Comparison Study by using Pyrolysis of Kenna Sugarcane Bagasse and Sawdust in Sudan

Today the request for save energy and addressing emissions has become a primary concern for every country aiming to achieve sustainable development while preserving its environment. The demand for energy is steadily rising, driven by rapid population growth and industrial development. Fossil fuels continue to play a major role in fulfilling these energy needs., but their combustion is linked to rising environmental issues. There are many sources of energy use to solve the environmental problems and fossil fuel shorted such as biomass. This paper aims to explore the potential of biomass to provide significantly higher amounts of useful energy while reducing pollutant emissions compared to fossil fuels. In this research the two samples of sugar cane bagasse and sawdust is study by slow pyrolysis. Two samples are presented—one from Kenana bagasse and the other from sawdust. Bio-oil is a product of the slow pyrolysis process, and its calorific value, determined through laboratory analysis, is significantly high compared to previous studies. This indicates that bio-oil emits fewer pollutants than fossil fuels, making it suitable for use in transportation and various industrial sectors.


Introduction
Energy is the foundation of life.There is several activities a moment that is unrelated to energy in life.The energy is using every moment of the day.In ancient times, humans relied on muscle power, later progressing to the use of fire and animal power.Subsequently, throughout history, humans have acquired the skill of harnessing energy and transforming it into a practical form for diverse application.Now a day there are primarily three sources of energy: fossil fuels, alternative energy such as nuclear and renewable.The conventional energy sources (fossil fuels) are coal, oil, and natural gas; the sources of renewable energies such as wind, solar, geothermal, hydropower and alternative fuel such as biomass biogas and biofuel and the alternative energy such as nuclear [1,2].Now a day the Fossil fuels were represent around 80 % of total sources of energy in the world [3].The construction of fossil fuel has not been stopped until now.The world consuming of the energy from the conventional fuel is more than it produced these led to depleting the fossil fuel storage.[4].The disadvantage of burning conventional fuels is the environmental impact and unavailability.Though, during the burning of coal, natural gas and oil, the products of this reaction emitted emissions to the atmosphere and are called greenhouse gases.Furthermore, the exhausts gases form the combustion of the fossil fuel with oxidizer absorb energy from the sun and cause ozone.Global warming and various pollutants are released into the atmosphere, soil, and water.These pollutants emissions take an affected on the environment and humans.Air pollution contributes to respiratory diseases such as asthma.The air pollutants contribute the acid rain [3].For these reasons, researchers in universities and academic centres of industries were focusing to products exploring cleaner sources for alternative fuels aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and broaden the available energy resources [4].The one advantaged of renewable energy will not run out, dissimilar energy from fossil fuels [5].There are many sources of currently, various renewable energy sources are actively utilized, such as hydropower, solar, WTE, biomass, hydropower, wind, thermal energy storage, and geothermal [6].In recent times, biomass fuel has gained increasing attractiveness as a viable alternative to fossil fuels.This is driven by the growing demand for clean energy, the diminishing reserves of traditional fuels, and its role in reducing dependence on crude [5].Biomass has the capability to be converted into biofuel over different physical methods and thermal biological.The focus of this paper is on the pyrolysis process applied to sugarcane bagasse and sawdust.Pyrolyzing woody biomass and other solid organic wastes is a promising thermochemical process [6,7].The sugar manufacturing sector, particularly agricultural industries, generates significant amounts of sugarcane bagasse.After crushing and the process of obtaining juice from sugarcane, the fibrous waste remnants of cane stalks, known as bagasse, are produced.The hue of sugarcane bagasse typically ranges Shifting from a gray-yellow shade to a light green color, displaying a non-uniform and bulky particle size.The accumulation of sugarcane bagasse represents an underutilized and sustainable agricultural resource, comprising two distinct cellular components.The first component consists of "a thick, comparatively extended, fibrous component originating from the rind and fibro-vascular bundles distributed within the interior of the stalk.The second component is a pith segment obtained from the thin-walled cells of the ground tissue [1,8,9].The content of wet sugarcane bagasse for each one ton of wet sugarcane approximately 10% (hundred kg)of sugar, 3.5% (thirty five kg) molasses, and 27% (two hundred seventy kg) wet bagasse is produced[8, [10][11][12][13][14].Both the upper (higher) calorific value and lower calorific value of biomass, like bagasse, are determined through numerical formulas that consider the percentage of main components such as Brix, moisture, and ash.The moisture content significantly impacts both the upper heating value (UHV) and lower heating value (LHV) of damp biomass, such as bagasse.Pyrolysis involves the chemical breakdown of biomass, utilizing heat energy to bring about alterations in composition.It can occur with minimal or complete absence of oxidation.In other words, it does not allow gasification, indicating that the conversion of biomass samples takes place solely under the influence of thermal energy.Furthermore, the pyrolysis is not solely a thermal conversion process for biomass, then include direct burning of biomass and gasification. .During pyrolysis, the extensive hydrocarbon chains containing hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen present in intricate macromolecules of biomass undergo fragmentation into smaller, simpler molecules.This transformative process yields condensable vapors (tars or oils), solid residue (char), and gas [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] .The characteristics of these products, influenced by the pyrolysis conditions, vary in their thermochemical and physical properties.The primary aim is to achieve a high calorific value and optimal combustion properties, particularly a high H/C ratio, for the original biomass.Fast pyrolysis, which has gained significant attention recently, holds the potential to generate superior products.Pyrolysis can be categorized into slow and flash pyrolysis based on the heating rate intensity applied [22][23][24][25][26][27].
The aim of this paper to make comparison between pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse and sawdust in University of Science and Technology in Sudan.

2.1.
Pyrolysis Process Figure 1 show the test rig was used in this experimental study.The main components in the experimental setup for this study include the pyrolysis reactor, cyclone separator, cooling mechanism, and interconnecting conduits.Within the pyrolysis reactor, both bagasse and sawdust samples are positioned for combustion.Volatile particles exit the reactor through a tube linked to its upper portion.Constructed IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2723/1/0120113 from high thermal resistance stainless steel, the pyrolysis reactor boasts dimensions of internal diameter of 275 mm, thickness of 8 mm, and a height measuring 40 cm.A cyclone separator is employed to segregate particles from the gas, while the cooling system aims to purify the syngas by eliminating condensable gases.The system utilizes a double-pipe heat exchanger (1-1 counter flow) with an inner diameter of 50 mm, a thickness of 25 mm, and a height of 450 mm.The hot gases from the reactor flow through the smaller tube inside the cyclone separator, while cooling water circulates in the annular space between the two tubes, facilitating the condensation of gases and allowing the incondensable gases to pass through.The role of the connecting pipes is to facilitate the transfer of flowing gases across all components of the system, requiring resistance to high temperatures.Steel pipes, with diameters ranging from 1 to 2 inches, are employed for this purpose.The length of these pipes measures 150 mm from the reactor to the cyclone and 500 mm from the cyclone to the cooling system.

Procedure of Experimental
Samples preparation of sugarcane bagasse and sawdust.The bagasse was obtained from the Kenana Sugar Factory with very high content of moisture (50-52) %.The sawdust was sourced from a carpentry workshop at Sudan University of Science and Technology.Prior to the pyrolysis process, the sugarcane bagasse underwent a drying period of approximately ten days using direct sunlight and atmospheric air to decrease the moisture content to a range of 5-15%.Slow pyrolysis process was used in this experiment.The experiment took place in an external workshop, specifically set up locally and transported to the university campus.In a standard trial, briquettes of bagasse and sawdust samples were individually subjected to the same conditions.The conditions of the experiment was introduced the samples into the reactor at the temperature of room (40°C).The test commenced with the initiation of heating after ensuring that the air was sealed tightly and properly closed within the reactor.The subsequent steps of the test were then executed as follows: State (1): A total of 0.75 kg of biomass of both samples was full into the reactor separately.State (2): Following the loading of the samples, the reactor was completely sealed, and subsequently, the heating system was activated.State (3): The Type-K thermocouple monitored the temperature increase over time, and after a few minutes, the vapor began to evaporate.State (4): The initial experiment took a total of 50 minutes.State (5): After a duration of 50 minutes, the external temperature of the reactor was measured by positioning a thermocouple on the upper part of the reactor cover.
State (6): A gas analyzer sensor was positioned at the gas outlet, and four results were documented at 5minute intervals over four times, totaling 20 minutes.It's important to note that the syngas outlet was sealed after each reading.State (7): Extracts from the generated tar and bio-oil were collected and sent to an external laboratory.The experiment was replicated for both bagasse and sawdust samples, conducted on two separate occasions.

Results and Discussions
In this experiment for pyrolysis of samples Kenna sugarcane bagasse and sawdust.For The Kenna sugarcane bagasse the results were as follow: A uniformly dark brown (semi-black) liquid, gas with a blue flame when burned and a black high-density tar.Additionally, there is dark brown bio-char with some substances that have not undergone decomposition, remaining within the reactor after the completion of the slow pyrolysis process.For the sample of sawdust a consistently dark brown (semiblack) liquid and a gas exhibiting a blue flame upon combustion and a dense black tar are produced.Table I illustrates the component percentages derived from the slow pyrolysis process for both Kenana sugarcane bagasse and sawdust.
Table 1.The mass distribution analysis of Kenana bagasse indicates that 51% is char, 8% is bio-oil, 13% is tar, and 27.9% accounts for gas loss.Meanwhile, for sawdust, the mass distribution is as follows: 56.2% char, 6.14% bio-oil, 8.8% tar, and 28.8% gas loss.A Kane gas analyzer was using for analyzed the exhaust, which measures different gas emissions such as carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and unburnt hydrocarbons (HC).The results of these emissions from pyrolysis of Kenana bagasse and sawdust samples are shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4. Figure 2 below illustrations and compare CO2 emissions between the Kenana bagasse and sawdust samples with time.The X-axis expressions the time; Y-axis shows the emissions of CO2 per volume.The results from this figure show that the volume of emitted CO2 from pyrolysis of Kenana bagasse started with a high level of emission level, then it is reduced gradually.Though in the case of the sawdust, the emission of CO2 started at a low level through a continuous rising with time.From these results, it is evident that the impact on CO2 emissions is more pronounced in the case of sawdust.CO emissions from both Kenana bagasse and sawdust are depicted in Figure 3 below, with time represented on the X-axis and CO emissions per volume on the Y-axis.The CO emission level for Kenana bagasse initially started relatively high, experiencing a slight increase in the first few time intervals, followed by a gradual and continuous decline over time.In contrast, the CO emission level for sawdust started at a lower level and exhibited a continuous, somewhat sharp rise compared to the CO emission from Kenana bagasse.parts per million (ppm).For Kenana bagasse, HC emissions began slightly higher than those of sawdust, exhibiting a semi-sharp increase until reaching a peak around the midpoint of the experiment.Subsequently, there was a slight reduction until the end of the experiment.In contrast, sawdust HC emissions continued to rise throughout the test.HC emissions from both samples are crucial as they contribute significantly to the syngas produced during the pyrolysis process, characterized by a flameproducing ability.Igniting the produced syngas resulted in a clear blue flame.The gas analyzer used in the experiment provided the total of all hydrocarbons produced during pyrolysis.The observed variance in the percentage of syngas emissions between Kenana bagasse and sawdust can be attributed to their distinct compositions.The liquid oil produced from the slow pyrolysis of sugar cane bagasse and sawdust is further classified into bio-oil and tar.Thermochemical and physical property analysis, as presented in Table 2, reveals a cross calorific value higher than that reported in previous studies [29,30].This promising result is attributed to the low levels of water and humidity in the bio-oil.

CONCLUSION
The experimental setup for this study was designed and fabricated to adhere to the slow pyrolysis process.Once activated, the device yielded results from the slow pyrolysis of biomass, specifically sugar cane bagasse and sawdust.The outcomes included bio-oil, tar, bio-char, and syngas.Of these, the biochar held particular significance due to the nature of the slow pyrolysis process, characterized by a voluminous production.Subsequent analysis of the generated syngas revealed that: • The products emissions such as CO2, CO, NO, and HC were measured.
•The examination of thermochemical and physical characteristics of bio-oil and tar indicated identical calorific values of 41.67 MJ/kg for bio-oil and 40.6 MJ/kg for tar.This rise in calorific value might be attributed to the low water content in bio-oil, as highlighted in the preceding point, along with low oxygen levels and reduced water content.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Concentrations of CO2 obtained through the process of slow pyrolysis.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) achieved through the gradual pyrolysis process.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4.The rate of hydrocarbon (HC) production measured in parts per million (ppm)resulting from the slow pyrolysis process.Figure4above, the graph illustrates the hydrocarbon (HC) emissions over time for both Kenana bagasse and sawdust samples.The X-axis represents time, while the Y-axis depicts hydrocarbon emissions in Table indicating the percentage of various components derived from the pyrolysis experiment for both Kenana bagasse and sawdust.

Table 2 .
Heating value for Kenna bagasse and sawdust.