Preface

The International Conference on Biomass and Bioenergy (ICBB) 2022 was successfully held as a fully online conference by the Surfactant and Bioenergy Research Center (SBRC)-IPB University, Indonesia in collaboration with the International Society of Biomass and Bioenergy (ISBB); College of Engineering, Villanova University, USA; and Biomass Project Research Center, Hiroshima University, Japan. ICBB 2022 was sponsored by the Oil Palm Plantation Fund Management Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (BPDP Sawit). The conference was also supported by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Indonesia, IPB University, and Indonesian Association of Bioenergy Scientist and Technologist. ICBB 2022 with the theme of Journey of Biomass and Bioenergy Research and Development to Achieve Net Zero Emissions was the seventh international scientific conference on biomass and bioenergy hosted in Indonesia. This conference is conducted annually to raise current global advancement in biomass and bioenergy fields. Due to consideration of the continuing limitations of holding the real conference related to COVID-19, especially in Indonesia, ICBB 2022 was held as an online conference on 1-2 August 2022 by Zoom Video Conference platform. ICBB 2022 was organized by SBRC-IPB University and hosted from IPB International Convention Center, Bogor, Indonesia. To maintain the continuity of the annual conference and the intention of scientists to disseminate and publish their research, as well as to facilitate the attendance of more international participants, the ICBB 2022 associates decided to hold a virtual conference. ICBB 2022 main program consisted of a plenary session with five speakers and four thematic parallel sessions. ICBB 2022 successfully delivered 30 minutes-plenary lectures (20 minutes lecture, and 10 minutes discussion and Q&A sessions) of prominent scientists in biomass and bioenergy sciences from 4 different countries, i.e., Assoc. Prof. Dr. Meika Syahbana Rusli (IPB University, Indonesia), Prof. Dr. Kiyoshi Dowaki (Tokyo University of Science, Japan), Prof. Dr. Anthony Halog (The University of Queensland, Australia), Prof. Dr. Lee Keat Teong (Universiti Sains Malaysia), Prof. Dr. Eng. Muhammad Aziz (The University of Tokyo, Japan), and 59 parallel presentations (20 minutes presentation and Q&A for each presenter). ICBB 2022 thematically discussed four key topics as follows: 1. Biomass utilization and Bio-materials, 2. Bioenergy and AI/IT Technologies in Biomass/Bioenergy/Agriculture, 3. Environment, Economics, Policy, Management/Business related to Biomass or Bioenergy, 4. Bio-chemicals The paper committee received 75 submissions and finally accepted 48 full papers of over 59 presentations which were delivered in the conference and published in this ICBB 2022 proceedings after the peer reviewing process. Authors of ICBB 2022 proceedings were from 5 countries, i.e., Indonesia, Japan, Czech Republic, Germany, and the Philippines. The representative country with the list of authors and title is as follows: Indonesia: “Extraction of bio-pigments from the green microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa under different solvent ratios” (Obie Farobie, Latifah A Anis, Puji R Nurcahyani, Edy Hartulistiyoso, Delicia Y Rahman, Widya Fatriasari, Ayu L Nafisyah, Apip Amrullah, and Muhammad Aziz) Japan: “Discussions on the heat transfer performance of the indirect pyrolysis plant using CFD modeling” (Mayu Hamazaki, Kento Torii, Miao Shan, Mitsuo Kameyama, Jericho V L Mercado, and Kiyoshi Dowaki) Czech Republic and Germany: “Analysing maize plant height using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) RGB based on digital surface models (DSM)” (Sri M A Letsoin, David Guth, David Herak, Ratna C Purwestri) The Philippines: “The energy yield of the torrefied coconut shells” (R U Espina, R B Barroca, and M L S Abundo) Furthermore, there were more than 192 participants who attended online ICBB 2022 from 11 countries (Japan, China, Czech Republic, Malaysia, Singapore, USA, UK, Germany, Philippines, Australia, and Indonesia). The differences in time zones and the quality of the participants’ internet networks posed a challenge to the operation of this online conference. However, this was resolved by conducting preparatory Zoom meetings with session chairs and presenters before the conference. Therefore, the technical quality and delivery success of the conference as a whole were very good. Acknowledgments and appreciations are conveyed to the Rector and Vice Rector of IPB University for their support to the conference, to the reviewers and editorial board members, committee members, and event partners who worked hard to make the conference and the publication of this proceedings successful. The conference committee acknowledged the support and sponsorship from the Oil Palm Plantation Fund Management Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (BPDP Sawit). The paper committee did their best to complete manuscripts reviewing and editing by following the scientific standards in the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. However, there might be some shortcomings found in this proceedings. Therefore, suggestions from readers are greatly appreciated, so that the quality of the ICBB conference proceedings will be improved in the future. We hope this ICBB 2022 proceedings will improve knowledge and provide benefits to academics, scientists, industrial stakeholders, and policy makers, especially in the field of biomass and bioenergy. Thank you for your kind attention. Bogor, February 2023 The Organizing Committee of ICBB 2022 List of Committees of the International Conference on Biomass and Bioenergy 2022 Steering Committee, Organizing Committee are available in the pdf.

CO2 in the atmosphere highest in 2 million years; world now warmer than at any time in the past 125,000 yearsand will likely get warmer still over the next decade; even in the near term, global warming is more likely than not to reach 1.5 C even under the very low greenhouse gas scenario; every increment of global warming will intensify & multiple hazards; delayed mitigation and adaptation action would lock-in highemissions infrastructure, raise risks of stranded assets and cost-escalation, reduce feasibility, and increase losses and damages; inclusive governance processes facilitate effective climate action; enhancing international cooperation is through multiple channels. …".
The AR6 continues to catalyze initiatives. For example, in May 2022 at the G7 meeting in Berlin, Climate, Energy & Environment Ministers Communique addressed "the multiple crises that are endangering climate and environment and causing severe impacts on the planet, lives and livelihoods, and the next generations' needs around the world" The Communique stressed the urgent need to promote sustainable mobility and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector to help achieve net zero emissions globally by 2050, committed "to a goal of achieving predominantly decarbonized electricity sectors by 2035," recognized for net zero buildings, "the need for more ambitious and more effective policies to accelerate renovation rates, improve energy efficiency, leverage renewable energy and build the technical, institutional and financial capacity to reach net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050." The AR6 unequivocally stated the imperative need for expeditious energy transitions to avoid dire ecological, economic, social and health consequences on human welfare and well-being as well as on the indispensable ecosystem functions. Many, if not most political, business, academic and research leaders endorsed this urgent need, with widespread concurrence by the public, in particular the youth.
Importantly, there is significant and increasing scientific and policy consensus on the intricate multidisciplinary linkages of natural, physical, and social sciences. The inter-connected conundrum of energy, climate, environment, health, and economics, underscores the challenges of formulating and implementing holistic, multi-disciplinary and integrated policies and practices. Silo and business as usual approaches have not resulted in the desired outcomes.
While there is political and scientific consensus on "net-zero emissions" and "energy transition," however there is yet no consensus on what these terms imply. Some argue that although there is the absence of consensus, the fact that these terms are widely used by proponents and opponents, is progress in the right direction. And importantly, without formalized and prescribed parameters, the undefined terminologies provide the opportunity to all interested stakeholders to contribute to increased understanding and articulate further response options.
This EPSE Special Issue with peer reviewed articles, primarily to significantly provide support NOW and with HOW to mobilize and integrate science, engineering, economics, management know-how as well as traditional knowledge and practices, to implement, policies and practices towards a transformational, sustainable, resilient, healthy, equitable, inclusive decarbonized future. However, changing human behavior is paramount. We join the authors, with the aim that this special issue will catalyze further accelerated actions in support of the AR6 and the existential empirical global evidence of increasing disasters and impacts of climate change.

DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.