Readiness factors for information system strategic planning among universities in developing countries: a systematic review

The implementation of information system strategic planning (ISSP) in higher education institutions is to improve work efficiency, management effectiveness in order to improve organizational competitive advantage. However, the question of whether all universities are ready to implement ISSP as a way to achieve organizational goals has not been answered. This study aims to investigate the readiness phenomena through literature study. The method used is by using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) instrument to identify readiness factors on the implementation of ISSP, especially among the institutions of higher education in developing countries. This study has identified 10 readiness measurement. There are three categories of measurement, namely people, processes and technologies that represent 11 factors of ISSP readiness measurement in universities.


Introduction
Every organization, either universities, governments or companies, has a vision to be achieved. There is a challenge to achieve the vision of the organizations because the vision is a future that has not happened. The vision can be achieved by looking at the current conditions and predicting future conditions. Vision can be realized and become a reality if every function has a good understanding of the system, the initiative to grow, a commitment to achieve the vision and able to work hard [1]-[3].
The universities in developing countries that have a vision and purposes, consciously need to grow and have competitive advantages. The role of information technology (IT) to achieve the vision and the objectives of the organizations is very significant. The existing conditions of IT at universities in developing countries have not run well because of high cost, IT literacy issues, and the IT is used only as a tool of the organizational population, not as a strategy to achieve the vision. On the other hand, the previous studies [4]- [8] show that the success of IT development projects still tends to be unsatisfactory. Based on these issues, the attention to ISSPs needs to be a concern of stakeholders in higher education institutions [9]-[12].
According to John Ward and Joe Peppard [13], there are three main goals of the implementation of information system or IT in an organization. The first goal is to improve work efficiency by automating various information processes. The second is to improve the effectiveness of management by satisfying the information needs for decision making. Lastly, the goal of IT is to improve the 2 1234567890 ''"" The goals of using IT are to gain competitive advantages from business opportunities generated by IT, save costs for future infrastructure development, develop the resources and competencies to make IT successful in the organizations. The steps that must be taken to identify the readiness of the system is to integrate management and business knowledge with technical knowledge, develop business strategies, determine IT strategy, stakeholder interaction with IT and stakeholder business collaboration vision [15]- [17].
To achieve those goals, it is necessary to measure the readiness for implementing ISSP in the universities of developing countries. To determine the success of its implementation, E-Readiness is one of the most important aspects of the tool used [1], [17]- [21]. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the existing mechanisms for measuring readiness, and to know the factors of readiness instruments for ISSP implementation at universities. This paper is organized into four sections. First, the introduction section that explains the background, problems, and objectives of the study. Second, the research methods section that describes the review methods used for LSR. Third, finding and discussions. The last section is conclusion.

Research Methods
The method used in literature review is SLR. The SLR is a method to conduct the process of identifying, evaluating and interpreting relevant research and according to the topic area, phenomenon, and relevant interest. The SLR will perform an analysis of how data is obtained and generated [22]. The development of the review literature is done to summarize the results of the study and identify the readiness for the ISSP implementation. The process is carried out based on the instructions and guidelines for performing the SLR. Regarding with the LSR guidelines, to conduct LR there are three steps to be done: formulating LR questions, determining and selecting research and evaluation [18], [22]- [24].
The research questions were based on Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Context (PICOC) [22], [23]. The criteria and scope of research questions are shown in Table I. Based  on table I, the SLR question is as follows: RQ1: How to explore the study of the readiness of ISSP implementation in higher education? RQ2: How to know the readiness factors used for ISSP implementation in higher education? reports and scientific books. The basic keywords for search are "Information System", "Information Technology", "Strategic Planning", "Readiness", and "Higher Education". For optimization and accuracy of database search results (title, abstract and metadata), Boolean logic "AND" and "OR" are added.
Year of search is started from 2010 to 2017 on articles in English. At the beginning, around 500 relevant articles were found. After investigating the titles and abstracts, approximately 25 articles that were considered relevant to the topic of ISSP readiness were found. The results of article review are then grouped according to related criteria. After reading and reviewing the suitable and relevant articles, 10 research articles are accepted for the synthesis of SLR.

Finding and Discussion
Based on search results, papers, journals, books and research dissertations on the readiness of ICT application have been done by researchers and practitioners. This is reinforced by the number of literature studies on the readiness of the application of ICT to organizations. Here are the results of research based on the development of Research Questions. The result is a synthesis of the SLR that is the factors affecting the readiness of ISSP implementation.

Mechanism to measure readiness
According to [25], there are several frameworks and instruments to assess the readiness of ICT implementation. Through SLR, 10 mechanisms used to measure ICT readiness can be identified. Mechanisms can measure the readiness of ICT initiatives in organizations. Therefore, this mechanism can be used to measure the readiness of the ISSP implementation in the organizations. To assess the e-readiness of non-profit SMEs in a developing country.

Factors for Readiness in Implementing ICT
Universities in developing countries need to reorganize their business processes, people and technology. These three elements can be aligned by changing business strategy and relationship between them. The main factors of ICT implementation in developing country universities are process, people and technology. The three factors will be explained and their related attributes in the following table:

Conclusion
Research on ISSP which is mostly done by academics and practitioners especially about the readiness of ISSP implementation in universities or companies is still limited. This shows that research on this topic will contribute to higher education to measure the readiness of IT/SI implementation in universities. Based on factors related to readiness in ISSP implementation, process and technology are the most dominant factors to measure the readiness of ISSP implementation on organizations, while some research articles do not include the people factor as the influencing factor for the ISSP implementation on the organizations. Therefore, in order to produce a readiness model for the implementation of ISSP at universities comprehensively, the future research needs to add a readiness factor that can improve the role of the people factor by adding the factor of policy (ZEN Framework) to measure the readiness of universities to implement and adopt ISSP [26].