STEM integrated electronic student worksheet to promote conceptual understanding and literacy skills of students

The development of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era requires students to have good literacy skills. The preliminary investigations at Senior High School 9 Padang showed that students’ literacy skills were still relatively low. This study investigated the effect of STEM integrated electronic student worksheet (STEM integrated ESW) to promote students’ conceptual understanding and literacy skills. We employed quasi-experimental research with a post-test-only design. A sample consist of 71 students was taken using the cluster random sampling technique. The post-test items and the literacy performance assessment sheet were used as data collection instruments. Data were analyzed using a comparison test of the two means of independent groups. The research revealed that the test on the conceptual understanding aspect obtained a t-test of 5.817. Aspects of data literacy skills obtained z test -6.085. In the aspect of technological literacy skills, the t-test value was obtained at 8.596. The analysis of students’ conceptual understanding and literacy skills showed that the experimental class average was superior to the control class. Thus, STEM integrated ESW has given significantly effects on students’ conceptual understanding and literacy skills. It is hoped that further researchers can develop similar products with different topics to optimize students’ literacy skills.


Introduction
Industrial revolution 4.0 is an increase in modern technology that can be implemented by advancing manufacturing technology.We can see that there is a growth in artificial intelligence and the development of digital systems rapidly [1].The development of digital systems utilizes technology for breakthroughs that positively impact education in Indonesia.Positive impacts can be obtained from various ways carried out by all groups, both government and academics.One of the ways utilized by scholastics is to plan mechanical developments that will be utilized within the learning preparation so that the targets of the 2013 curriculum can be satisfactorily accomplished.
The 2013 curriculum demands an educational process that develops students' potential.This potential is related to attitudes, conceptual understanding, and skills [2].For these demands to be met, it is necessary to plan for educators and students to apply technology well and make it a learning supporter.
Learning planning needs to be prepared as carefully as possible, especially during the current Covid-19 pandemic.
COVID-19 widespread has assaulted the instruction framework in Indonesia.This condition becomes a new challenge in learning activities.As a result, teachers and students interact and learn in online networks using virtual meetings (e.g.Zoom, Google meet).The transition to an online learning system requires students and teachers to be able to adapt to utilizing the Internet of Things (IoT).
The utilization of IoT can be applied to Information and Communication Technology (ICT).ICT is everything related to processing, manipulating, managing, and transferring information [3].Information and Communication Technology does not only discuss information and computer technology issues but also discusses communication/telecommunication technology.ICT includes radio, television, the internet, and even conferences via mobile phone screens.Thus, the application of ICT needs to be applied to learning.
The 21 st -century skills can meet the challenges of Industrial Revolution 4.0.Literacy skills are part of the 21 st -century skill.Literacy that is suitable for responding to the challenges of this era is technological literacy and data literacy.Data is the capacity to investigate data and get, analyze, and conclude information [4].Technological literacy is the capability to ace how machines work and innovation applies [5].This new literacy is needed because new literacy is closely related to the use of digital technology demanded in this revolution.
The real conditions found at Senior High School 9 Padang are not the expected ideal conditions.There were problems gathered in a preliminary study, namely: 1) lack of use of the electronic student worksheet in the learning process; 2) STEM integration in the textbooks used by students is quite sufficient; 3) students' low understanding of the work and energy materials; 4) data literacy skills are still quite adequate and technological literacy skills are classified as lacking.Thus, a solution to solve this problem is needed.
The subject of energy is one of the upper-school science learning topics in the 2013 curriculum.Energy is a scientific concept with broad application in life since it exists in many forms, including light, sound, gravitational, and kinetic energy, and it can potentially be changed into different kinds of energy required by society [6][7].Because it relied on fossil fuels, the current energy infrastructure is unmanageable, emphasizing the urgency of sustainable energy growth [7][8].This topic is essential for assisting students to comprehend the notion of energy and the importance of environmental sustainability.Therefore, the declining supply of energy, it is necessary to establish scientific literacy on the notion of energy [7] [9].
Starting from real conditions and ideal conditions, it is hoped that there will be problems in learning.It is important to make efforts to solve this problem.The solution to this problem is to look at the effect of using STEM integrated ESW which can improve students' data literacy and technological literacy skills.
From the solutions proposed, three theoretical studies need to be done.The first theoretical study relates to the ESW.An ESW is a worksheet that is packaged digitally and is carried out systematically and continuously [10].The ESW comprises title components, and consider informational, fundamental competencies, supporting data, assignments, and evaluations.The instructions contained in the ESW will make students build conceptual understanding, develop thinking, and practice skills [11].The utilize of an ESW can promote students' understanding of the concepts and students' excitement for learning preparation [12].
The second theoretical study relates to STEM education.STEM education is learning that merges science, technology, engineering, and mathematics related to everyday life [13].The integration of STEM can improve conceptual understanding and literacy skills because it can motivate students to find various cases in everyday life [14].Students who study with a STEM education will have significantly better multi-representation abilities than those without the approach [15].
The third theoretical study relates to data literacy and technological literacy.Data literacy includes the capability to understand data, write data, and archive data.The data mastery is not only quantitative but also qualitative [16].Technological literacy is related to the capability to get the work of machines and innovation applies.Technology is additionally a follow-up to advanced education, emphasizing the need of recognizing social media [17].
Previous research by Asrizal stated that there were contrasts in learning results within the test gathered compared to the control group.This states that there's an impact of STEM-integrated Emodules on understudy learning results [18].Further relevant research by Dewi said that the results obtained that STEM-based student worksheets on work and energy materials are more suitable to be used to identify and improve high school students critical thinking skills.This can be gotten from factual tests within the test class of 0.53 within the medium category and the control course within the low category [19].In line with Satriani's inquiry about expressed that problem-based venture learning with a STEM approach can appear understudies show concepts, standards, science, innovation, designing, and arithmetic are utilized in a coordinates way to create items, forms, and frameworks that are useful to human life [20].
Starting from the foundation of the issues that have been portrayed, it can be stated that research on the effect of using STEM integrated ESW needs to be carried out.Analysis of the quality of the STEM integrated ESW that has been developed needs to find the level of quality.This study aims to examine the impact of utilizing a STEM integrated ESW on conceptual understanding, data literacy, and technology literacy.

Research methods
Quasi-experimental was employed in this study.The researcher does not have full control over the object of research, because the object of this research is humans.This study was conducted to determine whether or not there is a result of a treatment given to the subject or research sample [21].
This research design is simple (Post-test Only Design).In the design, there are two groups, each of which is chosen randomly (R).The experiment group was given treatment (X) and the other gather was not.The treatment given to the experimental class was given the application of STEM integrated ESW in work and energy, and the control class was not given, and as it was utilized books given at school.The investigation plan can be seen in Table 1.

Table1. Research design
The populations are all students in 10 th grade at senior high school 9 Padang registered in semester 2 of the 2021/2022 academic year.The test comprised two classes, specifically the experimental class and the control class.The test took by the cluster random sampling technique since all classes had broken even with capability.Thus, science 3 in 10 th grade is the experimental class science 1 in 10 th grade is the control class.
Data is a collection of real material that is used as a guide in a study.Sources are divided into two based on the source: primary sources and secondary sources.A primary source is data that is given directly from the data source to the data collector.Secondary sources are data that are not directly provided from data sources to data collectors.In this study, the primary source is the influence of STEM integrated ESW on learning outcomes in conceptual understanding aspects, and data on performance assessment of data literacy skills and technological literacy.While the secondary data in this study were initial observations regarding the use of the e-student worksheet in schools, analysis of STEM integration in student textbooks, students' abilities in work and energy materials, and the application of data literacy skills and technological literacy in schools.
The stages of data analysis in this study are 1) a comparison test of two means using a two-party independent t-test.This test is utilized if both classes are normally distributed and have homogeneous variance.2) the Mann-Whitney test is a nonparametric test used to determine the difference in the median of the two classes.This test is utilized in case the two classes are not normally distributed and don't have a homogeneous variance.

The effect of STEM integrated ESW on conceptual understanding
Understudy learning results were measured utilizing an instrument in the form of a test after the use of a STEM integrated ESW on work and energy topics.This latest test was given to the two classes at the end of the research activity.The comes about of statistical calculations of the two samples can be described in Table 2. From Table 2 it can be portrayed that within the angle of conceptual understanding, the two classes have distinctive average values.These results show that the experimental class is higher than the control class.The comparison test of two averages is used to see if the difference in the assessment of aspects of the two classes is meaningful or not.Based on Table 2, it can be stated that the two classes are normally distributed and have homogeneous variance.Speculation testing was carried out employing a comparison test of two averages.The value obtained after statistical analysis is = 5.817, the value of it for df = n-2 is t-table = 1.995.The t value obtained is 5.817 and the t value is in the rejection area of Ho so it can be said that Hi is accepted at the 0.05 level of significance.In the initial data of student conceptual understanding, it was found that both classes had the same ability before using the STEM integrated ESW.Therefore, STEM integrated ESW has a significant effect on students' conceptual understanding aspect.

The effect of STEM integrated ESW on data literacy skills
Data literacy skills competency data was obtained during practical activities.Assessment on this aspect uses a performance assessment with an instrument within the frame of a scoring rubric.Data analysis of the assessment of the aspects of students' data literacy skills is described in the form of graphs to see aspects of data literacy skills based on indicators.Indicators of data literacy skills include 1) reading data (RD), 2) collecting data (CD), 3) analyzing data (AD), and 4) concluding the results of data analysis (DA).The mean score for students' practical activity data literacy indicators is in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Learning outcomes aspects of student data literacy skills
Starting from Figure 1, it can be explained that the aspect of data literacy skills in the control and experimental classes, shows that the comparison of students' data literacy skills values is higher in the From the data in Table 3, three results can be stated.First, the average value of the experimental class students' skill aspect assessment was higher than the control class.Second, both the experimental and control classes lack homogenous variance and are not normally distributed.Third, in the comparison test of the two averages, the test is used to identify the findings of the hypothesis testing.The value of Z obtained is -6.085 <-1.96 and the value of Z is not in the area of acceptance of Ho so it can be said that Hi is accepted with a significant level of 0.05.The initial data on students' data literacy skills found that both classes had the same ability before using the STEM integrated ESW.However, after the STEM integrated ESW was given to the experimental class, there were significant differences between the two classes.As a result, various components of students' data literacy skills are significantly impacted by the implementation of STEM integrated ESW.

The effect of STEM integrated ESW on technological literacy skills
Competency data for technological literacy skills were obtained during practical activities using a performance assessment sheet with an instrument in the form of a scoring rubricate collection was carried out for both sample classes using the same instrument.Data analysis of the assessment of the technological literacy skills of students is described in the form of a graph to see the technological literacy skills aspect of each technological literacy indicator.Indicators of technological literacy skills include 1) virtual laboratories and experimental sets (VL), 2) using modern tools (MT), 3) accessing the internet (AI), and 4) using teaching material sources e-student worksheet (SW).The typical score students achieved on the technology literacy indicator during practical activities is seen in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Learning outcomes aspects of students' technological literacy skills
In Figure 2 it can be explained that the data from the assessment of technological literacy skills were analyzed in graphical form to explain the meaning of the data.The experimental class that received  treatment and the control class that received no treatment differed in their levels of technological literacy.Based on the findings of the aforementioned analysis, it can be concluded that the adoption of the STEM integrated ESW can increase their interest in engaging in experimental activities.The results of statistical calculations from the two samples can be described in Table 4. Table 4 shows that the experimental class's standard deviation is larger than that of the control class.This demonstrates that the experimental class and the control class are in value.The findings of the hypothesis testing were determined using the t-test because the data were normally distributed with homogeneous variance.The t value obtained is 8.596 and the t value is not in the Ho acceptance area, so it can be said that Hi is accepted at the 0.05 level of significance.The initial data on students' technological literacy skills found that both classes had the same ability before using STEM integrated ESW.However, after the STEM integrated ESW was given to the experimental class, there were significant differences between the two classes.As a result, the usage of STEM integrated ESW significantly impacted the pupils' technological literacy abilities.
The application of STEM integrated ESW has a considerable impact on areas of student conceptual comprehension, according to the first research finding that has been made.The significance of the component of pupils' mental comprehension before being treated was only categorized as sufficient, but after being given treatment the student's value became a good category.This is evident from the experimental class students' high average value on the conceptual understanding aspect when compared to the control class.After a statistical assessment of hypothesis testing was carried out, it was found that there was an effect of implementing a STEM integrated ESW on the assessment of aspects of student conceptual understanding.This is consistent with Umbara's research [22], which found that using STEM-based E-Modules can have an impact on the value of student conceptual knowledge gained from enhancing student learning outcomes.Therefore, the application of STEM integrated ESW will improve student conceptual comprehension in several ways.
The application of an ESW can enhance pupils' conceptual comprehension.Online-based worksheets will stimulate students' interests and abilities in learning, motivate, and practice skills, and can stimulate students' willingness to learn [23][24].ESW products are very interesting with lots of illustrations, learning videos, and STEM aspects in it that will simplify things for students in the learning process and improve their creative thinking skills [25][26].Based on previous research, the use of computers and the internet can improve students' conceptual understanding and skills [27].Thus, learning using STEMintegrated ESW will improve aspects of students' conceptual understanding and skills.
Data literacy abilities are impacted by the STEM integrated ESW.Mathematics is a sign of the STEM component since it involves using data, interpreting data, conveying data analysis findings, and drawing conclusions from data [28].According to Styasih's research, STEM-based worksheets will strengthen pupils' ties to mathematics.[29].The four components of STEM must be integrated into the learning process for students to engage in STEM learning, which can motivate them to comprehend and manipulate natural phenomena, use technology, and deduce conclusions from data [30].Thus, the STEM integrated ESW will be able to improve students' data literacy skills based on the STEM components.
The application of STEM integrated ESW influences technological literacy.This is in line with Satriana's research which explained that students can demonstrate concepts, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics by using teaching materials [20].This can improve students' technological literacy skills.In subsequent research, Zeyny said that there was a significant influence on new literacy using the STEM approach on students' abilities [31].Indicators that can affect students' technological literacy are contained in the components of the technology aspect.Technology has 4 indicators including using virtual laboratories, using the internet, using computers, and applying technology concepts in everyday life [27] [32].So, the STEM integrated ESW affects students' technological literacy skills.
The integration of STEM integrated ESW has enhanced 21 st -century skills.Students' skills can be improved in conceptual understanding, data literacy skills, and technological literacy.The integration of STEM into ESW in physics learning is the main feature of this ESW as a differentiator from others research.STEM education can create active and meaningful learning.This happens when physics learning is based on real-world contexts in everyday life [33].To increase students' data literacy and technical literacy, the ESW promotes the integration of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics into daily life.

Conclusion
According to the findings of statistical analyses, there was a substantial difference between pupils who used STEM integrated ESW and those who did not.The diversity can be seen from the results of the acquisition of conceptual understanding tests, data literacy skills, and technological literacy skills.This suggests that the use of STEM integrated ESW on work and energy topics has a significant effect on students' conceptual understanding, data literacy, and technological literacy skills.Thus, this research is expected to be a reference for further researchers so that it has a good impact on education at the times.

Table 2 .
Data analysis on conceptual understanding aspect

Table 3 .
experimental class compared to the control class.The indicator that has the highest average value is the indicator of reading data in the experimental class.The indicator concludes that the results of data analysis have the lowest average of 61.67 in the control class.The results of statistical calculations from the two samples can be described in Table3.Results of data analysis on aspects of data literacy skills

Table 4 .
Results of data analysis on aspects of technological literacy skills