Sago value chain analysis in Luwu and North Luwu District, South Sulawesi

As the center of sago production, sago business in Luwu District and North Luwu District has long been the main livelihood of the local community. This study as a whole examines the linkage of the sago value chain with government intervention. The method of determining the location by purposive sampling with the consideration that Luwu District and North Luwu District are the center of sago production in South Sulawesi. The analytical method used for value chain research is chain analysis with value chain mapping from ACIAR (2012) and qualitative descriptive analysis, namely content analysis and thematic analysis. The sago value chain in Luwu District and North Luwu District involves various actors, such as farmers/producers, collectors, and retailers in the sago production and distribution process. Government intervention in this study included providing training and procurement of equipment to sago farmers. The results of this study show that government intervention only focuses on reducing the workload of sago farmers. Government intervention in this study does not directly impact other sago value chain actors, but reducing farmers’ workload can potentially have an overall positive effect by increasing the availability of sago raw materials they obtain from farmers.


Introduction
Sago palm has significant value for use in various commercial products such as modified starch, lactic acid, diclodextrin and ethanol [1].In Southeast Asia in particular, sago starch has been used to cook various types of dishes such as jellies, puddings, soups, food thickeners, noodles, biscuits and sago pearls [2].In Malaysia around 100,000 tons of sago starch is used annually for various applications, especially in the production of glucose (15,600 tons), MSG (15,000 tons) and noodles (13,200 tons) while other household needs use 36,000 tons [3].In South Sulawesi, there are many sago plants in Tana Luwu as native to Southeast Asia, sago is spread from Philippines to Nusa Tenggara [4].The total area of land developed for sago in Tana Luwu is 3.465 Hectares.There are two districts which are areas with a large amount of sago distribution quite a lot, namely Luwu and North Luwu Districts.
The term value chain refers to the series of activities required to deliver a product (or service) starting IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012020 2 from the conceptual stage, continuing through several stages of production, to delivery to the final consumer and disposal after use [5].A value chain is formed when all actors in the value chain work in such a way as to maximize value creation along the chain.The value chain is a perspective in which business is seen as a chain of activities that transforms inputs into valuable outputs for customers.Value for customers comes from three basic sources: activities that differentiate products, activities that reduce product costs, and activities that can immediately meet customer needs [6].
Analyzing the value chain mapping is an important step, because the value chain mapping is a guide to analyze the value chain in depth.The objectives of mapping the value chain are [7]: a) Describe the network to find out the relationship between actors and processes in the chain; b) Consider the dependencies between actors and processes in the value chain; c) Creating awareness among stakeholders to see their involvement in the value chain.
There are 11 steps to map the value chain.The value chain mapping is done by [7]: a) Mapping the one processes in the value chain; b) Identify and map the actors involved; c) Mapping the flow of products, information, and knowledge; d) Mapping knowledge and information flow; e) Mapping the geographic flow of products or services; f) Mapping values at various levels in the value chain; g) Mapping the relationships and linkages between value chain actors; h) Mapping the relationships and linkages between value chain actors; i) Map the services used in the value chain; j) Mapping barriers and potential solutions; k) Create a value chain map matrix.
With government intervention in the sago value chain both in physical form and non-physical, the potential for the development of sago farming in Luwu and North Luwu District as a sago production center in South Sulawesi is expected to increase and optimal.

Methodology
This type of research is descriptive qualitative.The object in this study is the form and the benefits of existing government interventions in the sago value chain in Luwu and North Luwu District while the subject of this study is the government that intervenes in this case the central government, namely the Postharvest Research and Development Center Agriculture, those in charge of Sago in Eastern Indonesia, and value chain actors sago that directly receives and implements intervention from the government.Method data collection in this study were observation, interviews, documentations and questionnaires.Methods of data analysis is value chain analysis, descriptive qualitative analysis, and likert scale analysis.

Characteristics of Respondents
Respondents in this study were those in charge of sago development activities from the Center for Agricultural Postharvest Research and Development, those in charge of sago development activities in Eastern Indonesia, and the heads of farmer groups that were intervened by the government.male.This matter related to sago production activities that require more male workers land processing, harvesting and post-harvest activites and male's physical abilities are stronger compared to female.

Sago Processing Industry
The definition of industry is all forms of economic activity that manage raw materials or utilize industrial resources, so that they can produce goods that have added value or higher benefits, including industrial services [8].
The main advantage of sago plants lies in their high productivity.Sago production from good cultivation can reach 20-40 tons of dry starch per hectare per year [9].
Sago starch can be used as a food ingredient to increase food security, bioethanol, environmentally friendly plastics, pharmaceuticals, and sweeteners [10].Sago starch as a source of carbohydrates with a low glycemic index maintains sugar and cholesterol levels so it is good for diabetics [11], gluten-free so it is good for people with auto-immunity and autism [12].
The stems can be used for cultivating sago caterpillars, firewood, furniture, and various accessories.The leaves can be used for roofing houses and fodder.Then, the branches (gaba-gaba) for house walls, ceilings, rafts, and others.Furthermore, the extracted dregs can be used for organic fertilizer, mushroom growing media, animal feed, and article boards [9].The benefits of sago plants can be seen in the following figure:  In relation to food security policies, food can be grouped based on its processing: a. Processed food ingredients, namely food ingredients that require further processing, before they are finally ready for consumption.The process of converting raw materials into finished or semi-finished materials for a specific purpose using certain techniques.b.Unprocessed food ingredients, namely food ingredients that are consumed or do not require further processing.
Types of foodstuffs that require processing before consumption include sago.Sago requires certain processes or techniques to be enjoyed or consumed.Until now, sago farmers have not been able to determine with certainty the right age for sago to be harvested with optimum results.In general, sago farmers pay little attention to the growth of sago from tillers until it is ready to be harvested.However, sago farmers in sago center areas who usually handle sago use certain criteria or characteristics that can indicate that the sago is ready to be harvested [13].In Luwu and North Luwu District, sago harvesting is still done in a simple or semi-modern way.After selecting the sago trees to be felled, preparations for logging are carried out.Initially, clearing was carried out to make access to the grove and clearing of trees to be cut to facilitate felling and transportation of felled products.Usually logging is done with an ax or a senso wood cutting tool.After the tree has fallen, the fronds are cleaned and some of the ends of the stems are removed because of their low starch content.The cleaned trees are cut into short pieces with a size of 1.5 -2 m.Sago trees that have been cut into pieces are brought to the nearest water source to be directly extracted and there are also sago trees which are directly processed at the logging site by making water storage tanks around the logging as a source of water for the extraction process.
Sago starch extraction is a processing process for the pith of sago tree trunks to obtain the starch contained therein.The principle of sago starch extraction consists of a coarse fiber skin 2-4 cm thick, splitting the logs into several parts with a length of 40-70 cm.After that, the sago starch is separated from the coir and the starch is dried.
The development of the sago processing industry in Luwu and North Luwu Regencies is constrained by infrastructure problems.Efforts to increase the added value of sago have been pursued with the assistance of training and equipment provided by the Government.An industrial approach has also been carried out by involving all members of existing sago farmer groups.This participation is so that there is a common understanding, driving the economy of the members of the farmer group.

Value chain of sago in Luwu and North Luwu District
A comprehensive and all-encompassing value chain map will never exist.There are many potential dimensions of the value chain that could be included in activities initial mapping: produk flow, actors involved in the value chain, costs and margin in various levels, and so on.Therefore, the selection of mapped dimensions becomes important, and this is done based on available resources, objectives and scope value chain analysis, as well as benefits owned by the organization [14].This process aims to identify what processes occur starting from supply inputs or productionfacilities to the final consumer of the product.The process is adapted mapped chain characteristics.The sago value chain in narrow sense includes activities that carried out by a sagoproducer.These activities cover the concept development stage the process of obtaining production inputs/facilities, the production process, then marketing activities and distribution.
The sago value chain in this study starts from the sago raw material which is then processed into wet sago and dry sago.These products can reach the hands of consumers with various roles of chain actors.For more details about the sago value chain, see in Figure 3 and Figure 4 below:  In this model, farmers play a dual role as producers and direct sellers to consumers.They are responsible for the entire sago production process, from planting and caring for sago palms, doing the initial processing to producing raw sago.Farmers also interact directly with consumers who come to buy sago to their place.
Retailers are also important actors in this value chain.They act as intermediaries between farmers and consumers.Retailers buy sago from farmers in larger quantities, then carry out the packaging process and distribute sago to consumers who do not directly buy from farmers.Retailers play an important role in ensuring the availability and accessibility of sago products for consumers who do not have direct access to farmers.In this model, farmers have a dual role as sago producers.They are responsible for the sago production process from harvesting to initial processing.Farmers carry out activities such as cutting sago palms, stripping bark, and storing wet sago products.Farmers also have the ability to sell their sago products directly to retailers and consumers.
Collectors play an important role in this sago value chain.They serve as intermediaries between farmers and retailers.But in this study, collectors will buy sago from farmers only when farmers' production is in large quantities.The collector then carries out the process of packaging, storing, and shipping the sago to the retailer.By buying in bulk from farmers, collectors can accumulate sufficient supplies of sago to meet demand from retailers and consumers.
Retailers as the last actor in the sago value chain in North Luwu County, buy sago in smaller quantities from collectors.They are responsible for the sale of sago to the final consumer.However, in this study, retailers and consumers had the option of buying directly from farmers.

Form of intervention
Government intervention by establishing the Sago Collaborative Innovative Development Research (RPIK) activity aims to encourage innovation, quality improvement, productivity, and sustainability in sago farming.The implementation of government intervention to sago farmer groups aims to provide appropriate support, increase farmer capacity, increase sago production and quality, and improve the economic and social conditions of sago farmer groups.

Provision of training.
In this case, the RPIK Sago BB Postharvest Team provided training assistance in the form of technical guidance or commonly abbreviated as Bimtek with bring in experts in the field of sago in order to increase knowledge and the skills of sago farmers in processing sago by prioritizing practice rather than theory.
Based on an interview with Mr. Agus as the person in charge of the activity, as for the time and place for implementing the technical guidance, namely on October 25, 2021 in the Hall Bapelitbangda North Luwu Bapelitbangda Office with the theme "Agro-industryDevelopment Sago for Food Security".This Bimtek was attended by 80 participants.There are two sessions in the implementation the technical guidance, namely in the first session filled by two presenters, namely material I delivered by Mr. Patrik Markopala Passang, S.TP, MT from Balitpalma regarding sago management starting from aspects of cultivation, handling pests and diseases of sago plants, harvesting and post-harvesting of sago.Material II delivered by Prof. Dr.Ir.Dorothea Agnes Rampisela, M.Sc.from Unhas regarding the productsago seeds and production as an alternative to national food security.The second session continued with three presenters.Material III was delivered by Dr. Endang Purwanti from BB Postharvest regarding the diversification of processed sago/ industrial hygiene and quality assurance (GMP/HACCP).Material IV delivered by Drs.H. Muh.Kasrum, MSi from the Department of Trade, Industry, Cooperatives and UMKM North Luwu regarding the development of UMKM, Product Standardization, and Licensing (PIRT).And the last material was delivered by Dr. Ir. Suratman, M.Si from BBSDLP regarding use of remote sensing technology to detect sago commodities.
Technical guidance (Bimtek) will then be held on October 26, 2021 in Toppong Hamlet, Tokke Village, Malangke District, North Luwu District, attended by 80 participants.In this technical guidance, participants will be given knowledge about assembly and operation techniques Sago Processing and Drying Equipment.In the first session, there was a presentation of material on basic concepts sago processing machine and in the last session in the implementation of technical guidance, namely conducting demonstrations assembly and operating techniques for sago processing equipment at the Sago Yield Processing Unit (UPH) in Sago Processing House Tokke Village, Kec.Malangke, North Luwu District.

Equipment procurement.
Government intervention in the form of procurement of sago processing equipment aims to improve the sago production process, improve product quality and increase the efficiency of resource use.With modern and efficient equipment, it is hoped that farmer groups can produce better sago in quality and quantity.This will provide economic benefits for the ani group and increase the  Sago stalk cutting machine Nico Silen 5800 1 unit

The linkage of government intervention to the sago value chain
The linkage between government intervention and the sago value chain is very close.Government intervention in the sago value chain is an effort made by the government to influence and improve the condition and performance of the sago sector as a whole.The purpose of this government intervention is to improve the quality, productivity, and sustainability of the sago sector, as well as improve the welfare of farmers and other actors in the sago value chain.There are several reasons why government intervention is needed in the sago value chain.First, the sago sector has great potential as a source of food and industrial raw materials, but still faces various challenges, such as low productivity, inconsistent quality, lack of market access, and obstacles in processing and marketing sago products.Government intervention can help address these challenges and improve the overall performance of the sago sector.

Impact of government intervention on sago value chain in Luwu County and North Luwu County
In this study, the impact of government intervention was only felt by farmers in the sago value chain, without involving other actors.That is, other actors such as retailers and collectors are not directly affected.This government intervention tends to focus more on direct efforts that come into contact with farmers because farmers are a group directly involved in the sago production process and the government wants to provide practical and tangible assistance to farmers.
In this study, it can also be seen that there is no significant impact with government intervention in the sago value chain.It can be seen that the resulting impact focuses more on making farmers' jobs easier than improving the quality and productivity of their sago.This is due to: a.The form of government intervention provided to farmers is only in the form of providing training and procurement of equipment.Where these two things are important to improve the efficiency of farmers' work, reduce physical burdens, and speed up production time.Here are some reasons that the authors think the impact did not occur based on observations in the field and from interviews with informants: a. Ineffective implementation: Government intervention in the sago value chain can fail if implementation is ineffective.Factors such as lack of resources, lack of coordination between relevant agencies, or errors in the planning and implementation of intervention programs can result in an inability to achieve the expected impact.b.Lack of active participation: The success of government interventions in the sago value chain also depends on the active participation of stakeholders, including farmers, producers, and other business actors.If they are not actively involved in the intervention process, such as not adopting suggested practices or not taking advantage of the opportunities offered, significant influence may not occur.c.Limiting external factors: The absence of significant influences can also be caused by limiting external factors, such as price fluctuations, climate change, or natural disasters.These factors can affect sago production, quality, and overall market access, so government intervention may not be able to overcome existing constraints.d.Not enough time: Sometimes, significant effects take longer to occur.Government intervention in the sago value chain may only be implemented in a relatively short period of time, so the impact has not been seen in reality.In this case, long-term evaluation and patience in observing changes are important.
Furthermore, in this study, government intervention on the sago value chain focused more on making farmers' jobs easier than improving the quality and productivity of their sago.This is due to: a.The form of government intervention provided to farmers is only in the form of providing training and procurement of equipment.Where these two things are important to improve the efficiency of farmers' work, reduce physical burdens, and speed up production time.

Conclusions and recommendations
Based on the results and discussion of the research, it can be concluded that the sago value chain in Luwu District involves two actors, namely farmers/producers and retailers.Meanwhile, the sago value chain in North Luwu District involves three actors, namely farmers/producers, collectors, and retailers.
The form of government intervention on the sago value chain in Luwu County and North Luwu County is the provision of training and equipment procurement.Overall, government intervention in the form of providing training in the form of technical guidance and equipment procurement has had a positive impact on farmer groups.However, further efforts are still needed to overcome the problems that arise, so that government intervention can provide maximum benefits for farmers and be sustainable in the long term.
Government intervention in the sago value chain may not have the immediate impact felt by retailers and collectors.However, such interventions can provide long-term benefits in terms of more stable and high-quality supplies for sago retailers and collectors.Governments need to pay attention to the specific challenges and needs faced by retailers and collectors, and provide appropriate support.Thus, government intervention can support the growth and sustainability of the sago value chain as a whole.
Based on the results of the study, it is suggested that the government needs to take several actions to improve the effectiveness of government intervention programs in the sago value chain such as; 1) The government needs to consider diversifying intervention programs to involve other sago value chain actors such as collectors and retailers.Programs such as training in processing and marketing, meeting equipment and infrastructure needs, and promoting sago products can help improve the role and welfare of all actors in the sago value chain; (2) Program monitoring and evaluation is also important to be carried out regularly to identify successes and potential improvements.With the implementation of this action, it is hoped that government intervention programs can provide better benefits for all actors in the sago value chain..

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Schematic of Sago Flour Production in Luwu and North Luwu District

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The Value Chain of Sago in Luwu District

Figure 3
Figure 3 above shows specific activities carried out on the sago value chain in Luwu District that involve only two main actors, namely farmers who are also producers and retailers.In this model, farmers play a dual role as producers and direct sellers to consumers.They are responsible for the entire sago production process, from planting and caring for sago palms, doing the initial processing to producing raw sago.Farmers also interact directly with consumers who come to buy sago to their place.Retailers are also important actors in this value chain.They act as intermediaries between farmers and consumers.Retailers buy sago from farmers in larger quantities, then carry out the packaging process and distribute sago to consumers who do not directly buy from farmers.Retailers play an important role in ensuring the availability and accessibility of sago products for consumers who do not have direct access to farmers.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The Value Chain of Sago in North Luwu District Figure 4 above shows specific activities carried out on the sago value chain in North Luwu District involving three main actors, namely farmers who are also producers, collectors, and retailers, with consumers sometimes buying directly to farmers.In this model, farmers have a dual role as sago producers.They are responsible for the sago production process from harvesting to initial processing.Farmers carry out activities such as cutting sago palms, stripping bark, and storing wet sago products.Farmers also have the ability to sell their sago products directly to retailers and consumers.

Table 1 .
3.1.1.By age.Based on the table above, the average age of the respondents is in the 45 year age group.Characteristics of respondents by age Based on the table above, the education level of the respondents generally achieved an average of more six years.Most of the respondents have completed more than elementary schooleducation.In this situation it shows that the respondents have the ability to read and writing so that it can support and facilitate communication.

Table 2 .
Characteristics of respondents based on education level

Table 3 .
Characteristics based on gender

Table 7 .
List of tool assistance handed to Pasir Putih Farmer Group in North Luwu District

Table 8 .
List of tool assistance handed to Mitra Harapan Farmer Group in North Luwu District Thus, government interventions tend to focus on making farmers' jobs easier.b.Improving the quality and productivity of sago requires more complex and continuous efforts.It involves aspects such as selection of superior sago varieties, proper fertilization, pest and disease control, as well as good processing techniques.Monitoring these aspects requires more time, resources, and knowledge.Therefore, government interventions exerted on the sago value chain in Luwu County and North Luwu County may not have reached adequate levels in terms of improving sago quality and productivity.
Thus, government interventions tend to focus on making farmers' jobs easier.b.Improving the quality and productivity of sago requires more complex and continuous efforts.It involves aspects such as selection of superior sago varieties, proper fertilization, pest and disease control, as well as good processing techniques.Monitoring these aspects requires more time, resources, and knowledge.Therefore, government intervention may not have reached an adequate level in terms of improving the quality and productivity of sago in Luwu District and North Luwu District.1230 (2023) 012020