Design a machine with technology to convert plastic waste into fuel renewable energy

Research has been carried out on the design of machines with technology to convert plastic waste into fuel renewable energy, the aim is to find out pyrolysis technology which is a technology in converting plastic waste into reusable gas and liquid phases that have the potential to be used as renewable energy. The machine consists of one pyrolysis reactor, 3 condensers, 3 storage tanks. The standard method used to test samples is ASTM D4052. This plastic waste converter machine uses Polypropylene and High-Density Polyethylene plastics. The results showed that the most pyrolysis oil from PP plastic waste was 0.52 kg and HDPE was obtained as much as 0.62 kg from each type of waste material as much as 3 kg. For PP plastic waste, the specific gravity of oil is 866.7 kg/m3 and 743.1 kg/m3 and HDPE plastic the specific gravity of oil is 842 kg/m3 and 737.7 kg/m3. The specific gravity of pyrolysis oil in waste PP plastic and HDPE plastic is close to the specific gravity of diesel fuel and gasoline. Data based on Directorate General of Oil and Gas Indonesia for specifications of diesel specific gravity 815-870 kg /m3, specifications of gasoline type 88 is 715-770 kg /m3.


Introduction
The largest issue facing the globe at large, and Indonesia specifically, is plastic trash.Indonesia's major cities frequently have plastic garbage.This is because Indonesians are becoming more and more accustomed to using plastic products, yet not much is being done to manage the waste that results from these products.The fact that plastic is used in so many different industries leads to an annual growth in plastic output worldwide.Growing plastic consumption results in a build-up of plastic garbage in landfills, which takes up a lot of room and exacerbates environmental issues [1].Plastic is useful for many everyday tasks for people, including building, electronics, packaging, and even medical [2,3].The advantages of plastic over other materials include its strength, light weight, flexibility, resistance to rust, resistance to breaking, ease of coloring, ease of shaping, and superior electrical and heat insulation.[4].But there are new environmental issues brought about by the widespread usage of plastic.Indonesia continues to produce more plastic waste annually.The total amount of plastic garbage generated will be 12.54 million tons even in 2022.According to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry's Director of garbage Management, Indonesia has seen a steady rise in plastic garbage since 1995.The Indonesian population will produce 69 million tons of waste in 2022, of which 12.5 million tons, or 18.2 percent, will be plastic waste.This plastic garbage can be hazardous in a number of ways, such as by affecting aquatic life, slowing down the growth and rate of photosynthesis in plants that enter through the roots and are consumed by humans and other animals, and increasing the mortality of different soil invertebrates [5].The issue is that plastic garbage is exceedingly difficult for nature to decay since it cannot rust, is tough to break down and absorbs water [6][7][8].
Plastic waste needs to be processed because of the rising volume of plastic waste produced.Even though burning plastic waste releases hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S), which can be hazardous to the environment, ordinary people frequently do this in an effort to reduce the quantity of plastic waste in the environment.Furthermore, if the plastic waste contains compounds called chloride (Cl), which when burned at low temperatures, like when burning PVC plastic waste, can produce dioxins, which are carcinogens.The physical approach is commonly known as the reduce, reuse, and recycle.Recycling plastic waste is an additional processing method that involves processing the waste and turning it into new plastic materials.But rather than reducing the quantity of plastic waste, this recycling process will only transform it into a different form because recycled plastic products eventually degrade back into regular plastic waste.Because plastic waste returns to the environment and will eventually become new plastic waste, this approach is inappropriate.Just 9% of all plastic waste is recycled; the other 91% is either burned or dumped in landfills without creating any energy that can be used [9].Thus, converting plastic waste into alternative fuels using the pyrolysis process is one more efficient way to deal with the massive amount of plastic waste.One advantage of pyrolysis is that it can occur at temperatures of approximately 500 0 C and the pyrolysis process has the benefit of being able to operate at atmospheric pressure [10].Since the pyrolysis method of chemical processing can recover the energy contained in plastic, it is a more cost-effective and efficient recycling method.As a result, pyrolysis techniques, such as gasification, have been developed to convert plastic waste materials into raw materials for use as renewable energy [11].
The goal of this research is to produce renewable energy fuels by using pyrolysis, a renewable technology, to transform plastic waste into gas and liquid phases that can be recycled [12].Plastic bags and mineral water cups are examples of thermoplastic polymers that fall into the categories of Highdensity Polyethylene (HDPE) and Polypropylene (PP), Since both of these plastics are frequently used as throwaway packaging which results in an increase in environmental waste [13].This study aims to investigate the impact of temperature on the pyrolysis process used in the degradation of plastic waste, specifically Polypropylene (PP) and High-density Polyethylene (HDPE), into fuel.Convert fuel oil through the pyrolysis process into liquid fuels with properties that match those of fuel oil sold in the nation.

Tools and materials
The materials used in this study are plastic waste types weighing up to 3 kg each, including polypropylene (PP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE).The following equipment is used: three condensers, three storage tanks and one pyrolysis reactor make up this unit.The mass of plastic waste as raw material for pyrolysis and the mass of crude oil produced during pyrolysis were measured using analytical scales in this study, stopwatch used to measure how long it takes to process plastic waste during pyrolysis; beaker glass used to measure crude oil from pyrolysis, pyrolysis process and burner used to heat the reactor tube.Figure 1 depicts the design of a device using technology to turn waste plastic into renewable energy fuel.

Polypropylene and High-density Polyethylene plastic waste
Sample preparation and pyrolysis process were carried out at the Physics Laboratory of the University of North Sumatra.Polypropylene and High-density Polyethylene plastic waste was collected from temporary disposal sites around the University of North Sumatra environment, washed thoroughly, dried and cut into small pieces and then weighed as much as 3 kg for each type of plastic.

Preparation of pyrolysis reactor tubes
The reactor was cleaned, then the plastic in the form of small pieces was put into the pyrolysis reactor through the top and then closed tightly, then connected to three condensers and three storage tanks.

Pyrolysis process
The burner is ignited to heat the pyrolysis reactor tube in order to convert plastic solids into steam and then the steam from heating the plastic is flowed using a tube that will go through the first condenser.
After going through the first condenser, the vapor will become a two-phase product, namely the liquid phase and the gas phase.The liquid phase will be collected in the first tank while the gas or vapor phase will be condensed again with the second condenser and will also produce a two-phase product.The liquid phase is collected in the second tank while the vapor or gas phase will flow to the third condenser.It is expected that in the third condenser the vapor that has not been liquefied can entirely become a liquid product and is collected in the third tank.

Density testing
Density testing of Polypropylene and High-density Polyethylene plastic waste is determined by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) ASTM D4052 using the procedure [14].Using the ASTM D4052 [15] standard method, namely Automatic Density equipment.Crude oil from pyrolysis is put into the Density Meter using a syringe without air bubbles and let the syringe stay in the filling position so that the sample in the measurement cell is maintained, using the Anton Paar DMA 4500 machine which is the tool used by the Density Meter.

Quantitative Outcomes of the Oil Produced by Pyrolysis
The test data makes use of oil material that was produced by pyrolyzing three kilograms of waste plastic.The quantitative findings measuring oil production resulting from the conversion of plastic waste into oil are presented below.Three kilograms of products were produced from the pyrolysis process of plastic.The burner is ignited to heat the pyrolysis reactor tube in order to convert solids (three kilograms of HDPE-type plastic waste were used to get these results) into steam and then the steam from heating the plastic is flowed using a tube that will go through the first condenser.After going through the first condenser (yielding results for liquids that resemble diesel 0.36369 kg).The vapor will become a two-phase product, namely the liquid phase and the gas phase.The liquid phase will be collected in the first tank while the gas or vapor phase will be condensed again with the second condenser and will also produce a two-phase product.The liquid phase is collected in the second tank (yielding results for liquids that resemble gasoline 0.25865 kg) while the vapor or gas phase will flow to the third condenser.It is expected that in the third condenser the vapor that has not been liquefied can entirely become a liquid product and is collected in the third tank.After the HDPE type plastic waste is pyrolyzed, up to 1.525 kg of char products are obtained.The gas generated during this process is collected in a gas container, and up to 0.85266 kg.
The results of the pyrolysis process of Polypropylene plastic waste are shown in Figure 3. Three kilograms of products were produced from the pyrolysis process of plastic.The burner is ignited to heat the pyrolysis reactor tube in order to convert plastic solids (three kilograms of PP-type plastic waste were used to get these results) into steam and then the steam from heating the plastic is flowed using a tube that will go through the first condenser.After going through the first condenser (yielding results for liquids that resemble diesel 0.30925 kg).The vapor will become a two-phase product, namely the liquid phase and the gas phase.The liquid phase will be collected in the first tank while the gas or vapor phase will be condensed again with the second condenser and will also produce a two-phase product.The liquid phase is collected in the second tank (yielding results for liquids that resemble gasoline 0.2141 kg) while the vapor or gas phase will flow to the third condenser.It is expected that in the third condenser the vapor that has not been liquefied can entirely become a liquid product and is collected in the third tank.After the PP type plastic waste is pyrolyzed, up to 1.685 kg of char products are obtained.The gas generated during this process is collected in a gas container, and up to 0.79165 kg.

Density Determination
Density testing of Polypropylene and High-density Polyethylene plastic waste is determined by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) ASTM D4052 using the ASTM D4052 standard method.Figure 4 Density chart of PP and HDPE plastic pyrolysis oil, which is very close to the properties of commercial gasoline.Figure 4 also shows that the fuel product produced from PP plastic has a higher density value close to the highest density value of commercial gasoline density compared to the results from HDPE plastic.
Density testing for PP and HDPE plastic pyrolysis oil which weighs 0.30925 kg and 0.36369 kg respectively by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) ASTM D4052 using the ASTM D4052 standard method.Figure 5 Density chart of PP and HDPE plastic pyrolysis oil, which is very close to the properties of commercial diesel.Figure 5 also shows that the fuel product produced from PP plastic has a higher density value close to the maximum density value of commercial diesel density compared to the density results from HDPE plastic.

Conclusions
Based on the samples that have been tested compared to the standard fuel oil, namely Groups of local fuel brands/Indonesian State-owned Oil and natural gas corporation Decision Letter Directorate General of Oil and Gas Indonesia No.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Design a machine with technology to convert plastic waste into fuel renewable energy.

Figure 2 .Figure 2
Figure 2. Graph of results from pyrolysis of HDPE plastic

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Graph of results from pyrolysis of PP plastic

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Density chart of PP and HDPE plastic pyrolysis oil, which is very close to the properties of commercial gasoline.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Density chart of PP and HDPE plastic pyrolysis oil, which is very close to the properties of commercial diesel.
933.K/10/DJM.S/2013 dated 19 November 2013 on Standards and Quality/Specifications Fuel Oil Type Gasoline 88 (Premium/RON 88) Marketed in the Country and Groups of local fuel brands/Indonesian State-owned Oil and natural gas corporation Decision Letter Directorate General of Oil and Gas Indonesia No. 28.K/10/DJM.T/2016 dated 24 February 2016 on Standards and Quality/Specifications Fuel Oil Type Diesel fuel Marketed in the Country.Fuel properties of plastic Polypropylene and High-density Polyethylene pyrolysis oil were very close to the properties of commercial Gasoline 88 and diesel.For Polypropylene plastic waste, the specific gravity of oil is 866.7 kg/m 3 and 743.1 kg/m 3 and HDPE plastic the specific gravity of oil is 842 kg/m 3 and 737.7 kg/m 3 .The specific gravity of pyrolysis oil in waste PP plastic and HDPE plastic is close to the specific gravity of diesel fuel and gasoline.Data based on Directorate General of Oil and Gas Indonesia for specifications of diesel SG 815-870 kg /m 3 , specifications of gasoline type 88 is 715-770 kg /m 3 .

Table 1 .
Fuel properties of plastic pyrolysis oil were very close to the properties of commercial gasoline

Table 2 .
Fuel properties of plastic pyrolysis oil were very close to the properties of commercial diesel Groups of local fuel brands/Indonesian State-owned Oil and natural gas corporation Decision Letter Directorate General of Oil and Gas Indonesia No. 28.K/10/DJM.T/2016 dated 24 February 2016 on Standards and Quality/Specifications Fuel Oil Type Diesel fuel Marketed in the Country. *