Recent Developments and Future Scopes of Electrical Vehicles in Power Market on Covid-19 Pandemic situation

The largest source of climate pollution in the world is transportation. To solve the climate crisis, we need to make the vehicles on our roads as clean as possible. We have only a decade left to change the way we use energy to avoid the worst impacts of climate change. Emissions from cars and trucks are not only bad for our planet; they’re bad for our health. Air pollutants from gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles cause asthma, bronchitis, cancer, and premature death. The long-term health impacts of localized air pollution last a lifetime, with the effects borne out in asthma attacks, lung damage, and heart conditions. As the COVID-19 pandemic — a respiratory disease — continues to spread, a study by Harvard University found a striking association between long-term exposure to harmful fine particulate matter and COVID-19 mortality in the United States One of the primary causes of fine particulate matter pollution (PM2.5) is combustion from gasoline and diesel car engines. So in this paper we are mainly focused on development of Electrical Vehicles and what are problems to implementation in India. We have discussed different types of Government policies and future scope policies which have been taken by government. From this paper researchers will get clear idea of future of Non Pollutant Vehicles. So this paper is very important in Covid-19 pandemic situations because we will safe and secure from these types of pandemic disease only if our environment will be free from air pollution which creates by conventional vehicles.


Introduction
Rapid urbanization coupled with adoption of mechanized transportation modes has resulted in high emissions of Green House Gases that goes on to impact Global warming. The IPCC has warned that world will see catastrophic climate change. India's per capita emissions are still considered low at 1.9 tonnes (2013) but its total emissions are next to China and the US and is likely to overtake those EU by 2019 and get first position within 2025. Now it is time to save environment to save our green earth. For that reasons EV will plays a vital role to reduced emission of pollutant gases from conventional gases. So lot of developments are going for EV and its charging station that this transportation will become lifeline of our transportation. This paper will be highlighting about this facts and figures of development of "EV". As While comparing the Indian cities for their emission scores, Delhi is on top as the biggest emitter at over 38.38 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent overall emissions, followed by Greater Mumbai at 22.7 million tonnes and Chennai at 22.1 million tonnes, Kolkata at 14.8million tonnes, Bangalore at 19.8million tonnes, Hyderabad at 13. 7 million tonnes and Ahmadabad at 9million tonnes were the other cities whose emissions for the year were calculated sector wise. [1] As per the statistics of Transport Department (GNCTD), total number of vehicles in Delhi is more than the combined total vehicles in Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata. Delhi has 85 private cars per 1000 population against the national average of 8 cars per 1000 population. In terms of CO2 emissions due to motor vehicles, Delhi emits about 12.4 million tonnes while the city of Bangalore emits about 8.6 million tonnes. For this statistic it is necessary to switch our transportation to"EV" in every states of India. Now it comes the requirement of proper design of charging station. If charging Indian Govt has taken lot of policies on EV. After researching we seen that govt has taken lot of policies like 

Electrical vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE):-
An EVSE is a wall mounted box that supplies electric energy for recharging of EV batteries. Also EVSE have a safety lock-out feature that does not allow current to flow from the device until the plug is physically inserted into the car. EVSEs can be customized with added features like authentication, integrated payment gateways, software for remote monitoring. As electric vehicle charging technology continues to advance, several standards and guidelines have become widely accepted across the industry. This section paper gives a brief overview of charging infrastructure technology, standards, and terminology in modern years. This research is totall based on Indian EV market.

Research of Different types of EV:-
Our country has given more focused in EV. If research will stay only pen and paper that never be improved our society /country .For that reasons what we have seen that we have to more focus on Charging of EV. Nowadays our automobile sector invest huge capitals their business in EV (Tata ,Mahindra,Teyota,Hero, Honda, Hundai etc). Union Road Transport Minister Nitin Gadkari (Webinar :-"India's Electric Vehicle Roadmap Post COVID-19",15-16 th June)stated that India will be a manufacturing hub for electric vehicles within the next five years, adding that several countries do not want to deal with China after the COVID-19 crisis which can be an 3 opportunity for India. The minister addressed to Indian automotive companies to boost their electric vehicle technology and also to focus on finding alternatives to lithium-ion battery tech to help make India the next global manufacturing hub for electric vehicles because China is the top in terms of electric vehicle production in the world with it producing over 80 percent of all EVs globally. The country has the fourth largest reserves of lithium in the world hence giving it a monopoly in the lithium-ion cell market. Lithium-ion battery packs are currently used the most for powering from small electric two-wheelers to electric commercial vehicles. So Govt has taken a policies of EV National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 (2013 taken), National Energy Security Plan, Parish Agreement etc by targeting year 2030.We know that this a new Concept, so we have tried to do integrated and collaborative research with different agencies which reflects in this paper.[10,11,12,13,14]

Electric Vehicles in Indian Market:-
The automobile industry and Indian car manufacturers are working on Make in India mission of electric Vehicles under the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan by GOI.EV industry in India will produce more number of bikes, electric cars and electric three-wheelers over the next two decades. According to NEMM plan India is much more focused on hybrid and EV in country with an aim to reduced fuel consumption, pollution of Environment. Automobile sector as well as environment can be survived if focused only on EV. Some companies are already started their business on EV, just like 6(a) Different types of Electric Vehicals

Tata Electric:-
Tata Motors launched Hybrid and electric Star bus from manufacturing facility in Pune under its zero emission mass transport solution. Tata offers a wide range of electric vehicles and contributing to the electric vehicle industry in India with Tata Tigor electric car, Ultra Electric bus, Star bus Hybrid Electric Buses for cleaner and greener public transportation.

Mahindra Electric:-
Mahindra Electric Mobility Limited is based in Bangalore, sells electric vehicles in the segments of passenger and cargo as well as into the manufacturing of compact electric vehicles.
Earlier Reva electric company was acquired by Mahindra & Mahindra and today the company has launched Mahindra e2o, electric hatchback e2oPlus, eVerito sedan, commercial electric e-Supro and upcoming electric version of the KUV100. Ashok Leyland is one of the largest bus manufacturer in the world and market leader of trucks in India. The company has already launched fully electric bus called Circuit in India, advanced non-plugin version of HYBUS, Electric Euro 6 Truck and announced iBUS.

Olectra -BYD Green E-Bus:-
Olectra Greentech is one of the market leaders of manufacturing electric buses, designed with BYD for Indian roads. The electric bus manufacturer BYD venture with Olectra has introduces electric buses in Hyderabad, Pune, Telangana and Delhi plus continue to electrify Indian E-BUS market.

Ola Electric:-
Ola has launched multimodal electric vehicle project in Nagpur under the Mission Electric and also running electric public transport vehicles in India. The home-grown company is also plans for launching 10,000 e rickshaws in India as well as invest in setting up charging stations of electric vehicles in major Indian cities.

KONA Electric:-
Kona Electric vehicle by Hyundai is India's first fully electric SUV priced at 25.3 lakh (ex-showroom, India). The SUV is loaded with Android Smartphone connectivity, Google navigation system and USB entertainment features along with wireless phone charging. Hyundai is not only offering power packed driving experience of KONA Electric SUV but also planning to install EV charging facilities in India by Partnering with IOCL at fuel stations.

Hero Electric:-
Hero Electric is the biggest manufacturer of electric scooters in India with a vision of providing electric mobility to nation. The market leader of the Indian Electric industry in Two Wheeler segment, offering wide range of electric vehicles to Indian such as Photon, flash la, optima and hero electric nyx.

Emflux Motors:-
producing high performance electric motorcycle named as Emflux One, The superbike hasn't launched yet in the country but expected to launching in India around December 2019.

Okinawa Electric :-
Okinawa Auto-tech is a popular Indian electric two wheeler manufacturing company with an aim of contributing absolutely zero emission to the green society and new technologies in Indian automobile industry

6.10Menza Motors
A Menza motor is an electric automobile company based in Ahmadabad city has launched its first electric motorcycle, the Lucat in India.

Lohia Auto
Lohia Auto is one of the leading e-rickshaw companies in India along with Mahindra, TVS, Bajaj and Atul Auto. Electric Rickshaw has become very popular In India .There are other companies also launching e-scooters and electric bikes in India such as Another Energy, Okinawa Electric, Atom Electric, Emflux Electric, 22  Electric cars are becoming more popular in India with energy stored in rechargeable batteries as well as plug in electric variety of charging stations. Nissan Leaf and Tesla are the top two best selling electric car in the world, here is the list of upcoming electric cars in India.  Tata Altroz EV  Mahindra eKUV100  Maruti Suzuki WagonR EV  Nissan Leaf EV  MG eZS  Tesla Model S  Audi e-Tron  Ford Aspire EV But EV will be popular among the peoples only when proper EV charging system will be established everywhere of country where it is required just like liquid fuel filling stations. So now our research will be focused on EVEC.

III-(Research on:-Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE))
8. The main requirement of develop and practical implementation and popular of EV, we have to main focused on Charging station and battery chargers. In this paper we have to focus on charging station. After research we seen that maximum EV used in 3W, which are charged by private home based slow charges which creates uneconomical to owners.  Charging batteries of privately owned cars through domestic charging points. Billing is mostly part of home/domestic metering AC "Slow" Charging: The home private chargers are generally used with 230V/15A single phase plug which can deliver a maximum of up to about 2.5KW of power. The EVSE supplies AC current to the vehicle's onboard charger which in turn converts the AC power to DC allowing the battery to be charged.

Public Charging
For charging outside the home premises, electric power needs to be billed and payment needs to be collected The power drawn by these chargers may need to be managed from time to time.

DC "Fast" Charging
DC current is sent to the electric car's battery directly via the charge port. FC chargers (usually 50 KW or more) can supply 100 or more kilometres of range per hour of charging The fast chargers would generally be used as a top-up, rather than fully charging vehicles. These are Important for cab companies and corporate users who have a fleet of electric cars.

Location of Public Charging stations
 At least one charging Station should be available in a grid 3KM X3 KM.  One fast charging station is set up at every25Km on both sides of highways roads.  Priority should be given existing in retails outlets(ROs) of Oil Marketing companies(OMCs) for Fast Charging station  New entrepreneur should be given preference for LFCSEV 9.2 Maintained Data base  Central Electricity Authority (CEA) shall create and maintain a national online database of all the public Charging Stations through DISCOMs.  Big data and cloud computing should be implemented for proper monitoring for security purposes.

Tariff for supply of electricity to EV Public Charging Stations:
 The tariff for supply of electricity to EV Public Charging Station shall be determined by the appropriate commission, provided however that the tariff shall not be more than the average cost of supply plus 15 (fifteen) percent.

An Overview of EV progress in West Bengal:-
i) West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee has said the state government has been emphasising on e-buses to protect the environment and reduce air pollution. West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee has said the state government has been emphasising on electric buses (E-Buses) and ferries as modes of transportation to protect the environment and reduce air pollution. The West Bengal Transport Corporation (WBTC) has recently introduced a fleet of e-buses to connect the city to its suburbs and the department has plans to have as many as 5,000 e-buses by 2030, an official said.

Scopes (Advantages):-
 Electric Vehicles are around 3-5 times more efficient than internal combustion Vehicles in utilising energy.  Electric Vehicles save energy by regenerative braking .Around 30-70% of the energy used for propulsion can be recovered with higher percentages applicable to stop and go city driving.  Air qualities of different megacities are no longer healthy due automobile related pollution and it also creates green house gas effects also. Solution is only replacement of automobile industry by EV because EV run on electricity produced from non-polluting sources of energy like hydro, solar, wind, tidal and nuclear; they reduce emissions due to vehicles almost zero.  The need to be independent off a fossil-fuel based economy. India import crude oil imports for 2014-15 was 112 billion dollars (Approximately 7, 00,000 cores rupees and 2017-18 is 48, 00,000 core rupees. So India can become a global provider for clean mobility solutions and processes that are affordable and scalable that is EV Industry.  EV reduces noise pollution which is a nuisance in metro cities.  Through smart charging, EV can help to balance the balance supply variations in the electricity grid and provide a buffer against electricity supply failures.  Electric vehicles have much fewer moving parts as compared to vehicles with IC engines. Thus being simpler, they are cheaper and easier to maintain.  Electric motors can deliver high torque at low speeds. As a result; electric vehicles deliver much better performance while starting Off and on slopes than IC engine-power vehicles.  Huge business can be established in Electric Vehicles, Hybrid Vehicles in Automobile Industry thus increasing our GDP.

Limitations:-
Switching to our automobile industry in clean, clear, green industry is today's first priority to survive and save green environment, green earth, and its creatures. Only solution to switchover Electrical Vehicles Industry but some problems are still remaining.
 Lack of Charging Infrastructure:-The charging infrastructure for electric vehicles in India has not been fully developed .So practical implementation is essential otherwise our dream will be only dream to save our earth from pollutions.  Cost: -The cost of EVs is very high mainly due to the cost of Li-ion cells. The battery packs are imported and a cost a lot, about $275/KWh in India. Then GST 28% is applicable which increases cost of batteries. So lot of research is required in battery efficiency and FSEV. Most of EV (4W) cost between Rs 6-50 lakhs(depends of company, facilities),3W(0.6 -2.5lakhs).So Govt needs to take some action plan just like solar industries to reduce this cost.
 Lack of renewable energy and grid infrastructure: -In India electricity is mainly produced by burning coal, which produces a great amount of greenhouse emissions. With the introduction of EVs and charging infrastructure, the electricity demand will go up a lot and the whole point of introducing EVs to reduce GHG emissions would be ineffective, if all this electricity was produced by burning coal. Moreover, India's Distribution companies hold debts and are unable to suffice the energy requirement of the whole country adequately. If EVs were to enter this equation, the sudden increase in electricity requirement would put extra load on these companies. Moreover, there are a lot of factors that would go into deciding pricing of the electricity as well the demand on the EV. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]