Development of Internet of Things Based Calorimeter Practicum Tool on Temperature and Heat

Measurement errors often occur when students are doing practicum and there is a lack of digital-based tools, especially the use of IoT. The purpose of this research is to develop a calorimeter practicum tool based on the internet of things on temperature & heat materials. This research and development use the ADDIE development model. At the analysis stage, a needs analysis was carried out and the problems encountered. At the design stage, starting with the design of the practicum tool and application. In the development stage, the practicum tools that have been made are tested on material experts, media experts. In the implementation phase, a field test was conducted on a small scale 14 respondents. In the evaluation stage, it is done by analyzed expert validation data, small-scale and large-scale tests. Data obtained from the observation were analyzed descriptively qualitatively. While the validation data were analyzed descriptively qualitatively and quantitatively. The recapitulation score from material experts is 91.8% (very good), media experts are 90.9% (very good), small-scale test is 76.8% (good), large-scale test is 85.08% (very good). So, it can be concluded that the calorimeter practicum tool based on the internet of things is suitable for use in the learning process.


Introduction
Physics is one of the branches of science that is based on facts, natural events/phenomena, thought results, and experimental results [1].Physics is not just a collection of knowledge in the form of facts, concepts, or principles but is also a process of discovery [2].This discovery process is obtained through practicum activities.Practicum is a learning activity that aims to give students the opportunity to test and apply theory using laboratory facilities and outside the laboratory.Practicum activities are carried out in order to improve the understanding of students, and mastery of student concepts, so that students are able to understand the concepts of physics and their relationships in everyday life.Practicum tools were created to provide a theory or use a theory to calculate a physical magnitude [3].Physics learning is carried out not only by delivering material, but must be supported through practicum activities so that the material presented is easier to understand and no longer has a nature abstract.Practicum activities can improve students' understanding and mastery of student concepts, students are able to understand physics concepts and their interrelationships in everyday life become the demands of physics learning [4].Practicum activities aim to train students to work in accordance with scientific procedures in order to acquire scientific skills, knowledge and value.Practicum activities can improve the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor abilities of students can also be trained with the use of practicum tools.
The advancement of information technology and learning technology is a development that we cannot deny its usefulness in this life, because these technological advances will develop accordingly with advances in science and technology education as a practice that refers to all forms of teaching and learning that utilize technology [5].With the technology used, it can make it easier for educators in the learning process and can attract the attention and interest of participants in the learning process.Digitalization technology can make it easier to use and can reduce some errors so that it can be used to overcome problems in learning so that during the learning process can be more effective and efficient, especially during practicum activities.Subagyo and Wartowo stated that the concept involves basic skills through scientific experiments that can be carried out and improved through practicum activities.
Practicum tools are used as a support in the teaching and learning process to make it easier to explain a subject concept.As explained by Arsyad, teaching aids are more specifically media and learning technology because they function only to demonstrate abstract subject matter [6].Teaching aids or educational practicum tools are tools that can help teachers make the student learning process more effective [7].Practicum tools are not only a support for student learning but also as a tool to help teachers in the teaching and learning process.The development of information technology has also produced many variations in the amount of media that contains information and knowledge that can be learned.Students and educators can choose a variety of media that can be studied according to the needs [8].
The development of informatics technology is entering the era of the internet of things (IoT).Internet of things is a concept that aims to expand the benefits of internet coverage that is connected continuously [9].Wasista explained that IoT can be developed with the intermediary of electronic devices such as Arduino, besides that IoT can be developed in applications using the Android operating system [10].The IoT is an interaction between sensors, connectivity, people, and processes.The Internet is able to connect various objects to communicate with each other and exchange information quickly, easily, and efficiently.The field of education can apply the use of the IoT, so that the existence of the IoT can provide a new color for the development of learning media innovation.One of the IoT can be applied to practicum tools, where the practicum tools used are equipped with sensors and for the data produced to be more accurate.The measurement results are displayed in digital form, which has been connected with a computer device or smartphone.With the development of the IoT it can not only be mandated to support theoretical learning activities but also support practical activities.
Based on the results of observations, educators use learning media by 89.5%.As many as 90.8% of students agree that practicum activities can facilitate the understanding of physics concepts and materials.Students never do practicum in physics subjects as much as 68.4%.Students who know about arduino and internet of things as much as 50%.Students never do calorimeter practicum activities as much as 98.7%.Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Education and Culture (Permendikbud) Number 37 of 2018, several competencies that must be achieved by students in learning physics are conducting experiments in some physics material.

Research Method
This research method uses research and development methods.The model used is the ADDIE model.Addie's development model is simpler and more organized in making learning products effectively, so that the resulting products can be better [11].The ADDIE development model consists of 5 stages, namely Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation [12].

Analyze
At this stage a literature study is carried out, and an analysis of needs.Literature studies are carried out as a basic reference in making developed products and as a reference to expand understanding of the background problems of the products developed.Needs analysis is carried out at one of the Bekasi State High Schools.

Design
This stage is an advanced stage of the analysis.At this stage, he carried out product design, starting from designing the icons and appearance needed in the application, designing internet of things practicum tools.

Develop
Continued with the product development stage using Arduino IDE software and MIT App Inventor.
Here are the results of the product development stage: a. Create practicum tool program code using Arduino IDE software.b.Designing an internet of things-based calorimeter practicum tool.c.Entering the program code that has been created into the calorimeter practicum tool, this stage is called verify and upload.d.Creating an application with several menus using the MIT App Inventor, this stage is called design.e. Code the application program on each application display, especially on the results and data menu, where the results and data menu will display measurements from practicum tools that have been made by connecting between bluetooth there is in a device with bluetooth smartphone, this stage is called blocks.f.Finally, downloading the application that has been created, this stage is called build.

Product Validation Test.
After making an internet of things-based calorimeter practicum tool, the product is tested for expert validation, namely material experts and media experts.The average expert validation score is interpreted into the criteria of the likert scale to determine the quality of the product.To find out the magnitude of the resulting percentage here is the formula used: Where:  = percentage number  = number of answers given  = the abundance of individuals It is then matched through the following assessment guidelines.After being revised based on expert input and advice, the product will be field tested on a small scale to students.This small-scale test was conducted on 14 learners.

Big Group
Tryout.After a small-scale trial, then the next is a large-scale trial, this large-scale trial was carried out with 145 respondents.

Evaluation
At this stage, the product is evaluated as a revision of the results of field trials.Deficiencies during field trials will result in a re-evaluation.The researcher will improve the product that has been developed.

Result and Discussion
In this practical tool there is a microcontroller and as well as two sensors.In practicum calorimeter the data needed namely temperature and mass, therefore this practicum tool uses temperature sensor and mass sensor (weight).Microcontroller used in it there is bluetooth and also Wifi, so it takes an application to view measurement data generated by both sensors.The resulting application is not only for viewing data measurement only, but there are various features in the application.The features contained in it are: The theory of temperature and heat matter, experimental procedures, as well as results and data sheets.This internet of things based practicum tool has been through various kinds of tests, namely validation tests by experts and field tests.Until the results show that this internet of things based practicum tool can facilitate understanding of material concepts so that learning is more effective and efficient and attract students to learn.Then, the data produced is more accurate than the data produced by conventional calorimeter practicum tools.

Validation Test Result
Expert validation tests are carried out to media experts and material experts.The results of the validation test show that the internet-based calorimeter practicum tool of things is considered very good and feasible to use.Here are the validation test results:

Product Implementation
The calorimeter tool that has been developed, then in a small-scale trial of 14 students and a largescale trial with 145 students.This implementation stage is carried out by presenting the results of the calorimeter tool and students trying the tool directly.Then, respondents assessed the calorimeter tool developed through a validation instrument that had been previously shared.Here are the percentage results of small-scale trials and large-scale trials.

Final Product Review
The resulting product is a set of calorimeter practicum tools consisting of a calorimeter tool and an Android application.The calorimeter practical tool developed is a tool for measuring the temperature and mass of substances or objects using the HX711 and DS18B20 sensors, and using the ESP32 microcontroller.Meanwhile, the android application contains theory about the calorimeter, visualization of experimental data in practicum activities.This practicum tool and application developed can be called an IoT-based calorimeter.

Discussion
The calorimeter practice tool based internet of things can help students understand concepts and materials, reduce errors in reading results and data, the accuracy of the results of the data displayed, and also can improve the quality of education with the collaboration between the learning process with technological developments.

Conclusion
Development of Internet of Things based calorimeter practicum tool on temperature and heat can be used as a source of learning and supports the learning process of calorimeter.This instructional media can also be used as a learning tool in the learning process in the classroom and individually because it has been through a validation process by the expertise.This learning media more efficient and can facilitate educators and students in the practicum because it is equipped with sensors that can produce accurate data and can replace the manual method.