Spin Atomic Model: Role of Electron Spin in forming Atoms and Molecules

This paper recounts the history of atomic models and their limitations in brief. The role of spin motion of paired electrons in building the atoms is a subject of the discussion. The opposite spin velocity of paired electrons in an atom should reduce the repulsion between them. Hence, by adjusting their opposite spin velocity, the force of repulsion between the paired electrons and the force of attraction between the nucleus and the individual electrons in that pair can be balanced without revolving the electrons in orbits. In this way a pair of electrons can maintain their particular distance from the nucleus in atom with adjusting their spin motions. This arrangement easily supports the atoms to build the different molecules, compounds and solid materials. This atomic model may be referred as spin atomic model which should be the fact.


Introduction
Atomic theory emerged as a philosophical concept in ancient India and Greece.The word "atom" comes from the ancient Greek word atomos, which means indivisible according to which matter consists of discrete particles.Until the 19th century, the atom was thought to be the smallest and indivisible unit of matte.But in the late 1800s, the English physicist Joseph John Thomson first demonstrated that the atom was not as indivisible as previously claimed by conducting a series of experiments using cathode rays produced in discharge tubes [1].He first time discovered negatively charged particles which are called as electrons.This meant that the atom could split.From that, he came up with the idea of the plum pudding model in 1904, in which electrons were thought to be embedded in a mass of positive charge to produce an electrically neutral atom [2].
Later Rutherford, who was working for Thomson, tried to find out what might be inside the atom.He designed an experiment to find out the structure of the atom in which he fired positively charged alpha particles on a thin foil of gold and the scattered beam was studied.This led him to notice that positively charged heavy particles were concentrated in the center of the atom and negatively charged light particles were distributed around the center [3].These negatively charged particles were the electrons.Now these negatively charged particles were at a certain distance from the nucleus which meant that they must be moving around the nucleus in a circular motion so he first proposed the planetary model of atom.But the model could not explain why the electrons energy was not reduced.They were supposed to fall into the nucleus as they moved around the nucleus.At the same time this model was not able to explain the absorption and emission of spectra of atoms.Later in 1913 Neil Bohr proposed a new model called Bohr model of atom, in which the electrons move in specific orbits in the atom [4][5][6].It was named stationary orbits.The electrons did not radiate energy while moving in its stationary orbits.
It could jump from one stationary orbit to another while radiating or absorbing energy, meaning that the electron could not have random energy near it.But this model could not all the problems of atomic model.Further it was suitable for only Hydrogen atom but could not explain the observations of heavier elements.
Further, Hertz discovered the photoelectric effect in 1987, but the prevailing theory did not understand that the kinetic energy of the emitted electrons depends on the frequency of the incident light.Einstein published a paper on this in 1905 in which he proposed that even though light is an electromagnetic wave, its energy is concentrated into certain points called 'light quanta' energy of which is h, where h is the Plank's constant and  is the frequency of light.In the photoelectric effect, an electron absorbs one photon at a time.Using his energy, he comes out.Now light is a wave but it was expressed in the form of particles.Using this, de Broglie proposed in 1908 that if a particle is in motion, it can be expressed as a wave, which is called duel nature of matter waves [7].This means that electrons in atoms can also express themselves as waves, which was proposed by E Schrodinger in 1926 [8].He solved a series of mathematical equations to model the distribution of electrons in an atom and showed that a nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of electron density.These clouds are called orbitals where electrons are most likely to be found.In 1932, English physicist James Chadwick discovered the existence of neutrons and completed the picture of the subatomic particles that make up atoms [9].
At present we assume that an atom has a positively charged nucleus at the center and electrons are distributed around it.And for that we use Schrodinger's wave model in which electrons are in the form of waves which proposition depends on Einstein's proposition of light quanta.But one thing should be noted that Jadhav proposed that as the frequency of an electromagnetic wave increase, its magnetic force increases, leading to the photoelectric effect.Also two electrons interact with each other through fieldfield interactions [10].It is also experimentally confirmed that when a sodium atom emits a light wave corresponding to the D1 or D2 line, there are about 650 troughs or crests [11].This indicates that a single wave emitted by a sodium atom at a time is about 650 times its wavelength indicating that the corresponding electron responsible for emitting the wave must be in vibration about 650 times at the same place.So there is still doubt on the electron behaves as a wave or not.Also in an atom if all the electrons are moving in orbits or if they are expressed as waves, it has never been thought about how solid material can be formed from such atoms.On this advent, how the electrons in the atoms are being distributed around the nucleus becomes unanswered.Aim of this presentation is to make investigation in this regard.In particular, we want to investigate whether the spin speed of the electron plays any role.

Spin motion of electron and its magnetic moment
The spin motion of the electron is an important physical motion responsible for generating the spin magnetic moment.Of course, there can be further differences of opinion as to whether it is an intrinsic property of the electron.Because, if it is an intrinsic property, the electron must be always in constant spin motion whether it is inside or outside the atom.And if that were the case, there would have been difficulties in focusing the electron beam when performing e/m experiment or TVs with use of cathode ray tubes.Our goal is to understand the important role that electron spin motion plays in forming atoms and molecules.Another thing is that when two electrons in an atom are in a paired state, their net magnetic moment is zero.This is only possible when their net orbital magnetic moment is zero and their net spin magnetic moment is zero.To become net orbital magnetic moment zero, orbital magnetic moment of one electron is opposite to that of the second electron from the pair and equals in magnitude as shown in Figure 1.It means the two electrons are orbiting in the same orbit in the same plane with same velocity but in opposite direction.Then and then their net magnetic moment can be zero.While orbiting the two electrons will come closer to each other and due to the repulsive force between them they cannot move in the same plane.That is why their net orbital magnetic moment cannot remain zero which is the fact since orbital motion is a physical motion.It suggests that net orbital magnetic moment of paired electrons if remains zero, they may not be orbiting.
Further, as if net spin magnetic moment of paired electrons is zero, this is only possible when the two electrons are in permanent spin motion in opposite directions on the same axis as shown in Figure 2. Due to spin motion, the redial component of its electric field of the electron should decrees while circular component should increase.Decrease in radial component will cause decrease in repulsive force between these two electrons.While increase in circular component will cause increase in magnetic moment of the electrons which will increase the magnetic repulsion between them.Of course, the higher the spin velocity, the higher would be the intensity of the magnetic repulsive force.Suppose two electrons are at rest and if a positively charged core with charge +2e is substituted between them, it will pull the two electrons closer and at the same time the repulsive force between the two electrons will increase.To reduce it, the electrons will be triggered into the spin motions in opposite directions.The attractive force between the positive core and electrons will reduce as the redial components of the electric fields of the electrons decreases with increase in spin velocity.At the same time the magnetic repulsion between the two electrons will increase.In this way the net attractive force between the electrons and the positive core and the net repulsive force between the electron-electron can be balanced by adjusting the spin velocity and the distance between the electrons.Finally the system will come into stable state without revolving the electrons in orbits as shown in Figure 3.They can maintain their safe distance from the positive core by adjusting their spin velocities.It happens through the requirement of the space neutral electrically and magnetically.However, the fact that increase in spin velocity in opposite directions of paired electrons in atoms causes to increase the magnetic repulsion between them was not taken into consideration by Jadhav [12].This is the key factor in building the atoms.

Building of atoms
Atoms begin to form when electrons, protons and neutrons are in the plasma state and this process usually takes place in the core of stars.First light atom is the hydrogen consisting one electron and one proton.Since the net magnetic moment could not be zero, this atom cannot be stable.But two protons and two electrons coming on the same axis can achieve their balance as shown in Figure 4.There will be repulsion in proton-proton, repulsion in electron-electron and attraction in proton-electron.Electrons can balance attractive and repulsive forces by adjusting the speed of their spin and the distance between them.So H2 can exist instead of H. Its net magnetic moment and net electric charge will be zero and it will be quite stable.
If nucleus contains two protons, of course with two neutrons, it will require two electrons to produce net electric charge zero and to produce overall electric field zero.So it will attract two electrons from plasma.Because of the repulsion between the two electrons, they will not fall on the nucleus.They will be triggered into opposite spin motion to reduce their repulsion.The attraction between the nucleus and electrons and repulsion between the two electrons will be balanced by adjusting the spin velocity of the electrons and their distance from the nucleus.In this way it will be the formation of helium atom as illustrated in Figure 5.This atom will be stable as its overall electric field and overall magnetic field is zero which is the requirement to keep the space neutral and is the main cause of building the atoms and molecules.Naturally these two electrons including the nucleus will form a particular volume of elliptical shape in which other electron will be restricted to enter in it.We may call it as first level or shell of the electrons.When one more proton is deposited into the nucleus from the plasma, one more electron will be drawn from the plasma to the system.But this electron will not fall straight to the nucleus.Because it will not be able to penetrate inside the volume of first shell or first level as the electric field of both electrons in this shell will not allow this electron to enter.Both electrons are in spin motion.Everyone's electric field will also have a circular component.To reduce the repulsion between the two electrons in the first shell and the third electron, the third electron will also go into spin motion whose spin velocity will be opposite to the effective spin velocity of the two electrons in the first shell.But this system will not be stable.When one more proton with neutron accumulates in the nucleus, one more electron will be taken from the plasma and it will balance the spin of the third electron.In this system the net electric field and net magnetic field will be zero and the system will be the beryllium atom as shown in Figure 6.These two electrons will create a volume of second shell which would be again in elliptical shape.Further when protons with neutrons get accumulated in the nucleus, electrons in the plasma will also be taken into the system which will form the third level or shell of the electrons.It appears that the third shell of electrons will be completed with six electrons set in spin motion which is the formation of neon atom as shown in Figure 7.The third level of electrons will form volume of spherical shape.Spin axes of these three pairs of electrons will be perpendicular to each other.Here the first and second shells of electrons are not shown in the figure but they are there.Energy of the electrons in different shells would be different but yet to understand how to calculate.In this way by adding protons and neutrons to the nucleus and electrons in the higher shells, heavier atoms are built.Of course, how the electrons are inserted by adjusting their spin motions in the different shells is complex.But it is true that electrons can form atoms from spin motions without moving in orbits.It is necessary to think deeply in this regard.

Building of Molecules
In general, the overall electric and magnetic field of each atom must be zero; this is what creates the chances of the formation of molecules.Molecules are two or more atoms joined together to make the total electric and magnetic field zero and become stable.First consider the H2 molecule where two hydrogen atoms can combine to form a stable system, which we have already discussed in the previous section.Let's discuss the HCl molecule as shown in Figure 8.A chlorine atom has seventeen electrons.That means there are five electrons in the fifth shell.This means there are two pairs of electrons in this shell and one electron is unpaired.So that one electron is needed to complete the fifth shell of the electrons.Also, a hydrogen atom has only one electron, so two atoms can come together to satisfy each other's needs.For this, one electron of the hydrogen atom will be fixed in the fifth shell of electrons of the chlorine atom so that the unpaired electron (e17) of chlorine and the unpaired electron (eH1) of hydrogen will come into a pair as shown in Figure 8.Its overall electric field and magnetic field will be zero and will be a stable molecule.Here the chlorine atom takes one electron to complete its fifth shell, therefore, it is acceptor and the hydrogen atom is the donor.Let's take the next example of a water molecule as represented in Figure 9.It contains one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms.Oxygen has four electrons in its third electron shell.And two more electrons are needed to complete that level.It can meet its requirement by taking two hydrogen atoms.When an oxygen atom pulls two hydrogen atoms closer, naturally one of the atoms that is closer will pair first with an electron (e7) of oxygen and then the other hydrogen atom will come closer and will pair with the remaining unpaired electron (e8) of the oxygen atom.This will complete the third electron shell of the oxygen.The overall electric field and magnetic field of this molecule will be zero and the molecule will be stable as shown in Figure 9.The oxygen atom is the acceptor as it takes two electrons from the two hydrogen atoms to complete its third shell.Therefore hydrogen atoms are donors.
If a more complex molecule is to be obtained, it can be obtained as the carbon dioxide as described in figure 10.The carbon atom has two electrons (eC3, eC4) in its second electron shell and two electrons (eC5, eC6) in third electron shell.Oxygen has six electrons in its third electron shell.It can form a pair by aligning two electrons (eC3, eC4) of sulphur with two unpaired electrons (eO7, eO8) of oxygen atom.Also, one more oxygen atom can form a pair with the other two electrons (eC5, eC6) of the carbon atom.In this way the two oxygen atoms fulfils their third electronic shell by accepting four electrons from the carbon atom.So here oxygen atoms are acceptors and the carbon atom is donor.The overall electric field and magnetic field of this molecule is zero, therefore, it is a stable molecule.There are many different types of molecules that can be formed in different ways.It is only necessary to understand the chemical formula of every molecule again from this new and realistic point of view.

Conclusion
It is a fact that electrons in an atom do not move in orbits.So it is incorrect to show the electrons moving in orbits while showing the model of the atom.This leads to misunderstandings and reinforces the misconception that electrons are moving in orbits in an atom.Spin motion of electrons is a physical motion which is responsible to build atoms and molecules.Therefore this model of atom may be recommended as spin atomic model.It should be noted that if the electrons in an atom had remained in orbital motion, their net magnetic moment could never have been zero, and a solid material of constant shape could not have been formed.However, in this model, how electrons are distributed in different means quantized shells is yet to be understood.Also the energies of the electrons in different shells are yet to be calculated which will lead to calculate the emission spectra of atoms.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Net orbital magnetic moment of two electrons revolving in same orbit with same speed in opposite direction is zero.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Net spin magnetic moment of two electrons on same axis with opposite spin is zero.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Two electrons having opposite spin on same axis passing through a positive core.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Structure of neon atom with electrons in third shell.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Structure of HCl molecule with sharing of electrons.

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Structure of water molecule with sharing of electrons.

Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Structure of Carbon dioxide molecule with sharing of electrons.