The International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) was founded in 1978 and was the first institution in Italy to promote post-graduate courses leading to a Doctor Philosophiae (or PhD) degree. A centre of excellence among Italian and international universities, the school has around 65 teachers, 100 post docs and 245 PhD students, and is located in Trieste, in a campus of more than 10 hectares with wonderful views over the Gulf of Trieste.
SISSA hosts a very high-ranking, large and multidisciplinary scientific research output. The scientific papers produced by its researchers are published in high impact factor, well-known international journals, and in many cases in the world's most prestigious scientific journals such as Nature and Science. Over 900 students have so far started their careers in the field of mathematics, physics and neuroscience research at SISSA.
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory: instrumentation and online systems
M.G. Aartsen2, M. Ackermann53, J. Adams16, J.A. Aguilar12, M. Ahlers30, M. Ahrens43, D. Altmann24, K. Andeen33, T. Anderson49, I. Ansseau12, G. Anton24, M. Archinger32, C. Argüelles14, R. Auer30, J. Auffenberg1, S. Axani14, J. Baccus30, X. Bai41, S. Barnet30, S.W. Barwick27, V. Baum32, R. Bay7, K. Beattie8, J.J. Beatty18,19, J. Becker Tjus10, K.-H. Becker52, T. Bendfelt30, S. BenZvi50, D. Berley17, E. Bernardini53, A. Bernhard35, D.Z. Besson28, G. Binder7,8, D. Bindig52, M. Bissok1, E. Blaufuss17, S. Blot53, D. Boersma51, C. Bohm43, M. Börner21, F. Bos10, D. Bose45, S. Böser32, O. Botner51, A. Bouchta51, J. Braun30, L. Brayeur13, H.-P. Bretz53, S. Bron25, A. Burgman51, C. Burreson30, T. Carver25, M. Casier13, E. Cheung17, D. Chirkin30, A. Christov25, K. Clark46, L. Classen36, S. Coenders35, G.H. Collin14, J.M. Conrad14, D.F. Cowen48,49, R. Cross50, C. Day8, M. Day30, J.P.A.M. de André22, C. De Clercq13, E. del Pino Rosendo32, H. Dembinski37, S. De Ridder26, F. Descamps26, P. Desiati30, K.D. de Vries13, G. de Wasseige13, M. de With9, T. DeYoung22, J.C. Díaz-Vélez30, V. di Lorenzo32, H. Dujmovic45, J.P. Dumm43, M. Dunkman49, B. Eberhardt32, W.R. Edwards8, T. Ehrhardt32, B. Eichmann10, P. Eller49, S. Euler51, P.A. Evenson37, S. Fahey30, A.R. Fazely6, J. Feintzeig30, J. Felde17, K. Filimonov7, C. Finley43, S. Flis43, C.-C. Fösig32, A. Franckowiak53, M. Frère30, E. Friedman17, T. Fuchs21, T.K. Gaisser37, J. Gallagher29, L. Gerhardt7,8, K. Ghorbani30, W. Giang23, L. Gladstone30, T. Glauch1, D. Glowacki30, T. Glüsenkamp24, A. Goldschmidt8, J.G. Gonzalez37, D. Grant23, Z. Griffith30, L. Gustafsson51, C. Haack1, A. Hallgren51, F. Halzen30, E. Hansen20, T. Hansmann1, K. Hanson30, J. Haugen30, D. Hebecker9, D. Heereman12, K. Helbing52, R. Hellauer17, R. Heller53, S. Hickford52, J. Hignight22, G.C. Hill2, K.D. Hoffman17, R. Hoffmann52, K. Hoshina30,54, F. Huang49, M. Huber35, P.O. Hulth43, K. Hultqvist43, S. In45, M. Inaba15, A. Ishihara15, E. Jacobi53, J. Jacobsen30, G.S. Japaridze4, M. Jeong45, K. Jero30, A. Jones8, B.J.P. Jones14, J. Joseph8, W. Kang45, A. Kappes36, T. Karg53, A. Karle30, U. Katz24, M. Kauer30, A. Keivani49, J.L. Kelley30, J. Kemp1, A. Kheirandish30, J. Kim45, M. Kim45, T. Kintscher53, J. Kiryluk44, N. Kitamura30, T. Kittler24, S.R. Klein7,8, S. Kleinfelder8, M. Kleist30, G. Kohnen34, R. Koirala37, H. Kolanoski9, R. Konietz1, L. Köpke32, C. Kopper23, S. Kopper52, D.J. Koskinen20, M. Kowalski9,53, M. Krasberg30, K. Krings35, M. Kroll10, G. Krückl32, C. Krüger30, J. Kunnen13, S. Kunwar53, N. Kurahashi40, T. Kuwabara15, M. Labare26, K. Laihem1, H. Landsman30, J.L. Lanfranchi49, M.J. Larson20, F. Lauber52, A. Laundrie31, D. Lennarz22, H. Leich53, M. Lesiak-Bzdak44, M. Leuermann1, L. Lu15, J. Ludwig8, J. Lünemann13, C. Mackenzie30, J. Madsen42, G. Maggi13, K.B.M. Mahn22, S. Mancina30, M. Mandelartz10, R. Maruyama38, K. Mase15, H. Matis8, R. Maunu17, F. McNally30, C.P. McParland8, P. Meade30, K. Meagher12, M. Medici20, M. Meier21, A. Meli26, T. Menne21, G. Merino30, T. Meures12, S. Miarecki7,8, R.H. Minor8, T. Montaruli25, M. Moulai14, T. Murray30, R. Nahnhauer53, U. Naumann52, G. Neer22, M. Newcomb30, H. Niederhausen44, S.C. Nowicki23, D.R. Nygren8, A. Obertacke Pollmann52, A. Olivas17, A. O'Murchadha12, T. Palczewski7,8, H. Pandya37, D.V. Pankova49, S. Patton8, P. Peiffer32, Ö. Penek1, J.A. Pepper47, C. Pérez de los Heros51, C. Pettersen30, D. Pieloth21, E. Pinat12, P.B. Price7, G.T. Przybylski8, M. Quinnan49, C. Raab12, L. Rädel1, M. Rameez20, K. Rawlins3, R. Reimann1, B. Relethford40, M. Relich15, E. Resconi35, W. Rhode21, M. Richman40, B. Riedel23, S. Robertson2, M. Rongen1, C. Roucelle8, C. Rott45, T. Ruhe21, D. Ryckbosch26, D. Rysewyk22, L. Sabbatini30, S.E. Sanchez Herrera23, A. Sandrock21, J. Sandroos32, P. Sandstrom30, S. Sarkar20,39, K. Satalecka53, P. Schlunder21, T. Schmidt17, S. Schoenen1, S. Schöneberg10, A. Schukraft1, L. Schumacher1, D. Seckel37, S. Seunarine42, M. Solarz7, D. Soldin52, M. Song17, G.M. Spiczak42, C. Spiering53, T. Stanev37, A. Stasik53, J. Stettner1, A. Steuer32, T. Stezelberger8, R.G. Stokstad8, A. Stößl15, R. Ström51, N.L. Strotjohann53, K.-H. Sulanke53, G.W. Sullivan17, M. Sutherland18, H. Taavola51, I. Taboada5, J. Tatar7,8, F. Tenholt10, S. Ter-Antonyan6, A. Terliuk53, G. Tešić49, L. Thollander43, S. Tilav37, P.A. Toale47, M.N. Tobin30, S. Toscano13, D. Tosi30, M. Tselengidou24, A. Turcati35, E. Unger51, M. Usner53, J. Vandenbroucke30, N. van Eijndhoven13, S. Vanheule26, M. van Rossem30, J. van Santen53, M. Vehring1, M. Voge11, E. Vogel1, M. Vraeghe26, D. Wahl31, C. Walck43, A. Wallace2, M. Wallraff1, N. Wandkowsky30, Ch. Weaver23, M.J. Weiss49, C. Wendt30, S. Westerhoff30, D. Wharton30, B.J. Whelan2, S. Wickmann1, K. Wiebe32, C.H. Wiebusch1, L. Wille30, D.R. Williams47, L. Wills40, P. Wisniewski30, M. Wolf43, T.R. Wood23, E. Woolsey23, K. Woschnagg7, D.L. Xu30, X.W. Xu6, Y. Xu44, J.P. Yanez23, G. Yodh27, S. Yoshida15 and M. Zoll43
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a cubic-kilometer-scale high-energy neutrino detector built into the ice at the South Pole. Construction of IceCube, the largest neutrino detector built to date, was completed in 2011 and enabled the discovery of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. We describe here the design, production, and calibration of the IceCube digital optical module (DOM), the cable systems, computing hardware, and our methodology for drilling and deployment. We also describe the online triggering and data filtering systems that select candidate neutrino and cosmic ray events for analysis. Due to a rigorous pre-deployment protocol, 98.4% of the DOMs in the deep ice are operating and collecting data. IceCube routinely achieves a detector uptime of 99% by emphasizing software stability and monitoring. Detector operations have been stable since construction was completed, and the detector is expected to operate at least until the end of the next decade.