Effect of Temperature and Sunlight Intensity on Surface of Solar Panels on Electric Power Generated

An alternate power generation method that uses solar energy absorption is the solar panel system. Temperature, sunshine intensity, and environmental weather all have an impact on the voltage, current, and electrical power produced by solar cells. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of changes in temperature and light intensity from the sun on the surface of the 120 Wp solar panel used on the electrical power generated. The tools utilized are a 120 watt power supply, solder, digital thermometer, lux meter, and multimeter. The findings demonstrated a clear relationship between the amount of electricity generated and the solar panel’s surface temperature as well as light intensity. The more light intensity detected and the higher the temperature, the more electric power produced. The weather has a big impact on both temperature and light intensity. The temperature and light intensity on the surface of the solar panel increase with increasing sun exposure.


Introduction
Solar panel system is a solar cell with solar energy or light radiation derived from photons with different energy levels.(Shufat et al., 2019) The difference in energy levels is caused by the wavelength of the light spectrum.When photons hit the solar cell, the photons are able to be absorbed and then penetrate the solar cell so that it will produce electrical energy.When solar cells receive sunlight which is then converted into electricity, the electrical energy produced can be distributed to the load or stored in the battery (Anoi et al., 2020).The electrical energy produced in solar cells is in the form of direct current DC (Direct Current) (Kurniawan et al., 2022).In addition, the use of solar panels must also be properly designed so that they are not quickly damaged and the absorption of solar energy (Hidayat et al., 2019) can also be maximally utilized and get the maximum alternative electrical energy as well.(Iqtimal & Devi, 2018) The environment's temperature, amount of sunshine, and meteorological circumstances all have an impact on the voltage, current, and electrical power that solar cells generate (Pido et al., 2022).The voltage and current generated by solar cells are directly correlated with the amount of solar energy that the cells receive (Hariningrum, 2021).The weather outside has an impact on the solar panel's surface temperature (Basrah Pulungan et al., 2021).The voltage and electric current produced by the solar panel increase with the intensity of solar radiation received (Hasanah et al., 2019).The temperature, cloud cover, and wind speed in the vicinity of the solar panel region all affect the temperature of the solar cells (Suwarti, 2019).In actuality, a solar power plant's ability to produce energy may be disrupted by abrupt and severe temperature changes (Qosim & Hariyati, 2021).The authors of this paper go over how solar panel surface temperature (Shen et al., 2018) and sunlight intensity impact power and energy production, (Widodo et al., 2020) to optimize the output power of solar panels, it is necessary to practice observing a condition by indicating how hot or cold an object is known as temperature measurement (Mamun et al., 2022).Temperature measurement is a process of seeing a condition by indicating the degree of cold or heat in an object (Ummah et al., 2021) .The higher the temperature from the heat of sunlight, the higher the surface temperature of the solar panel (Hidayat et al., 2019).While measuring light intensity is a process of measuring the power emitted by a light source in a certain direction (Pido et al., 2022).The tool for measuring light intensity uses a digital lux meter and for measuring temperature uses a digital thermometer (Listyalina et al., 2021).

Method
This research uses a fabrication process (the process of designing the tool and measuring and testing the designed tool) to create a tool that uses solar panels as an electrical power source.It then conducts measurements of the tool to determine its functionality.The equipment used consists of a multimeter, soldering iron, digital thermometer and lux meter .The materials used consist of 120 Wp solar panels with the following specifications:

Result and Discussion
Data collection on solar panels is carried out every 1 hour starting at 08.00 to 18.00 Western Indonesian Time for 3 consecutive days with the position of solar panels placed straight on a horizontal plane with a tilt angle of 180 o in an open area.Current and voltage measurements use a multimeter to measure the voltage and current generated in the solar panel, where the output of the solar panel is in the form of voltage and current, to measure the value of light intensity using a digital lux meter and to measure temperature using a digital thermometer.Tables 2 through 4 display the data from the solar panel measurements for the first, second, and third days, respectively.Based on the test results in tables 2, 3 and 4, the measurement data of temperature, light intensity, voltage, electric current and solar panel power fluctuate.In the process of taking data, the weather conditions experienced at that time were cloudy and sunny.Sunlight is an important factor that greatly affects the weather conditions in the environment in the data collection process and also greatly affects the performance of solar panels.As a result of these weather conditions, temperature measurements on solar panels are also very influential.The value of the generated power increases as the temperature of the solar panel increases and the light intensity.If we observe every hour in table 2, it is found that the highest value occurs at 02.00 Western Indonesian Time with a temperature of 39o C, a light intensity of 1680 lux, a voltage of 20.9 Volts, a current of 5.67 Amperes and a power obtained of 118.50 watts, this occurs when measurements are taken (at 02.00Western Indonesian Time) sunlight is in maximum condition compared to other times.In table 3, the highest value was obtained at 03.00 Western Indonesian Time with a temperature of 46.8o C, a light intensity of 16700 lux, a voltage of 20.9 Volts, a current of 3.78 Amperes and a power obtained of 79 watts, this also occurred when measurements were taken (at 03.00Western Indonesian Time) sunlight was at its maximum compared to other times.In table 4, the highe st value was obtained at 03.00 Western Indonesian Time with a temperature of 48.3o C, a light intensity of 13140 lux, a voltage of 21.1 Volts, a current of 4.40 Amperes and a power obtained of 92.84 watts, the same as the previous measurement, this happened when the measurements were taken (at 03.00Western Indonesian Time) the sunlight was at its maximum compared to other times.The increase in temperature and light intensity values from measurements over three days occurred on average from 01.00 pm to 03.00 pm Western Indonesian Time in sunny weather conditions (sunlight is in maximum condition).Based on Figure 2, it shows the relationship between time and temperature for 3 days.Weather circumstances have an impact on changes in the surface temperature of solar panels; the brighter and hotter the sunlight, the more it impacts the surface temperature conditions of the solar panels, making them hotter.The highest temperature obtained from measurements occurred on the third day at 48.3 o C at 03.00 pm Western Indonesian Time and the lowest temperature was 27.9 o C at 08.00 am Western Indonesian Time.In Figure 4, it shows the relationship between time and electrical power produced for 3 days.The value of the power produced is influenced by the voltage and electric current measured on the solar panel when exposed to the sun.From the voltage and electric current values obtained, the electric power value can be determined (can be seen in tables 2, 3 and 4).On the first day, the greatest electrical power value was recorded, namely 118.5 watts and the lowest was 0.58 watts.
The surface temperature of the solar panel and the light intensity of the electrical power produced are exactly proportional to the electrical power produced, although they have little effect on the amount of power produced, according to the explanation of figures 1, 2, and 3.The amount of electrical power generated increases with temperature and observed light intensity.Sunlight plays an important role in the performance of solar panels where the brighter the weather conditions, the higher the temperature and light intensity, which also affects the voltage and current values measured on the solar panel.

Conclusion
The findings of this research show a clear relationship between the electrical power generated and the effect of solar panel surface temperature and light intensity using a fairly large solar panel specification of 120 wp which can better show the characteristics of solar panels on temperature and light intensity, previous studies have focused more on solar panels with a smaller capacity of around 50 wp.The results showed that the amount of electricity generated increases with the value of light intensity observed, but the temperature within the operating range of the solar panel will not hinder its performance, too high a temperature, however, will reduce the amount of power that the panel can produce because the solar panel cannot work optimally when the temperature is outside the working temperature range of the solar panel.Sunlight plays an important role in the performance of solar panels where the brighter the weather conditions, the higher the temperature and light intensity, which also affects the voltage and current values measured on the solar panel.

Table 1 .Figure 1
Figure 1 Design of the tools solar panel

TimeFigure 2 .
Figure 2. Graph of Solar panel temperature and time measuremen

Figure 3 .Figure 3 7 PowerFigure 4 .
Figure 3. Graph of the light intensity on the time