Analysis of The Susceptibility Value Dry Ink (Toner) From Raw Material Iron Sand Pasie Nan Tigo Beach and Rice Husk Biomass

The competition engaged in manufacture of the dry ink industry (toner) is increasing, with many types of dry ink (toner) emerging from various brands. This makes each brand compete to try to create quality dry ink. However, this is not easy, because raw material for making dry ink is expensive and stickiness of dry ink on the paper can change if the material is modified. The dry ink in this study was made by modifying the raw materials using natural mineral magnetic (Fe3O4) from the iron sand of Pasie Nan Tigo beach, activated carbon from rice husks biomass, and organic polymer Acacia Senegal. Taking into account the mixture of three raw materials in made of dry ink (toner) will affect the characteristics of dry ink (toner), one of the characteristics affected is the large content of magnetic minerals (Fe3O4) in it, it is necessary to test the value of susceptibility in dry ink (toner) to see the amount of magnetic minerals that are still present in the dry ink after mixing. The tool used for testing magnetic susceptibility values here is Bartington Magnetic Susceptibility MS2B. The purpose of this study is to produce quality dry ink with good dry ink paste power (toner) with based the characteristics of the susceptibility value of the dryink (toner). This research method uses extraction and coprecipitation methods and emulsion polymerization methods to increase the strength of the stickiness dry ink (toner) on paper. The results of characterization obtained by range 11924.60 x 10−8m3/kg until 27916.97 x 10−8m3/kg.


Introduction
The development of technology which is so dynamic on all sides is a challenge for the field of science and technology.One of the fields of technology that is developing rapidly lately is the field of material engineering to obtain effective and efficient materials [1].This is marked by the emergence of various kinds of advanced technology in the printing industry using laser printers.To produce laser printer prints using dry ink (toner).Every year there are always new innovations in the industry engaged in making dry ink (toner) to create quality ink, this is because sales of dry ink (toner) are predicted to reach 3 billion dollars annually [2] [3].However, this is not easy, because the raw materials for making dry ink (toner) are quite expensive, coupled with the presence of hazardous and sensitive chemicals if contaminated by humans.So innovation is needed to develop harmless dry ink (toner) with lower production costs and high-quality prints [4].
Before creating new innovations in the making of dry ink (toner) we must know the ingredients contained in the making of this dry ink.Usually, there are three main ingredients in the manufacture of dry ink (toner), the first is a pigment as a dye, a resin as a binder, and a solvent.The material chosen must refer to several things such as having low viscosity and being volatile, so that when printing occurs, the heating that occurs in the fuser will cause the solvent to evaporate so that the resin contained in it will set the pigment in the printout [5][6].According to the results of X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Fluorescence analysis, dry ink (toner) containing magnetic minerals magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) of as much as 95.01%.The use of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), in dry ink (toner), so that the ink can be magnetized easily when exposed to static electricity from a laser printer so that the paper can attract dry ink (toner).When the paper passes through the fuser, the dry ink (toner) containing polymer will melt and stick firmly to the paper fibers [7].Besides magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), dry ink (toner) is made of the main raw material is carbon, this carbon is usually mixed with some addictive substances such as styrene acrylate copolymer and hydrocarbon and cerium resins oxide as a material to improve print quality and adhesion [8][9] [10].
The ingredients contained in this dry ink (toner) can be obtained from natural materials, such as the magnetic mineral magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) which can be obtained from iron sand from the beach, while carbon is made by methods such as carbonation and activation of natural materials such as rice husk waste, which makes it possible to produce quality, effective, efficient and most importantly safe dry ink (toner) [11].Then it is also supported by the ease of obtaining these raw materials found in various places.
One of the places that contains a lot of iron sand is in the area throughout parts of the South Coast of Java, West Nusa Tenggara and Sumatra [12].West Sumatera in particular has many beaches containing iron sand such as the Pasia Nan Tigo Beach.According to the results of exploration and measurements with X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Fluorescence and susceptibility value, stated that the magnetic mineral content found in the iron sand of Pasie Nan Tigo beach is magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) with a cubic structure, hematite (αFe 2 O 3 ) with a hexagonal structure, and ilmenite (FeTiO 3 ), by percentage of Fe 2 O 3 as much as 20.608% and SiO 2 as much as 50.08% while the susceptibility value was 12445.53x10 - m³/kg [13][14][15] [16].Based on these results, iron sand from Pasie Nan Tigo beach has characteristics that are suitable to be used as a raw material for making dry ink (toner) as in previous research on the manufacture of dry ink with magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) as a base material, and also the previous identification of the susceptibility values of various brands of dryink (toner) made by factories has a range of values ranging from 11.80 x 10 -8 m³/kg to 21194.77x 10¯8m³/kg [9][17] [18].
Apart from the mineral magnetite from iron sand originating from the beach, the other main raw material is carbon which is used as a black coloring pigment in dryink (toner).Carbon particles of a certain size are expected to be able to produce an even distribution and dispersion pattern so as to maintain and even improve the quality of the resulting print [19].Carbon can be obtained from burning biomass waste, one of the biomass wastes that can be utilized is rice husk waste.This is based on the content of chemical compounds in it such as cellulose (38%), lignin (22%), hemicellulose (18%), and inorganic silica (17-20%) which can be converted into carbon [20].This is also supported by the large supply of rice husk biomass waste as evidenced by data on Indonesian rice consumption every year of more than 54 million tons, so processing rice into rice will produce a total amount of rice husk waste of more than 10.8 million tons [21].
As for the polymer used, the type of organic polymer is Acacia Senegal or also known as Gom Arab which is a natural resin from the resin of the acacia tree with a function as an adhesive and increases the adhesion force or attraction between two dissimilar particles.This type is dry ink (toner) with paper and so that the distribution of particle adhesion is more evenly distributed [22].Taking into account the presence of a mixture of three ingredients in the manufacture of dry ink will change characteristics of dry ink (toner), one of the characteristics that will change is the amount of magnetic mineral content in it, so it is necessary to test the susceptibility value of dryink (toner) to see the amount of magnetic minerals that exist after mixing using the Bartington Magnetic Susceptibility.Based on research that has been done by (Irvan, 2010) that the value of magnetic minerals has a significant influence on the quality of dryink (toner), it is necessary to measure susceptibility value to analyze the effect of the susceptibility of dryink (toner) on the characteristics of the toner that has been made [7].

Materials and Methods
This research is focused on the synthesis and characterization of the magnetic mineral type magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) contained in the iron sands of Pasie Nan Tigo beach combined with rice husk biomass and organic polymer material Acacia Senegal used as dry ink (toner).The iron sand is first purified by extraction and then using the chemical coprecipitation method to get the magnetic minerals.Rice husk biomass is first carbonated in a low oxygen furnace ata temperature of 300 o C for three hours to become biocarbon, then the carbon is activated using NaOH.Emulsion polymerization method will be used in this synthesis to combine three materials magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ), activated carbon, organic polymer Acacia Senegal where there are 6 types of variations in dry ink (toner) results obtained, with variations in composition where the activated carbon is varied from 5gr, 10gr, 20gr, 30gr, 40gr, 50gr with a fixed composition of Acacia Senegal organic polymer as much as 5gr and magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) as much as 10gr.The merging process is carried out on a magnetic stirrer at a temperature of 70 o C-80 o C for 60 minutes.After the merging process is complete, the drying process is carried out for 3 hours in an oven at 100 o C. Characterization of dryink (toner) using MS2B to measure the susceptibility of the dryink (toner).Magnetic acceptability was measured at two frequencies, at 470 Hz ) and at 4700 Hz ) respectively.Dry ink samples (toner) were measured in 6 different composition variations, 5grams, 10grams, 20grams, 30grams, 40grams, 50grams.Table 1 shows the measurement data ).The value of ranges from 11924.60 x 10 -8 m 3 /kg to 27916.97 x 10 -8 m 3 /kg.The lowest susceptibilitys was possessed by samples with a composition variation of 50 grams.The magnetic mineral used in the manufacture of dry ink (toner) is a magnetic mineral from natural iron sands of Pasie Nan Tigo Padang beach with a susceptibility of 12445.53x 10 -8 m³/kg and combined with activated carbon and organic polymer Acacia Senegal makes the value of susceptibility change, it proves that the mixing affects the value of susceptibility in the dry ink (toner) sample.This is thought to be due to the influence of magnetic minerals mixed together with activated carbon and Acacia Senegal organic polymers which are diamagnetic and also due to the influence of inhomogeneous types of minerals contained in them.The results of measuring the value of susceptibility showed that the sample consisted of the mineral magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) as found in Hunt et al, (1995) that the magnetite mineral had a mass susceptibility between 20000 x 10 -8 m 3 /kg to 140000 x 10 8 m 3 /kg.The magnetic sesceptibility value decreases with each addition of activated carbon, as shown in figure 4. The magnetic susceptibility value depending on the frequency of each grain size distribution can be seen in Table 1.This parameter is a representation of the concentration of superparamagnetic minerals in the sample Tamuntuan et al, (2010) and is calculated based on the equation: x 100% In table 1 it is seen that all variations in the composition of dry inks (toners) have superparamagnetic mineral concentrations.It is stated by (Dearing,1996) for the value of between 2% to 10% is a medium with the information that the material is a blend of superparamagnetic minerals and coarse grains, or superparamagnetic granules < 0.05 μm.The highest value was obtained in a 40% variation sample at medium grain size, which was 8.68%.

Conclusion
Based on research results of the susceptibilities of dry inks (toners) with magnetic mineral raw materials from Pasie Nan Tigo beach iron sand and Acasia Senegal organic polymers, it can be concluded that the susceptibilities value of magnetic minerals in dry inks (toners) is influenced by the addition of activated carbon composition added in the manufacture of dry inks (toners).The susceptibilities value decreases with each addition of activated carbon, which is presumed because activated carbon materials are diamagnetic

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Plot Relationship Between the Value of Composition Variation and the Low Field (Xlf) Value and Frequency Depending % values range from 11924.60 x 10 -8 m 3 /kg to 27916.97 x 10 -8 m 3 /kg x10 -8 m 3 /kg.