Analysis of corn marketing efficiency in sribatara village buton district

Corn in Indonesia is grown by farmers with a narrow area of land and different marketing channels. The type of marketing channels chosen by farmers will have an impact on marketing margins and efficiency. Therefore this research was conducted with the aim of 1) analyzing the types of corn marketing channels in Sribatara Village and 2) analyzing marketing margins and corn marketing efficiency in Sribatara Village. The research method used is a survey method with the aim (sampling purpose) of interviewing traders directly. There are two marketing channels for corn, namely type I starts from farmers to village collectors and continues to wholesalers in Baubau city, while type II starts from farmers and continues directly to wholesalers in Baubau city. Collector traders perform the functions of buying, selling, transporting, and financing as well as market information functions. The results of the analysis of marketing margins, costs, and profits in type I and type II marketing channels each provide different benefits. Both marketing channels provide the same total margin of Rp. 3,000/Kg. The selling price at the farmer level is Rp. 4,000/Kg, while the selling price at the wholesaler level is Rp. 7,000/Kg. The difference between the two marketing channels is that there is a long marketing chain before the corn reaches the wholesalers in Baubau City. The results of the analysis of marketing efficiency for this type obtained a value of 57%, and marketing efficiency for type II marketing channels was 57%. This efficiency value indicates that the corn marketing system in Sribatara Village is efficient.


Introduction
Corn is a plant that has many benefits so the corn has a strategic role in the Indonesian economy.The condition of fluctuating prices creates uncertainty about the benefits obtained by the farmers or marketing agencies involved, so it is necessary to research corn marketing efficiency.One of the factors 1230 (2023) 012012 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1230/1/012012 2 that affect the fluctuation of corn production is the season.Corn supply is abundant during the main harvest but this is not followed by an increase in demand for corn, causing corn prices to fall.This condition is detrimental for farmers as corn producers but beneficial for consumers because they can buy corn at a lower price [1].
Prices formed in the market should be able to provide satisfaction to every marketing agency involved.This means that each institution benefits from transactions carried out based on the agreed price.There is still a disparity in the price of corn from producers to consumers, which is affected by the large production costs and marketing costs of corn that arise as a result of the marketing function that occurs, including exchange, physical and facility functions [2].
Marketing is the most important thing in running an agricultural business because marketing is an economic activity that affects low market prices so high production does not provide high profits without good and efficient marketing [3].Marketing efficiency according to [4] can be done with the SCP (Structure, Conduct, Performance) approach.In this marketing, the decision-making system by marketing agencies is measured through the number of sellers and buyers, product differentiation, market entry barriers, and market concentration.Among the existing market structures in the SCP paradigm, an efficient market structure is a perfectly competitive market [5].
The market structure that is formed will affect market behavior, namely sales, and purchases by marketing agencies, price determination, and formation, as well as cooperation between marketing agencies.The interaction between market structure and behavior will ultimately determine market performance.The indicators used include marketing margin, farmer share, and market integration.The efficiency of the marketing system can be assessed through technical (operational) efficiency and price efficiency.Marketing institutions play an important role in the corn marketing process, the longer the marketing channel or the more marketing agencies involved during the corn marketing process, the greater the costs that must be incurred and will affect the efficiency of corn marketing [6].The longer the marketing channel and the higher the marketing costs carried out during the corn marketing process, the higher the price of corn at the final consumer level and the smaller the share received by farmers [7].This shows the inefficiency of marketing activities.
Based on data from the Buton Regency Agriculture Office, farmers in Sribatara Village, Lasalimu District, were able to produce corn productivity of 24.75 Kwintals/Ha in 2018.However, farmers still experience problems in marketing channel patterns, margins, and marketing efficiency.Therefore this research was conducted with the aim of 1) analyzing the types of corn marketing channels in Sribatara Village and 2) analyzing marketing margins and corn marketing efficiency in Sribatara Village, Lasalimu District, Buton Regency.

Location and experimental design
The research was conducted in Sribatara Village, Lasalimu District, Buton Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province from September 2022 to January 2023.The research location is one of the central cornproducing areas in Buton Regency.The population includes all corn farmers and traders in the research location, a total of 102 people.The number of respondents in this study was 30 farmers who were taken randomly using the simple random sampling method.As for the collectors and wholesalers using the snowball sampling method.
This study uses two types of data, namely primary and secondary data.Primary data comes from corn farmers in Sribatara Village, Lasalimu District, Buton Regency, while traders are based on marketing channels in Buton Regency.The secondary data used in this study came from the Southeast Sulawesi Provincial Plantation Service and the Buton District Plantation Service.Data collection was carried out by direct observation in the field, interviews, and filling out questionnaires.The method used in this study is a purposive method to determine a sample of corn farmers who have corn cultivation activities.

Observation parameters and data analysis
The data analysis technique used in this study, both primary data and secondary data, will be processed and analyzed quantitatively using an analysis of the spread of prices from producers to consumers through the following formulation: Where : Ep = Percentage of the price received by farmers from the price paid by consumers.

Condition :
If: Ep <50%, then the corn marketing system in Sribatara Village, Lasalimu District is not/is not efficient.Ep > 50%, the corn marketing system in Sribatara Village, Laalimu District, is efficient.

Market channel
The marketing channel is the process that is passed by a commodity to reach the consumer.The marketing channels passed by a commodity can be short and simple or long.The marketing process involved marketing agencies.Based on the results of the research conducted, shows that in the corn marketing channel in Sribatara Village, Lasalimu District, Buton Regency, there are 2 types of marketing channel patterns used by farmers, namely: The corn marketing channel formed in Sribatara Village involves 1 village collector trader and 1 wholesaler who lives in Sribatara Village, Baubau wholesaler.The corn marketing process can be explained in type I of the marketing channel, farmers sell the corn they produce to the collectors in Sribatara Village.Furthermore, village collectors carry out a physical function, namely reselling the corn to Bauabau wholesalers.However, in this study, those who sell to the end consumers are big traders in Baubau City.Type II corn marketing channel can be explained that farmers selling the corn they produce to wholesalers in Baubau.This condition can be explained that farmers directly sell to Baubau wholesalers.The process of marketing channel type I and marketing channel type II ends at the merchant but the merchant is different.Marketing channels involving many marketing agencies will further reduce the prices received by farmers.This is in line with the statement of [4] that the more marketing agencies involved plus the different forms of products marketed, the lower the share of prices received by farmers from those paid by consumers as value.
The search results showed that out of a total of 30 farmers as respondents the distribution of corn from farmers to village collectors and continued to wholesalers in Baubau city was 17 farmers or 56.66% who were type I and 13 farmers were distributed to large swords in Baubau city as type II marketing channel pattern (Table 1).Based on table 1, shows the number of farmers who market corn to traders, both village collectors and wholesalebyce with the wishes of the farmers because each respondent farmer has ties, especially to farmers, who have been given capital by traders so that psychologically the farmers will sell the corn they produce.to traders who have provided capital or a certain amount of money used to meet their needs.In principle, it can be said that when farmers experience difficulties, they seek solutions by meeting traders to obtain some money with a guarantee that they will sell the corn they produce to these traders.
Determination of the price of corn in Sribatara Village, according to research results at the level of village collectors and wholesalers Rp. 4,000/kg which in this case there is no price difference between traders.The following is the selling price data at the farmer-to-trader level in Table 2. Based on Table 2 above, shows that the average respondent farmer tends to sell the corn he produces to the village for a price of Rp. 4,000/kg for 17 people or 56.66%, while 13 farmers or 43.33% produced corn for whom for the price of Rp. 4,000/kg.As for the selling price at the trader level, it can be seen in table 3. Based on Table 3, shows that there is a visible price difference when village collectors sell the corn to Baubau wholesalers Rp. 5,000/kg while the wholesalers sell corn from village collectors' swords at Rp. 7,000/kg.The magnitude of the difference in selling prices between village collectors and wholesalers.

Marketing Margins
Marketing margin is the difference between the selling price at the trader level and the price at the producer-farmer level [8].The marketing margin in this research is the difference between the price at the wholesaler's level and the selling price at the farmer's level.whereas the marketing margin is the difference between the price at the final consumer level and the price at the marketing agency level.
The marketing of a commodity involves several marketing agencies in a distribution channel, so the marketing margin is the sum of all marketing margins for each marketing agency involved in the marketing channel.The following presents table 4 of marketing margins, costs, and profits obtained from each marketing agency involved in corn marketing.Based on Table 4, the marketing margin obtained by village collectors is Rp.1,000/Kg with a total cost of Rp. 200/Kg, the profit earned is Rp.800/Kg.while the marketing margin for wholesalers is Rp.2,000 / kg, costs incurred include transportation costs Rp. 150, packing fee Rp. 50, labor wages Rp. 50, the purchase of a sack of Rp. 85.5.Thus the total costs incurred amounted to Rp. 335.5/Kg with a profit received of Rp. 1,664.5/Kg.While the type I marketing margin received by traders is Rp.3,000, with a total cost of Rp. 335.5, profits received Rp.2,664.5/kg.the large difference in marketing margins is due to the large costs to be incurred by wholesalers.This condition will certainly have an impact on price determination at the wholesaler level of Rp. 7,000/Kg.thus the total marketing margin for type I is Rp.5,000/Kg.Based on Table 5 it appears that the selling price of corn from farmers to wholesalers in the type II channel is Rp.3,000/Kg.when wholesalers make sales, wholesalers pay a packing fee of Rp. 50, transportation costs Rp. 150, wages Rp. 50, the cost of purchasing sis acks 85.5.Thus the total cost incurred by wholesalers is Rp.335.5, with a profit of Rp. 2,664.5, while the marketing margin received was Rp. 3,000.
The results of the analysis of marketing margins, costs, and profits of type I and type II marketing channels each provide different benefits.Likewise with the costs incurred by each trader.Although in the end, both marketing channels provide the same total margin of Rp. 3,000/Kg.Because the selling price at the farmer level is Rp.4,000/Kg while the selling price at the wholesaler level is Rp.7,000/Kg.The difference between the two marketing channels is that there is a long marketing chain, before the corn reaches the wholesalers, the corn goes through the village collectors, the wholesalers in Baubau, while the type II marketing channel from the village collectors is directly sold to the wholesalers in Baubau.

Marketing Efficiency
The percentage share of the price received by farmers in a marketing system can be used as a reference in measuring the efficiency of a marketing system used by farmers.If the percentage share of the price received by farmers is greater than 57%, it can be said that the marketing system is efficient, other, raise the marketing system is inefficient.Price efficiency can be achieved if each party involved in marketing is responsive to changes in prevailing prices, there is an increase in the use value of the product, and coordinated activities from farmers, marketing age, agencies, and consumers [9].This is in line with the opinion [10] that a system can be considered efficient if it fulfills two (2) conditions, namely: (1) being able to convey the results from farmers (producers) to consumers at the lowest possible cost, and ( 2) being able to hold a fair distribution of the total price paid by the final consumer to all parties involved in the activity.To find out the percentage of the share of the price received by farmers, the following is presented in Table 6.The percentage of the share of the price received by respondent farmers in Sribatara Village.Based on Table 6 shows the total margin in the type I marketing channel is Rp.3,000/Kg with a selling price at the wholesaler level of Rp. 7,000/Kg.The results of the analysis of marketing efficiency for this type obtained a value of and 57%, marketing efficiency for type II marketing channels was 57%.This efficiency value indicates that the corn marketing system in Sribatara Village is efficient.Thiby with the opinion of Nurland (1986) that the marketing efficiency value obtained is greater than 50% (Ep> 50%), the marketing channel is efficient.This situation illustrates that the percentage share of the price received by farmers is one of the measuring tools to determine the efficiency of the marketing channel through which each commodity is marketed.

Conclusion
The results of the analysis of marketing margins, costs, and profits in type I and type II marketing channels each provide different benefits.Both marketing channels provide the same total margin of Rp. 3,000/Kg.The selling price at the farmer level is Rp.4,000/Kg, while the selling price at the wholesaler level is Rp.7,000/Kg.The difference between the two marketing channels is that there is a long marketing chain before the corn reaches the wholesalers in Baubau City.The results of the analysis of marketing efficiency for this type obtained a value of and 57%, marketing efficiency for type II marketing channels was 57%.This efficiency value indicates that the corn marketing system in Sribatara Village, Lasalimu District, Buton Regency is efficient.
Margin expressed in Rp/kg.He = Retail price expressed in IDR/kg.Hp = Farmer's price expressed in Rp/kg.Because every institution involved in the flow of goods will benefit, then: M = B + π, atau π = M -B Where : B = Marketing Cost expressed in Rp/kg.π = The amount of profit drawn by the marketing agency expressed in Rp/kg.For the percentage of the price received by farmers: Ep = (1− !"# )100%

Table 1 .
Distribution of corn farmers based on the type of marketing channel in Sribatara Village, Lasalimu District, Buton Regency in 2022.

Table 2 .
Conditions of correspondents (farmers) based on the average price of corn at marketing agencies in Sribatara Village, Lasalimu District, Buton Regency in 2022.

Table 3 .
The condition of the selling price of corn at the trader level in Sribatara Village, Lasalimu District, Buton Regency in 2022.

Table 4 .
Analysis of marketing margins, costs, and profits of marketing institutions on type I channels in Sribatara Village, Lasalimu District, Buton Regency in 2022.

Table 5 .
Analysis of marketing margins, costs, and profits of marketing institutions in type II marketing channels in Sribatara Village, Lasalimu District, Buton Regency in 2022.

Table 6 .
Percentage of share e of the price received by farmers from marketing agencies in each marketing channel in Sribatara Village, Lasalimu District, Buton Regency in 2022.