The Effect of Use of Adhesive to Calorific Value Cymbopogon Nardus Waste Briquettes

The consumption of fuel in the community is getting higher day by day so it has an impact on its shortage and scarcity. The search for potential energy sources as alternative fuels is increasingly being developed. In this livelihood, renewable alternative energy is needed. The Cymbopogon nardus plant which has taken its oil through a refining process and eventually becomes waste is still possible for use as briquettes. This study will examine Cymbopogon nardus waste briquettes’ calorific value with the use of tapioca and damar adhesives so that their presence can be applied to the community. The method of making briquettes made from Cymbopogon nardus waste with a concentration ratio of 90%, 80%, 70%, and 60% of the use of adhesives. The combination of raw materials and adhesives is then given a compaction compression process. The result of research, Cymbopogon nardus waste briquettes the calorific value with tapioca adhesive is 9972.55 kJ/kg at a ratio of 90%, while the calorific value with damar adhesive is 11318.84 kJ/kg. The use of adhesives in the process of making Cymbopogon nardus waste briquettes shows the effect of the calorific value. Of course, the hope in the development of briquettes that utilize Cymbopogon nardus waste makes a real opportunity to be applied to the community in efforts to develop renewable energy.


Introduction
Utilization of energy sourced from nature is needed in people's daily lives for various activities.Energy from nature, including fuel oil.Population growth and human needs continue to drive demand for more energy.Along with the growth of the human population which has an impact on increasing energy needs, resulting in a shortage of fuel oil.The application of alternative energy by providing various choices is one of the steps that must be taken in the future.Biomass is a renewable energy that has great potential in Indonesia.There is a strong push in the development of biomass to find solid fuels as an alternative energy source.This solid fuel which can later be continuously produced to replace the increasingly scarce fuel oil.
Based on the Regulation of the President of the RI concerning National Energy Policy Number 79 of 2014 [1] where the government urges the people of Indonesia to develop alternative energy to replace fuel oil.The above has encouraged various researchers and scientists to seek alternative sources as a replacement for fuel energy from oil and coal.Biomass energy is a solution in reducing the use of fossil fuels and switch to the use of renewable energy [2].Scientists are trying to develop biomass by utilizing agricultural, food and industrial waste to produce alternative energy.
Biomass is an organic material derived from plants which includes leaves, grasses, twigs, weeds, agricultural waste, livestock waste, forestry waste and peat produced through photosynthetic processes, both in the form of products and waste [3].Biomass is organic material produced through the photosynthetic process, both in the form of products and wastes which include leaves, grass, twigs, weeds, agricultural waste, livestock waste, forestry waste [4].Biomass energy sources have several advantages, including being a renewable energy source so that they can provide a sustainable energy source.Indonesia's biomass resources come mainly from the forestry, plantation and agriculture sectors.
Biomass as an energy source has not been optimally developed and utilized because they do not understand how to use waste in something useful.Waste (agriculture and industry) is classified as biomass residue in Indonesia that can be utilized so that it has added value [5].Waste from agriculture and industry can be used as an alternative source to produce energy such as chemicals, cellulose, carbon and silica.[6].The results showed that, most of the organic waste in Indonesia is in the Final Disposal Site (FDS), which is very abundant in number including agricultural waste, livestock waste, industrial waste, which reaches around 64% [7].
Cymbopogon nardus (Lemongrass) is a plant with a perennial habitus that can grow in less fertile and even barren places, because it is able to adapt to its environment [8].Lemongrass plants contain essential oils or essential oils after the distillation process is carried out to produce waste.Cymbopogon nardus waste has a better quality where has a 20.46% cellulose content and 7.7% lignin content which gives high fibre strength to its physical properties [9].This condition can cause environmental pollution, the emergence of diseases and reduce aesthetic value and other problems.The best solution in utilizing waste is to make it an alternative solid fuel that has economic value and is environmentally friendly.A fuel is a material that is converted into energy, usually a fuel containing heat energy that can be released and manipulated, i.e., solid, liquid and gaseous fuels.Solid fuels are fuels that go through direct combustion such as briquettes and other alternative materials derived from biomass waste.Briquette is a fuel that has a solid form and comes from biomass or organic waste.Success in utilizing and processing areca fibre plant waste into briquettes so as to reduce energy dependence on fuel oil [10].The research conducted on the tibarau sugarcane briquettes obtained the results of a calorific value of 11221.72 kJ/kg with a specific gravity of 565 kg/cm3 in with a percentage ratio of 80:20 [11].
Based on problems in the livelihood of finding fuel to replace fuel oil.The development of solid fuels in the form of briquettes made from Cymbopogon nardus (lemongrass) waste with tapioca and damar adhesives needs to be carried out in a study.The research was focused on knowing the effect of using adhesive on the calorific value of Cymbopogon nardus waste briquettes.The findings of this study will answer energy issues in supporting the government's energy policy, mainly related to biomass and renewable energy.

Research Methods
Experiments on briquette test samples in this study were carried out according to the procedure.The research focus is to obtain the calorific value of Cymbopogon nardus waste briquettes on the effect of using adhesives.Fig. 1 shows the Cymbopogon nardus waste after the distillation process.Fig. 2 shows the Cymbopogon nardus waste after being blended into particles.The process for making Cymbopogon nardus waste briquettes is with a concentration of the main raw material percentage mix, ie 90%, 80%, 70%, and 60%.Furthermore, by conducting tests in the laboratory for each sample specimen.The manufacture of this briquette printing uses simple equipment with manual pressure.Making briquettes requires adhesives, because briquettes that use adhesives will have better results when compared to those without using adhesives [12].The adhesive can provide strength to the briquettes from external pressure so that the briquettes are not easily broken.The adhesives used in the manufacture of lemongrass waste briquettes are tapioca adhesive (Fig. 3) and resin adhesive (Fig. 4).Cymbopogon nardus (Lemongrass) waste briquettes that have been printed and dried are then tested.The calorific value of the briquettes is obtained from the measurement carried out in the laboratory using the "Bomb Calorimeter" type OXY-360 (Fig. 5).Cymbopogon nardus waste briquettes were analyzed based on the concentration composition of the mixed ingredients (Cymbopogon nardus waste and adhesive) used.Furthermore, the treatment parameters in the test are recorded in a table that has been adjusted to the needs.The procedure for testing the calorific value using a bomb calorimeter based on the ASTM D5865 standard [13].

Figure 5. Bomb Calorimeter Apparatus
In the process of testing the briquette samples on the bomb calorimeter device which is recorded as data so that the value of the temperature difference at the beginning and end of combustion is obtained.Furthermore, the processing of test data is carried out using the formulation of the equation.The calculation of calorific value used the equation the following formula: Where

Results
As much as possible prepared in this study Cymbopogon nardus waste from the results of distillation as raw material for the manufacture of briquettes.The initial step of preparation is done by cutting, chopping, making particles and then drying.The need for raw materials is in accordance with the percentage composition by calculating and prepare the various concentrations of the mixture with the need for the use of adhesives.Based on the flow of thought the research submitted to method, the process in accordance with the technical manufacture of briquettes.Furthermore, several physical prototypes of briquettes were obtained as product results Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 show the briquette products produced from Cymbopogon nardus waste with tapioca adhesive and damar adhesive.According to the test procedure using Bomb Calorimeter, the results of the calorific value test were the calorific value of lemongrass waste briquettes with tapioca adhesive and resin adhesive.The test results obtained from testing the calorific value of Cymbopogon nardus waste briquettes for all type that have been carried out show their characteristic performance.From Fig. 8 it can be seen that the lemongrass waste briquettes using resin adhesive have the highest calorific value compared to briquettes using tapioca adhesive.Cymbopogon nardus waste briquettes using resin adhesive have a calorific value is 11318.84kJ/kg at a percentage mixture concentration of 90:10.Meanwhile, cymbopogon nardus or lemongrass waste briquettes using tapioca adhesive have a calorific value of 9972.55 kJ/kg at a percentage mixture concentration of 90:10.The difference in the use of adhesives in briquettes have an impact on the calorific value, in which the calorific value of resin-adhesive briquettes can increase compared to tapioca-adhesive briquettes.The higher the percentage of adhesive given, the characteristic calorific value also increases.This shows that the performance characteristics of lemongrass waste briquettes are influenced by the use of the right type of adhesive and the optimum percentage of the mixture.The calculation of the density value obtained in each percentage is calculated based on the existing formula by entering the measurement data carried out on the Cymbopogon nardus waste briquette test sample.Fig. 9 shows the density value of Cymbopogon nardus waste briquettes from various percentages of mixture compositions that have been tested.From the graph in Fig. 9 it can be seen that the density of Cymbopogon nardus waste briquettes using damar adhesive has a value of 415.19 kg/m 3 at a percentage mixture concentration of 90:10.Meanwhile, the density of briquettes of lemongrass waste using tapioca adhesive at a percentage mixture composition of 90:10 only has a value of 394.90 kg/m 3 .

Discussion
The difference in calorific value and density of citronella waste briquettes is influenced by the use of different adhesives.The use of adhesive is to bind the Cymbopogon nardus waste particles as the main ingredient.The use of adhesives in briquettes has an impact on the rate of combustion which shows the characteristics of its thermal energy.The use of adhesives shows the impact of increasing the performance of briquettes.However, the number of adhesives used for the use of lemongrass waste as the main ingredient is a concern in obtaining optimal quality of lemongrass waste briquettes.In this study the adhesives used in briquettes are tapioca adhesive and damar adhesive.The physical properties of resin include easy sticking at room temperature, flammable, not easy to evaporate if not decomposed [14].Many claim that natural damar (resin) are produced from Dipterocarpaceae plants [15].Purification using a combination of organic solvents can improve the physical and chemical properties of the damar (resin) [16].The calorific value of Cymbopogon nardus waste briquettes as solid fuel is influenced by many things, including grain size, compressive force and use of adhesives.Briquettes made from Cymbopogon nardus waste are one of the solutions to overcoming the problem of waste and environmental pollution.So far, Cymbopogon nardus waste has not decomposed optimally in the community after the distillation process.Thus, briquettes made from Cymbopogon nardus waste have a positive impact so that it can be made in the community as an alternative fuel.

Conclusion
This research can conclude that the utilization of Cymbopogon nardus (lemongrass) waste is a candidate for briquette raw material as the development of renewable biomass energy using tapioca adhesive and damar adhesive.The Cymbopogon nardus waste briquettes produced have a characteristic calorific value as a barometer of fuel quality.The calorific value of Cymbopogon nardus waste briquettes using damar adhesive at a mixture concentration of 90:10 percentage has a value of 11318.84kJ/kg and a density of 415.19 kg/m 3 .While at the same composition, Cymbopogon nardus waste briquettes using tapioca adhesive have a heating value of only 9972.55 kJ/kg and a density of 394.9 Kg/m 3 .The use of adhesives in the manufacture of Cymbopogon nardus waste briquettes can affect the calorific value and quality characteristics.This condition shows that the development of Cymbopogon nardus waste briquettes is very possible in society as the forerunner of alternative fuels.The impact of the development of Cymbopogon nardus waste briquettes is the utilization of Cymbopogon nardus waste and solutions to overcome waste problems and reduce environmental pollution.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Graph of calorific value of Cymbopogon nardus Waste briquettes

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Graph of density of Cymbopogon nardus Waste briquettes Graph of Density of Cymbopogon Citratus Waste Briquettes by Using Tapioca and Damar Adhesive