Helium as a major portion of the dark matter and the cell structure of the universe

One of the unsolved problems in physics is called dark matter. It should be called non-shining matter or invisible matter in order to include transparent matter. We will review the discovery of the dark matter and various explanations, some of which state that dark matter consists of baryons. In this article, we will discuss the possibility of ⁴He as the transparent matter, including claims against and in favor of this idea and various implications, particularly on the evolution of galaxies, galaxy clusters, galaxy superclusters and the large cell structure of the universe. This necessitates a few paradigm shifts regarding the big bang, the black holes, rotation and more. We explain the contradictions in the paradigms accepted at present before deriving the new substitute paradigms suggested in this article. The big-bang theory is replaced with a relativistic expansion of the universe that increases the calculated time since the cosmic microwave background radiation about six times. Quasars and supermassive active galactic nuclei were and are additional factories that produce helium and disperse it in huge jets. Together these phenomena enable the production of helium in sufficient amounts to be the long time sought for transparent matter which is erroneously called dark matter.

As a result, new explanations are obtained for the cell structure of the universe, the structure of galaxies and galaxy clusters, and for their evolution.