The potential of seaweed in increasing revenue of farmer in Bantaeng District

Seaweed farmers have not benefited much from seaweed marketing activities, especially in dry form. Marketing of seaweed in Bantaeng Regency in general has not been maximized, the community has not been able to properly market their seaweed crops. The seaweed cultivating community is tied to traders, where when the community takes seaweed cultivation needs from traders, the farmers are obliged to submit their harvest to the traders, that’s where the trader’s profit plays on the price of seaweed, collectors take seaweed at market prices, so that the price received by farmers far from the general price. The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of income, costs and margins at each of the Cottonii and Gracilaria SP seaweed marketing institutions and to analyze the efficiency strategy for marketing seaweed in Bantaeng Regency. Data analysis was carried out by means of descriptive and quantitative analysis, after which the collected data was tabulated and analyzed. The results of this study are the need for zoning of coastal areas to expand the cultivation area so that seaweed production can increase. The use of technology such as digital marketing and collaboration with the government is expected to help farmers sell their crops.


Introduction
Agribusiness is all economic activity that starts with all sectors of input materials, farming (production), products that supply farming input materials, processing, sales from producers to consumers.The following is a picture of the agribusiness subsystem [1].
South Sulawesi is one of the largest contributing provinces to national seaweed production.The increase in production was achieved due to the large land area for seaweed development in this area, which is 250 thousand hectares.The prospect of seaweed is very bright because the world market demand for seaweed reaches 300 thousand tons per year [2].
Bantaeng Regency is one of the regencies in South Sulawesi by the minister of fisheries and marine affairs, has been launched as a seaweed center in Indonesia.Therefore, to manage and realize this in the long term, the local government has determined to maintain the coastal ecosystem of Bantaeng Regency which is the point of seaweed development, because most of the population is farmers, it is very natural that Bantaeng Regency strongly controls the agricultural sector.
Marketing will run efficiently when there is information disclosure from each marketing institution so that fishermen can choose the most profitable buyers to maximize the value they will receive [3].The problem with seaweed development lately is related to the marketing aspect.Seaweed farmers have not benefited much from seaweed marketing activities, especially in dry form.The marketing problem is thought to be related to institutional aspects, marketing networks, and communication gaps between producers and users.The length of the seaweed marketing chain causes the margins received by farmers to be relatively low.The number of products sold is still small, while the products sold are still very limited to raw materials, so that cultivators do not get added value from their cultivation.
The success of seaweed cultivation can be influenced by the seaweed marketing sector.This sector is one of the factors that can indicate the sustainability of seaweed cultivation activities.Seaweed marketing includes capital status factors and seaweed market absorption factors.The capital sector is an important part of the seaweed cultivation business.The sustainability of seaweed cultivation can be influenced by this sector.Seaweed capital in some areas still depends on collectors or middlemen.However, business capital for seaweed cultivation can come from bank loans, cooperatives, private capital and subsidies from the government [4].

Research methods
Data collection techniques used in this study were observation and interviews.The population in this study is the people of Pajukukan Subdistrict who produce seaweed crops.The determination of the sample used the slovin formula with the results of 80 respondents.Data analysis was carried out by means of descriptive analysis and quantitative analysis, after the data was collected then the data was tabulated and analyzed using several ways of analysis and using SWOT analysis.
SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats or Threasts in a project or a business speculation.And it can be applied by analyzing and sorting out the various things that affect the four factors [5].

Respondent characteristics
The characteristics based on the gender of the respondents in the research conducted characteristics based on the gender of the respondents in the research conducted can be seen in table 1.Source: Primary Data, 2023 It is known that the number of respondents based on gender was 74 men (92.5%) and 6 women (7.5%).Based on these results, it can be seen that the majority of respondents based on gender were male respondents and the characteristics based on the age of the respondents in the research conducted can be seen in table 2. It is known that the number of respondents based on their level of education was 43 people in elementary school (54%), 13 people in junior high school (16%) and 24 people in high school (10%).Based on these results, it can be seen that the dominance of the most respondents based on education level are respondents with elementary education level.The characteristics based on the respondent's land area in the research conducted can be seen in table 4. Source: Primary Data, 2023 It is known that the number of respondents based on the area of land owned is a land area of 100-300 meters by 28 people (35%), a land area of 300-600 meters by 42 people (52.5%) and a total land area of 600 meters by 10 people ( 12.5%).Based on these results, it can be seen that the dominance of the most respondents based on the amount of land owned is the respondent with a land area between 300-600 meters.The following will explain the characteristics based on the number of dependents of the respondent's family in the research conducted.Source: Primary Data, 2023 It is known that the number of respondents is based on the number of dependents, namely respondents with dependents 0-3 as many as 31 people (39%), respondents with dependents 4-7 as many as 47 people (59%) and respondents with dependents 7> as many as 2 people (2%).Based on these results, it can be seen that the dominance of the respondents with the highest number of dependents is the respondent with 4-7 dependents.Characteristics based on the length of the respondent's business in the research conducted show in table 6.Source: Primary Data, 2023 It is known that the number of respondents based on length of business is that 25 people (31%) have 1-10 years of business, 37 respondents (46%) have 11-20 years of business and 18 respondents with 20 years of business (18 people).23%).Based on these results, it can be seen that the domination of respondents with the highest number of years of business is the respondent with a business length of 11-20 years.

Marketing margin analysis.
Marketing margin is the difference between the price paid by end consumers and the price received by farmers [6].The following will explain marketing margins in research on Cottonii seaweed.It is known that the margin or profit from marketing distribution on Cottonii seaweed, namely the lowest marketing margin, was obtained by collectors 1 and 2 with a margin of IDR 500.while the highest marketing margin was obtained by collectors 3 and exporters of IDR 1,000.from the results of the marketing channel, the difference in the total marketing margin from consumers to producers is IDR 3,500.-.The marketing margins in research on Cottonii seaweed show in table 8.It is known that the margin or profit from marketing distribution on Gracilaria SP seaweed, namely the lowest marketing margin, was obtained by collector III with a margin of IDR 500.while the highest marketing margin was obtained by collectors 1, 2 and exporters of IDR 1,000.from the results of the marketing channel, the difference in the total marketing margin from consumers to producers is IDR 3,500.-

Marketing cost analysis.
Marketing costs include all costs incurred from the time the goods are finished being produced and stored in the warehouse and the goods are converted back into cash.It is known that the overall total of marketing costs in the Cottonii Seaweed business type in the marketing cost distribution channel 1 to marketing cost 4 is Rp.105,000.It is known that the overall total of marketing costs in the Gracilaria SP seaweed business type in the marketing cost distribution channel 1 to marketing cost 4 is Rp.34,000.

Variable cost.
Variable costs are costs whose magnitude is influenced by the amount of production [7].This cost is one of the important cost components in farming, because it relates to the means of production used by farmers.The variable costs in research on Cottonii seaweed can be seen in Table 11.It can be seen that the biggest expense is the use of seeds of Rp. 2,896,000 use of seeds greatly influences the results obtained in the seaweed business.The use of good quality seeds will increase production.While the smallest expense is the cost of transportation or fuel use of IDR 100,000.Transportation is an operational support in the mobility of seaweed transportation but is not the main supporting factor for success in the seaweed business.The variable costs in research on Gracilaria SP seaweed show in table 12.It is known that the biggest expense is the use of seeds of Rp. 1,383,000 use of seeds greatly influences the results obtained in the seaweed business.The use of good quality seeds will increase production.Meanwhile, other minor expenditures are the cost of transportation or use of fuel, amounting to Rp. 100,000.Transportation is an operational support in the mobility of seaweed transportation but is not the main supporting factor for success in the seaweed business.

Fix cost.
Fixed costs are costs whose size is not affected by the size of production.Fixed costs can usually be used for multiple production periods.The fixed costs in research on Cottonii seaweed can be seen in table 13.
Table 13 Source: Primary Data, 2023 It is known that the fixed costs incurred by the respondent farmers in managing the Cottonii seaweed business with a total value of Rp. 14.425.00.The highest fixed cost is on the boat at a price of Rp. 5,000,000 per unit.while the fixed cost with the smallest cost is the use of paddles with a fee of Rp. 50,000 per unit.Even though a lot or a little production is obtained, in other words, fixed costs are not affected by the size of the production issued.Source: Primary Data, 2023 It is known that the fixed costs incurred by the respondent farmers in managing the Cottonii seaweed business with a total value of Rp. 14,425 The highest fixed cost is on the boat at a price of Rp. 5,000,000 per unit.while the fixed cost with the smallest cost is the use of paddles with a fee of Rp. 50,000 per unit.Equipment depreciation is calculated using the straight line method with the formula Depreciation = (purchase price -salvage value) / economic life * number of equipment [8].

Total cost.
Total costs are the total costs incurred by respondents in seaweed business activities.The total cost incurred by farmers when managing Cottonii seaweed farming is Rp.12,757,000, consisting of 7,675,000 fixed costs and Rp.5,082,000.The variable costs used in the seaweed business are seeds, fuel, wages and consumption.These costs vary in amount and must be paid by the seaweed farmers.While the fixed costs used are boat engines, paddles, big ropes, small ropes and scissors, the value of the costs at fixed costs can change along with the depreciation that occurs in the value of the goods.The total cost incurred by farmers when managing Gracilaria SP seaweed farming is Rp.11,080,000, consisting of 7,675,000 fixed costs and Rp.3,405,000.The variable costs used in the seaweed business are seeds, fuel, wages and consumption.These costs vary in amount and must be paid by the seaweed farmers.While the fixed costs used are boat engines, big rope paddles, small ropes and scissors, the value of the costs at fixed costs can change along with the depreciation that occurs in the value of the goods.

Seaweed revenue analysis in Bantaeng Regency
Income is the income for seaweed farmers to fulfill their family needs.Farm income analysis serves to measure whether farming activities are profitable or detrimental to farmers.The income analysis of Cottonii seaweed in Bantaeng Regency Source: Primary Data, 2023 Based on the research results, the average business price of Cottonii seaweed is IDR 24,500 per kilogram, while the production of seaweed produced per stretch is an average of 5 kg.The total income of seaweed farmers in one harvest is an average of 362 stretches/1,810 kg of seaweed.Revenue is obtained with an average value of Rp. 44,345,000.31,588,000.The income analysis of Gracilaria SP seaweed in Bantaeng Regency can be seen in table 18.Based on the research results, the average business price for Gracilaria SP seaweed is IDR 5,000 per kilogram, while the production of seaweed produced per stretch is an average of 10 kg.The total income of seaweed farmers in one harvest is an average of 461 stretches or 4,610 kg of seaweed, with an average value of Rp. 23,050,000.11,970,000.

Marketing system
The pattern of seaweed marketing channels in Pulau Sembilan District tends to form a short marketing chain.This is because the resulting product is a raw material used for the processing industry, especially in the processing of carrageenan, which is imported by several countries such as Demmark, the Philippines and the United States.Meanwhile, the domestic seaweed processing industry is still rare.Unlike the case with farmers in the Tambak Area of North Bantaeng and East Bantaeng Districts, farmers in this area sell seaweed individually.Each farmer sells dried seaweed to collectors.The collecting traders will then sell the seaweed to the Intermediary Traders, then the Intermediary Traders will sell to the exporters, but there are also individual farmers directly to the exporters, of course the prices are cheaper because the quality does not meet standards.The pattern of seaweed marketing system and channel can be seen in figure 1 and 2.

Marketing channel
Tracing the marketing units for seaweed commodities starting from the farmers as primary producers to the intermediary agents and exporters in the Makassar area.Tracing is not carried out to the final consumer level because the seaweed products that are distributed are export products with demand in the form of dried seaweed which is usually used as raw material for processed and food products in seaweed importing countries.The marketing agency that is used as the final consumer in this study is the exporter.

Marketing channel 1.
Marketing channel I is a channel that is mostly used by seaweed farmers who are respondents in this study with a percentage of respondents of 18.3% for the Cottonii type, and 31.67% for the Glalasilarian SP type.On Marketing Channel I, farmers sell their crops in the form of dry seaweed collectively through farmer group containers.This marketing channel pattern is mostly implemented by seaweed farmers in the three research areas.In this channel pattern, the respondent farmers come from seaweed farmer groups in each study area.In this channel, the amount of seaweed from 11 farmer groups of Gracillaria sp. and 19 groups of Cottonii species reached 20 tons of dried seaweed.The reason farmers choose to use this channel is because in groups farmers feel able to receive a better price, because the farmers' bargaining position becomes stronger, and farmers do not have to have trouble finding buyers.

Marketing channel 2.
This second marketing channel is implemented by seaweed farmers in the North Bantaeng District, East Bantaeng District, and Pulau Sembilan District.However, there is a difference in this channel, namely the farmers who use this channel are not members of farmer groups.Based on information obtained from seaweed farmers in the area, the number of farmers in this area who are not affiliated with farmer groups is only around 10 to 50 people, but in this study only 30 farmers were used as respondent farmers because the farmers other grasses only carry out seaweed cultivation activities from time to time.This is based on the requirements for determining respondent farmers, namely having to carry out seaweed cultivation as a daily routine.In this channel, farmers sell their seaweed harvest to collectors who come from Deşa Pangasa which is still included in the East Bantaeng District and Kambuno Island which enters the Pulau Sembilan sub-district.
3.6.3.Marketing channel 3. The third marketing channel has a different pattern from the second marketing channel.Farmers in this third marketing channel come from the Pulau Sembilan Beach area and the Pond Area in North Bantaeng District which are included in the Bantaeng Regency area.Respondent farmers in this third channel also marketed seaweed individually.Farmers in this area also form a forum for farmer groups and also oversee the seaweed marketing activities for members of the seaweed farmers in the Pulau Sembilan area.Similar to the farmers in channel II, in this channel the farmers sell dried seaweed to the collectors, but the collectors are different from the collectors in the marketing channels II.

Analysis of seaweed marketing efficiency strategy in Bantaeng Regency
In determining the strategy in this study, the analysis used is Swot analysis.SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate strengths or Strengths, weaknesses or Weaknesses, opportunities or Opportunities, and threats or Threats in a project or a business speculation.The SWOT matrix that is used to systematically identify various factors to formulate a business strategy to be carried out in developing a seaweed business in Bantaeng Regency can be seen in table 19.

Picture 1 .
Marketing system of Cottonii and Gracilaria SP Seaweed

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Marketing channel of Cottonii and Gracilaria SP Seaweed

Table 1 .
Respondents based on gender

Table 2 .
Respondents based by age

Table 3 .
Respondents based on education

Table 4 .
Respondents based by land area

Table 5 .
Respondents based on number of family dependents

Table 6 .
Respondents based on length of business

Table 7 .
Marketing margin of cottonii seaweed

Table 8 .
Marketing Margin of Gracilaria SP Seaweed