Holography at QCD-Tc

Within an extended soft wall model, we study the temperature dependence of the lowest vector meson states. Scales are adjusted by using as input the ρ meson mass in vacuum and the velocity of sound from lattice QCD which displays a minimum at Tc. The melting of the ρ meson occurs at temperatures O ( T c ) .


Introduction
The AdS/CFT correspondence [1,2,3] offers the possibility of mapping strongly coupled quantum field theories -such as QCD -to weakly coupled gravity. While a gravity dual of QCD is not (yet) at our disposal, one can construct models which share selected phenomena with realworld QCD. Such holographic approaches may be anchored in string theory as top-down set-up or may belong to bottom-up settings, where in some minimalistic manner QCD features serve as input. Among the latter class is the soft wall model [4] (cf. [5] for a critical assessment) which sparked a series of applications by describing hadrons within the AdS/CFT correspondence. Interesting are, for instance, extensions to non-zero temperatures up to meson melting, as initiated in [6,7,8]. 1 A particular formulation of the soft wall model has been put forward in [13], based on [14], where some relations to QCD have been considered on a qualitative level. Simple parameterizations have been proposed to accommodate QCD thermodynamic features together with a proper temperature dependence of the light-quark vector meson spectrum (for non-zero net baryon effects, cf. [15]). Here, we explore quantitatively the compatibility of the setting in [13] with (i) QCD thermodynamics, in particular the velocity of sound (Section 2), and (ii) the melting of the ρ meson (Section 3) within the extended soft wall model (Appendix A). Our conclusion (Section 4) is that a semi-quantitative compatibility of items (i) and (ii) can be accomplished which leaves space for further fine tuning (Appendix B).

Thermodynamics
In a self-consistent 'dynamical' model, e.g. the setting pioneered in [16,17,18] and further developed in [19,20] to accommodate the case of 2+1 flavor QCD thermodynamics with physical quark masses, the ansatz for the metric of a 5dimensional Riemann space International Instead of tuning the dilaton potentialṼ (Φ) appropriately, as done in [20] for instance (cf. also [19,21,22,23]; for the Yang-Mills case, cf. [24]), we postpone that step for followup investigations and consider suitable ansätze. Such ansätze must be conform with the AdS behavior near the boundary at z = 0 and, for non-zero temperatures, must display a simple zero of the blackness function f (z) at the horizon z H . As demonstrated in [13] the parameterizations of Hawking temperature T and Bekenstein entropy density s with x = z H /z x and parameters T x , θ = πz x T x and b generate a phase structure in agreement with 2+1 flavor QCD with varying quark masses: b > 1 delivers a first-order phase transition, b = 1 is for a second-order phase transition and b < 1 implies a cross over. 2 This scans through the Columbia plot [25] on the line of degenerate quark masses. Here, we restrict ourselves to b < 1 and compare with the lattice QCD results [26,27]. The velocity of sound is a preferred quantity since it requires a minimum of scale settings. Figure 1 exhibits two fits of the sound velocity squared, separately for the data [26] (left) and [27] (right). The solid curve is for a minimized χ 2 , while the dashed curve is adjusted at the minimum of c 2 s (softest point) fixed by the parameters c 2 s (T c ) = min{c 2 s } = 0.147 (left, 0.14 right) at the temperature T c = 146 MeV (left, 150 MeV right) and a ρ meson melting (disappearance) temperature of T ρ dis = 145 MeV (left, 150 MeV right). 3 Alternatively, one can use the relation 2 An inflection point of T (zH ) in conjunction with (4) is a sufficient condition for a local minimum of c 2 s . In fact, (3) has such an inflection at x = 1 and T (x = 1) = Tx. The example T (zH ) = 1/(πzH ) + Tx − T 2 y zH /π proves that an inflection point is not necessary to generate a minimum of c 2 s (T ). We use here, however, (3) as in [13].  [26,27]. Often one quotes Tpc = (155 ± 9) MeV as pseudo-critical temperature determined by the chiral susceptibility, for instance, cf. [27,28,29]. The pseudo-critical curve is parametrized as Tc(µ) = Tc(0)(1 + κµ 2 + . . .) with displaying Tc(0) =145, 155 and 165 MeV, e.g. in [30]. This is to be complemented by the chemical freeze-out temperature T f.o. = 156 MeV [31,32] or 164 . . . 168 MeV [33] not to be mixed with the kinetic freeze-out temperature; other recent claims are T f.o. = 165 MeV (with afterburner) vs. T f.o. = 155 MeV (without afterburner) [34]. [26] mentions also a hadronization temperature of 164 MeV. Here, we identify T  (4). The result is displayed in Fig. 2 by the gray band which arises from using the lower and upper error bars of the data. In addition, the curves of Fig. 1 are displayed too, proving that the ansatz (3) is in fact meaningful, supposed (4) holds true. A key ingredient here is the ansatz (4) which is as in the extended soft wall model, cf. [7], while (3) is already beyond the model [7] to lift the melting temperature of vector mesons, T dis , in the order of T c .

Melting of the vector mesons
There is a quantitative tension of the above thermodynamics and the melting of vector mesons. The extended soft wall model (see Appendix A for a reminder) requires specific parameters T x , θ and b to ensure that vector mesons exist at temperatures T ≤ T dis = O(150 MeV). The latter value comes from the thermo-statistical model analyses [35,32,36,37,38,39] of hadron yields in ultra-relativistic heavy-ion collisions and is supported by analyses of fluctuation measures [40,41,42,43,44]. Above T dis , hadrons are 'molten', at least these ones built up by light quarks, such as the ρ mesons and its first excitations. At T dis hadrons form and persist at temperatures below T dis . To calculate this temperature dependence one has to fix additionally which ensure s(z H ) = exp{3/2A(z H )} ∝ L 3 /z 3 H and T (z H ) = −(∂ z f ) | z H /4π as well as the proper asymptotic AdS behavior. Note that the dimensional scale parameter c in the dilaton profile enters the calculation of T ρ dis (see Appendix A). The χ 2 minimization for the sound velocity squared (see Fig. 1, solid curves) constrains the parameters T x , θ and b such to deliver T ρ dis ≈ 110 MeV, while the adjustment to the softest point (see Fig. 1, dashed curves) result in T ρ dis = 145 MeV, i.e. quite close to the wanted value of O(150 MeV). However, even exploiting the variation of the dilaton profile, which causes a dependence c(p) (see Appendix A and Fig. A1-left), does not allow to reach exactly that value. Another way to visualize such a tension is to exhibit in Fig. 2 a curve T (z H ) for parameters which give T ρ dis = 155 MeV (see dotted curve): This curve deviates significantly from the gray band in the low-temperature regime. A remaining issue is whether the ground-state vector meson mass near and slightly below T c suffer strong medium modifications. Figure 3 shows in fact that, despite of a minor temperature dependence at the melting point, the vacuum mass is recovered in our model. This is remarkably consistent with the thermo-statistical model analyses of data [35,32,36,37,38,39]. We emphasize that the first and the second excitation appears only at significantly lower temperature, and higher excitations are not found a T > 100 MeV. (For a parameter selection, where a few first excitations on a Regge trajectory extend to T c , cf. [15]). Note that the effect of an increasing value of p implying an increasing altitude of the r.h.s. potential wall prevails over the influence of T c on a decreasing scale parameter c up to p ≈ 4. Thus by the variation of p one is able to lift T dis a little bit. Appendix B shows a more efficient manner to lift T dis .

Summary
In summary we employ the extended soft wall model and show the compatibility of some useful optional model parameterizations with QCD thermodynamics near T c . The quantity T c is here understood as the temperature of the softest point (minimum of sound velocity) and thus related to an observable. Within the hitherto employed model ansätze, the QCD lattice data can be perfectly reproduced. At the same time, the such fixed parameters propagate into another branch of the soft wall model where the temperature dependence of light-quark vector meson states is evaluated. Keeping the ansätze for the AdS-black hole metric functions and the dilaton profile as in previous work, we find that the ρ meson melting at the temperature of T ρ dis = T c is still compatible with lattice QCD thermodynamics. It is the low value of T c ∼ = 145 MeV which points to a slight quantitative tension with our imagination of a hadronization temperature of T ρ dis ≈ 150 . . . 155 MeV (or slightly above) to apply the thermo-statistical model for hadrons with vacuum masses. Given the simple structures of our ansätze it seems not too surprising that the available parameter space is rapidly exhausted in accommodating such vastly different aspects as the thermodynamics of the strongly interacting medium and the fate of selected individual constituents thereof. This calls for a self-consistent holographic model where the profiles of the metric functions and the dilaton as conformal symmetry breaker are solutions of field equations and equations of motion derived from a the corresponding gravity dual.
. . , 4) denoting the field strength tensor of the U (1) vector field V , where the gauges V 4 = 0 and ∂ µ V µ = 0 can be applied by Klein-Kaluza decomposition. V µ is then sourced by a current operatorqγ µ q in the boundary theory in the spirit of the field-operator correspondence; the determinant of the metric g M N is again g, and k stands for the gauge coupling with the AdS radius L but drops out in the sequel. Greek indices run in the range 0 . . . 3. The vector field V µ = µ ϕ(z) exp(ip ν x ν ) has the polarization described by µ ; the important part of the wave function is the amplitude ϕ(z) beyond the phase p ν x ν . The resulting equation of motion with metric (1) can be cast into the form of a one-dimensional Schrödinger equation by a coordinate transformation z → ξ with dξ(z)/dz = 1/f (z) and the transformation ψ = ϕ exp{− 1 2 (A − Φ)}. The potential reads The vector meson states correspond to normalizable solutions of (A.2) with masses squared m 2 n = p µ p µ . The case T = 0 is equivalent to setting f = 1. The remaining warp factor A(z) and the dilaton profile Φ(z) are to be adjusted suitably. In line with the original soft wall model [4], an easy ansatz is (7) and Φ(z) = (cz) p . We obtain the dependence c(p) by the requirement In such a way, the hadron energy scale c is fixed. At non-zero temperature, we use the blackness function (8) and keep the above profiles A(z) and Φ(z). An example of the potential U T (A.3) as a function of the scaled bulk coordinate x = z/z H is exhibited in Fig. A1-right. With increasing temperature the r.h.s. potential wall diminishes rapidly so that no bound state can be accommodated at T > T dis . The temperature dependence of the lowest vector meson masses is exhibited in Fig. 3. Appendix B. Modified warp factor Solving the field equations emerging from (2) points to a more involved profile of the warp function A(z) than that given in (7). This in turn modifies the entropy (4). Let us consider, instead of (4), the trial ansatz s(z H ) = 16πG 5 e εz H z −3 with the small positive dimensional parameter ε which results from an additional polynomial term in A(z). The impact on the potential U T (A.3) is very tiny. However, (B.1) allows to select values of b, θ and T x such that the disappearance temperature T ρ dis can be tuned to 155 MeV (see Fig. A2), while the consistency with the speed of sound data is preserved (see Fig. A3).