary data and studying literature.The purpose of this LQ method is to identify the leading sector (base) in an area [15].To see the present status and potential for livestock farming business development, Location Quotient (LQ) analysis is used [16].LQ is one of the techniques that can be used to determine the level of capability of a region in a particular activity sector or commodity.However, in practice, the LQ method can also be used to determine prime commodities (commodity bases) in an area on the basis of productivity, acreage, production, income, employment opportunities, and other basic measurements.Based on these superior commodities, a set of problems and constraints in their development can be derived which can be used as a basis for determining research priorities.This analysis used the basis of measurement based on production/population.
The LQ formula is expressed as follows: Total production/population of the commodity in the observed area, S = Total production/population of all commodities in the observed area, N1 = Total production/population of commodity i in the wider area of which the observed area is part, N = Total production/population of all commodities in the wider area, and the observed area is part of it.
The results of the LQ analysis produce 3 (three) criteria as follows: LQ > 1 This means that the commodity is the basis or source of growth, has a comparative advantage, the results are not only able to meet the needs of the region itself but can also be exported outside the region.LQ = 1 This means that the commodity is classified as non-base, not having a comparative advantage.Its production is only enough to meet the needs of its own region.LQ < 1 This means that this commodity also includes nonbase.Its production cannot meet its own needs so it needs supplies from outside.

Respondent livestock commodity population
The livestock sector experiences fluctuating developments every year in terms of livestock population, meat, milk, and egg production.Meat is a good source of energy and several important nutrients including protein and micronutrients such as iron, zinc, and vitamin B12-although it is possible to get an adequate intake of these nutrients without eating meat if a variety of other foods are available.and consumed [4].Intake of animal protein determines the quality of food consumption needed to support a healthy, active, and productive life [17].
Based on Table 1, of the livestock commodities cultivated, there are three types of poultry commodities that have the highest populations in South Sulawesi Province, namely broiler chickens, native chickens, and laying hens.The total population of livestock commodities (Table 1) based on 24 districts in South Sulawesi shows the highest population of poultry, namely broilers in Maros Regency with 33,686,295 heads, native chickens in Bone Regency with 5,384,628 heads, and laying hens in Sidenreng Rappang Regency of 4,680,103 heads.While the lowest population of broiler chickens was in Tana Toraja Regency with 10,246 chickens, the lowest population of free-range chickens was in Makassar City with 134,278 individuals, and the lowest population of layers in Makassar City was 1,901 individuals.
The highest ruminant population is cattle compared to other ruminants such as goats, horses, and buffaloes.The highest cattle population was in Bone Regency with 437,115 heads and the lowest in North Toraja Regency with 208 heads.The highest population of goats was in Jeneponto Regency with 239,921 heads and the lowest in North Toraja Regency with 677 heads.The highest population of horse livestock was in Jeneponto Regency with 72,588 heads and the lowest in Pare-pare with 1 head.Furthermore, the highest buffalo population was in Luwu Regency with 4,4451 heads and the lowest buffalo population was in Soppeng Regency with 38 heads.[18] states that domestic livestock production cannot be fully filled with domestic needs, which is influenced by several limitations, including; (a) technological capabilities, even more so in the field of production and post-harvest handling, (b) livestock capital capabilities, (c) quality of human resources and (d) availability of food.

Location Quetiont (LQ) analysis of livestock commodities in South Sulawesi
Based on the potential development of livestock commodities, ducks, goats, and laying hens are the best livestock commodities in South Sulawesi because they have an LQ value of > 1 which is spread across 14 districts for ducks and 13 districts (goats, laying hens).Furthermore, the beef cattle commodity is found in 12 districts and s free-range chicken and horse commodities are distributed in 11 districts.Table 2 shows the Location Quetiont (LQ) values for livestock commodities in each district in South Sulawesi Province.When viewed from the poultry population, this greatly affects the number of LQ of ducks, even though the duck population in the area is high, it does not become a benchmark for the area including the base sector.This can be seen in Pinrang Regency with a population of 1 291 150 individuals but the LQ value is 0.36 lower than Pare-pare City which has an LQ value of 74.19 with a population of only 5 780 individuals.But what affects the optimal limit of the duck population with the number of poultry in the area.
The higher the difference in population numbers between poultry and ducks, it will affect the area's LQ value.On the other hand, if the number of poultry livestock is not much different from the number of ducks in the area, then it is very likely that the area is included in the base sector.
Based on an understanding of basic economic theory, the relevant LQ technique is used as a method for determining prime commodities, especially from the supply side (production or population).The LQ value indicates the degree of specialization or concentration of the commodity in the region relative to the reference area.This means that the greater the value of LQ in an area, the greater the degree of concentration in that region.This is in line with the opinion of [19], an indicator showing that the commodity is superior in an area will be known from the calculation of the LQ value which is greater than number 1 (LQ> 1).Table 2 displays the range of LQ values for livestock commodities in 22 districts and 2 cities, the higher the LQ value in an area indicates the higher the potential for superiority of the commodity.

The potential for the development of superior livestock commodities supports the availability of
animal protein Based on Table 3, it can be revealed that based on the potential development of livestock commodities, ducks, laying hens, and goats are the best livestock commodities in South Sulawesi because they have an LQ value of > 1 which are spread across 14 districts (ducks) and 13 districts (laying hens, goats), beef cattle in 12 regencies, then free-range chicken and horse with distribution in 11 regencies.Table 3 shows that duck is a basic commodity in fourteen districts in South Sulawesi, namely the districts of Selayar Islands, Bulukumba, Takalar, Gowa, Maros, Barru, Bone, Sidenreng Rappang, Enrekang, Luwu, North Luwu, Makassar, Pare-Pare, and Palopo.Meanwhile, there are ten districts included in the nonbase sector, namely Bantaeng, Jeneponto, Sinjai, Pangkajene Islands, Soppeng, Wajo, Pinrang, Tana Toraja, East Luwu, and North Toraja.
Goat is a basic commodity in thirteen districts in South Sulawesi, namely Selayar Islands, Gowa, Takalar, Maros, Barru, Wajo, Sidenreng Rappang, Pinrang, Luwu, North Luwu, Makassar, Pare-Pare and Palopo.Meanwhile, there are eleven districts included in the non-base sector, namely Bulukumba, Bantaeng, Jeneponto, Sinjai, Pangkajene Islands, Bone, Soppeng, Enrekang, Tana Toraja, East Luwu and North Toraja.Beef cattle, buffaloes, goats, native chickens, laying hens and ducks Table 3 shows that; Cows are one source of food ingredients in the form of meat which has high economic value and is important in people's lives.One or a group of cattle can produce a variety of needs, especially meat, in addition to other byproducts such as leather, fertilizer, and bones [20].Beef cattle are a basic commodity for twelve regencies in South Sulawesi, namely Selayar Islands, Bulukumba, Gowa, Maros, Sidenreng Rappang, Pinrang, Enrekang, Luwu, North Luwu, Makassar, Pare-Pare and Palopo.Meanwhile, there are twelve districts included in the non-base sector, namely Bantaeng, Jeneponto, Takalar, Sinjai, Pangkajene, Bone, Barru, Wajo, Tana Toraja, East Luwu, and North Toraja.Based on regional potential, the regions/districts that have the highest potential for livestock commodity development are the Regencies of the Gowa, Maros, and Selayar Islands.

Conclusion
The potential for the development of livestock commodities is obtained, ducks, laying hens, and goats are the best livestock commodities in South Sulawesi because they have an LQ value of > 1 spread across 14 districts (ducks) and 13 districts (laying hens, goats), beef cattle commodity found in 12 districts, then there are native chicken and horse commodities with their distribution found in 11 districts.The highest potential for the development of livestock commodities is Gowa, Maros, and Selayar Islands Regencies.

Table 1 .
The population of livestock commodities in South Sulawesi Province, 2021.

Table 2 .
LQ of livestock commodities in South Sulawesi.

Table 3 .
The potential for the development of superior livestock commodities supports the availability of animal protein.